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auto-update week 16
This commit is contained in:
Yo Robot
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43907b2cd0
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@ -667,7 +667,7 @@
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"text": "Ambassador Alexander LASKARIS (since 19 August 2022)"
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"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Rick SWART (since 28 February 2025)"
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},
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"embassy": {
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"text": "Rond-Point Chagoua, B.P. 413, N’Djamena"
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@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Congolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Congolaises, FAC): Army, Navy, Congolese Air Force, National Gendarmerie<br><br>Ministry of Interior: National Police (2024)",
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"text": "Congolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Congolaises, FAC): Army, Navy, Congolese Air Force, National Gendarmerie<br><br>Ministry of Interior: National Police (2025)",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Gendarmerie (GN) is a paramilitary force with domestic law enforcement and security responsibilities; it is under the Ministry of Defense, but also reports to the Ministry of Interior; the GN nominally includes the Republican Guard (GR), which is responsible for presidential security and has a separate command structure"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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@ -623,7 +623,7 @@
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"text": "Ambassador Patricia A. MAHONEY (since 8 April 2022)"
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"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires TBD (since 27 March 2025)"
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},
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"embassy": {
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"text": "Avenue David Dacko, Bangui"
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@ -502,7 +502,7 @@
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"text": "United Arab Republic (short-lived unification with Syria)"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the English name Egypt derives from the ancient Greek name for the country, \"Aguptos,\" and the ancient Roman name, \"Aegyptus,\" with the Greek form coming from the words <em>aia gupos</em>, or \"land of the vulture;\" the Arabic name for the country, Misr, can be traced to the Assyrian word <em>misir</em>, meaning \"fort\" "
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"text": "the English name Egypt derives from the ancient Greek name for the country, \"Aguptos,\" and the ancient Roman name, \"Aegyptus,\" with the Greek form coming from the words <em>aia gupos</em>, or \"land of the vulture;\" the Arabic name for the country, Misr, can be traced to the Assyrian word <em>misir</em>, meaning \"fort\""
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Guinea Ecuatorial, FAGE): Equatorial Guinea National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial, GNGE (Army)), Navy, Air Force; Gendarmerie (Guardia Civil) (2024)",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> police report to the Ministry of National Security, while gendarmes report to the Ministry of National Defense; police generally are responsible for maintaining law and order in the cities, while gendarmes are responsible for security outside cities and for special events"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Police report to the Ministry of National Security, while the Gendarmerie reports to the Ministry of National Defense; police generally are responsible for maintaining law and order in the cities, while gendarmes are responsible for security outside cities and for special events"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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"Military Expenditures 2023": {
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@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
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"text": "approximately 1,500 active-duty troops (2023)"
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"text": "approximately 1,500 active-duty troops (2024)"
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},
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"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
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"text": "the FAGE is armed with mostly older (typically Soviet-era) and second-hand weapons systems; in recent years, it has sought to modernize its naval inventory with purchases of vessels from several countries, including Bulgaria and Israel; China and Russia have also supplied some equipment to the FAGE (2024)"
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@ -998,7 +998,7 @@
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Eritrean Defense Forces (EDF): Eritrean Ground Forces, Eritrean Navy, Eritrean Air Force (includes Air Defense Force); People's Militia (aka People's Army or Hizbawi Serawit) (2023)",
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"text": "Eritrean Defense Forces (EDF): Eritrean Ground Forces, Eritrean Navy, Eritrean Air Force; People's Militia (aka People's Army or Hizbawi Serawit) (2024)",
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"note": "<strong>note: </strong>police are responsible for maintaining internal security, but the government sometimes used the armed forces, reserves, demobilized soldiers, or civilian militia to meet domestic as well as external security requirements; the armed forces have authority to arrest and detain civilians"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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@ -1203,8 +1203,8 @@
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces (Army), Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2024)",
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"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>national and regional police forces are responsible for law enforcement and maintenance of order, with the ENDF sometimes providing internal security support; the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) report to the Prime Minister’s Office<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the regional governments control regional security forces, including \"special\" paramilitary forces, which generally operate independently from the federal government and in some cases operate as regional defense forces maintaining national borders; in April 2023, the federal government ordered the integration of these regional special forces into the EFP or ENDF; in some cases, the regional governments have maintained former members of the special forces for “crowd control/Adma Bitena” as a separate unit within their security structures; local militias also operate across the country in loose and varying coordination with regional security and police forces, the ENDF, and the EFP<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> in 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which had been disbanded in 1996; in March 2019, Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard military unit as a separate command operationally under the Office of the Prime Minister and administratively accountable to the Ministry of Defense; it is responsible for protecting senior officials and government institutions and conducting some military operations <br><br><br>"
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"text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF; aka Federal Defense Force of Ethiopia, FDRE): Army, Air Force, Naval Force, Defense Cyber Main Directorate (2025)",
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"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>national and regional police forces are responsible for law enforcement and maintenance of order, with the ENDF sometimes providing internal security support; the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) report to the Prime Minister’s Office<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the regional governments control regional security forces, including \"special\" paramilitary forces, which generally operate independently from the federal government and in some cases operate as regional defense forces maintaining national borders; in April 2023, the federal government ordered the integration of these regional special forces into the EFP or ENDF; in some cases, the regional governments have maintained former members of the special forces for “crowd control/Adma Bitena” as a separate unit within their security structures; local militias also operate across the country in loose and varying coordination with regional security and police forces, the ENDF, and the EFP<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard military unit as a separate command operationally under the Office of the Prime Minister and administratively accountable to the Ministry of Defense; it is responsible for protecting senior officials and government institutions and conducting some military operations <br><br><br>"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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"Military Expenditures 2023": {
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@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@
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"text": "as many as 10,000 troops Somalia (approximately 2,500 under the AU; the remainder under a bilateral agreement with the Somali Government); 1,500 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2024)"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "the ENDF has been one of sub-Saharan Africa’s largest, most experienced, and best equipped militaries, but it suffered heavy casualties and equipment losses during the 2020-2022 Tigray conflict; the ENDF is focused on both external threats emanating from its neighbors and internal threats from multiple internal armed groups; since 1998, the ENDF has engaged in several conventional and counterinsurgency operations, including border wars with Eritrea (1998-2000) and Somalia (2006-2008) and internal conflicts with the Tigray regional state (2020-2022), several insurgent groups and ethnic militias (including the ethno-nationalist Amhara Fano), and the al-Shabaab terrorist group<br><br>as of 2024, the ENDF was conducting counterinsurgency operations against anti-government militants in several states, including in Oromya (Oromia) against the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), an insurgent group that claims to be fighting for greater autonomy for the Oromo, Ethiopia's largest ethnic group; in 2022, militants from the Somalia-based al-Shabaab terrorist group launched an incursion into Ethiopia's Somali (Sumale) regional state, attacking villages and security forces; the Ethiopian Government claimed that regional security forces killed hundreds of al-Shabaab fighters and subsequently deployed additional ENDF troops into Somalia’s Gedo region to prevent further incursions (2024)"
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"text": "the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF)) has been one of sub-Saharan Africa’s largest, most experienced, and best equipped militaries, but it suffered heavy casualties and equipment losses during the 2020-2022 Tigray conflict; the ENDF is focused on both external threats emanating from its neighbors and internal threats from multiple internal armed groups; since 1998, the ENDF has engaged in several conventional and counterinsurgency operations, including border wars with Eritrea (1998-2000) and Somalia (2006-2008) and internal conflicts with the Tigray regional state (2020-2022), several insurgent groups and ethnic militias (including the ethno-nationalist Amhara Fano), and the al-Shabaab terrorist group<br><br>as of 2024, the ENDF was conducting counterinsurgency operations against anti-government militants in several states, including in Oromya (Oromia) against the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), an insurgent group that claims to be fighting for greater autonomy for the Oromo, Ethiopia's largest ethnic group; in 2022, militants from the Somalia-based al-Shabaab terrorist group launched an incursion into Ethiopia's Somali (Sumale) regional state, attacking villages and security forces; the Ethiopian Government claimed that regional security forces killed hundreds of al-Shabaab fighters and subsequently deployed additional ENDF troops into Somalia’s Gedo region to prevent further incursions (2025)"
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}
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},
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"Space": {
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Gambian Armed Forces (GAF; aka Armed Forces of the Gambia): the Gambian National Army (GNA), Gambia Navy, Gambia Air Force, Republican National Guard (RNG)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Gambia Police Force (GPF) (2024)",
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"text": "Gambian Armed Forces (GAF; aka Armed Forces of the Gambia): the Gambian National Army (GNA), Gambia Navy, Gambia Air Force, Republican National Guard (RNG)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Gambia Police Force (GPF) (2025)",
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"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the RNG is responsible for VIP protection, riot control, and presidential security, while the GPF maintains internal security"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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@ -511,19 +511,19 @@
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},
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"Executive branch": {
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"chief of state": {
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"text": "Transitional President Gen. Brice OLIGUI Nguema (since 4 September 2023)"
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"text": "President Brice OLIGUI Nguema (since 12 April 2025)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Raymond NDONG SIMA (since 7 September 2023)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Raymond NDONG SIMA (since 7 September 2023)<br><br> <p> </p>"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "formerly the Council of Ministers, appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"text": "formerly, the president directly elected by plurality vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 26 August 2023; prime minister appointed by the president; note - in August 2023, Gen. Brice OLIGUI Nguema led a military group called Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions in a coup in which President Ali BONGO Ondimba was arrested and detained, election results were canceled, and state institutions were dissolved; in September 2023, OLIGUI was sworn in as transitional president; a general election is planned for August 2025; note - November 2024 voters in Gabon voted on a referendum to extend the presidential term to seven years and replace the prime minister with a vice president, elections slated for August 2025 "
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"text": "formerly, the president directly elected by plurality vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 26 August 2023; prime minister appointed by the president; note - in August 2023, Gen. Brice OLIGUI Nguema led a military group called Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions in a coup in which President Ali BONGO Ondimba was arrested and detained, election results were canceled, and state institutions were dissolved; in September 2023, OLIGUI was sworn in as transitional president; a general election is planned for August 2025; note - November 2024 voters in Gabon voted on a referendum to extend the presidential term to seven years and replace the prime minister with a vice president, elections slated for August 2025"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "<em><br>2016: </em>Ali BONGO Ondimba reelected president; percent of vote - Ali BONGO Ondimba (PDG) 49.8%, Jean PING (UFC) 48.2%, other 2.0%<br><br><em>2009: </em>Ali BONGO Ondimba elected president; percent of vote - Ali BONGO Ondimba (PDG) 41.7%, Andre MBA OBAME (independent) 25.9%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU (UPG) 25.2%, Zacharie MYBOTO (UGDD) 3.9%, other 3.3%"
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"text": "<em>2025: </em>Brice OLIGUI Nguema elected president; percent of vote- Brice OLIGUI Nguema (Ind.) 90.35%, Alain Claude Bilie By Nze (EPG) 3.02%, other 6.63%<br><em><br>2016: </em>Ali BONGO Ondimba reelected president; percent of vote - Ali BONGO Ondimba (PDG) 49.8%, Jean PING (UFC) 48.2%, other 2.0%<br>"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Ghana Armed Forces (GAF): Army, Navy, Air Force (2024)",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Ghana Police Service is under the Ministry of the Interior"
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"text": "Ghana Armed Forces (GAF): Army, Air Force, Ghana Navy, Ghana Armed Forces Medical Service/Corps<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Ghana Police Service (2025)"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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"Military Expenditures 2023": {
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> since sending a contingent of troops to the Congo in 1960, the military has been a regular contributor to African- and UN-sponsored peacekeeping missions"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "the military’s primary missions are border defense, assisting with internal security, peacekeeping, and protecting the country’s territorial waters, particularly its offshore oil and gas infrastructure; it has benefited from cooperation with foreign partners, such as the UK and the US, and experience gained from participation in multiple international peacekeeping missions<br> <br>in 2022, Ghana began beefing up its military presence in the north of the country against threats from the terrorist organization Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida linked militant groups, which has conducted attacks in the neighboring countries of Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, and Togo; Ghana’s northern frontier with Burkina Faso is also an area with well-established smuggling routes, porous borders, and illegal gold mining; Ghana has also made efforts to increase its naval capabilities to protect its maritime claims and counter threats such as piracy<br><br>the military traces its origins to the Gold Coast Constabulary that was established in 1879 and renamed the Gold Coast Regiment in 1901; the Gold Coast Regiment was part of the West African Frontier Force, a multi-regiment unit formed by the British colonial office in 1900 to garrison Britain's West African colonies, which went on to serve in both World Wars; following Ghana's independence in 1957, the Gold Coast Regiment formed the basis for the new Ghanaian Army (2024)"
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"text": "the military’s primary missions are border defense, assisting with internal security, peacekeeping, and protecting the country’s territorial waters, particularly its offshore oil and gas infrastructure; it has benefited from cooperation with foreign partners, such as the UK and the US, and experience gained from participation in multiple international peacekeeping missions<br> <br>since 2022, Ghana has reinforced its military presence in the north of the country against threats from the terrorist organization Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida linked militant groups, which has conducted attacks in the neighboring countries of Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, and Togo; Ghana’s northern frontier with Burkina Faso is also an area with well-established smuggling routes, porous borders, and illegal gold mining; Ghana has also made efforts to increase its naval capabilities to protect its maritime claims and counter threats such as piracy<br><br>the military traces its origins to the Gold Coast Constabulary that was established in 1879 and renamed the Gold Coast Regiment in 1901; the Gold Coast Regiment was part of the West African Frontier Force, a multi-regiment unit formed by the British colonial office in 1900 to garrison Britain's West African colonies, which went on to serve in both World Wars; following Ghana's independence in 1957, the Gold Coast Regiment formed the basis for the new Ghanaian Army (2024)"
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}
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},
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"Space": {
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Guinean (or National) Armed Forces (Forces Armées Guinéennes): Army (Armée de terre), Air Force (Armée de l'air), Navy (Armée de mer), Presidential Security Battalion (Battailon Autonome de la Sécurité Presidentielle, BASP), National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale) (2024)",
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"text": "Guinean (or National) Armed Forces (Forces Armées Guinéennes): Army (Armée de Terre), Air Force (Armée de l'Air), Navy (Armée de Mer), National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale) (2024)",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Gendarmerie is overseen by the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police is under the Ministry of Security; the Gendarmerie and National Police share responsibility for internal security, but only the Gendarmerie can arrest police or military officials; Guinea's military and security forces are sometimes collectively referred to as the Defense and Security Forces"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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"etymology": {
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"text": "named after Prince Maurice VAN NASSAU, stadtholder (governor) of the Dutch Republic, in 1598"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced mah-rish-us"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced mahr-ish-us"
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "parliamentary republic"
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"text": "Niger"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "named for the Niger River that passes through the southwest of the country; from a native term \"Ni Gir\" meaning \"River Gir\""
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"text": "named for the Niger River that passes through the southwest of the country; the name of the river probably comes from the local Tuareg name, <em>egereou n-igereouen </em>(big rivers)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced nee-zhair"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced nee-ZHAIR"
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "formerly, semi-presidential republic",
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"text": "Nigeria"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "named for the Niger River that flows through the west of the country to the Atlantic Ocean; from a native term \"Ni Gir\" meaning \"River Gir\""
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"text": "named for the Niger River that flows through the west of the country to the Atlantic Ocean; the name of the river probably comes from the local Tuareg name, <em>egereou n-igereouen </em>(big rivers)"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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}
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},
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"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
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"text": "approximately 4,000 active troops, including a few hundred air and naval personnel (2023)"
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"text": "approximately 4,000 active troops, including a few hundred air and naval personnel (2024)"
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},
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"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
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"text": "the FARP is outfitted mostly with Soviet-era weapons and equipment, along with a handful of secondhand items from France and Spain (2024)"
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"text": "18-25 years of age for selective compulsory military service for men and women (Air Force service is voluntary); 16 years of age or younger, with parental consent, for voluntary service (2023)"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "the FARP is focused on external security, but also has some internal security duties, and it has been influential in the country’s politics since independence was gained in 1974, having staged at least nine coup attempts as well as several mutinies; FARP members were suspected of coup plotting as recently as 2021, and it put down an attempted coup in 2022, while the National Guard attempted a coup in December 2023; since the 2000s, the FARP has undergone various attempts at defense and security sector reforms under the auspices of the African Union, the EU, the Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS), and the UN <br><br>from 2012-2020, ECOWAS deployed a security force to Guinea-Bissau to manage the post-coup transition, including protecting key political figures and public buildings, restoring civil institutions, and re-establishing the rule of law; at the height of the deployment, the force, known as the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau (ECOMIB), deployed nearly 700 military and police personnel from Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal; as of 2024, ECOMIB remained in Guinea-Bissau (2024)"
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"text": "the FARP is focused on external security, but also has some internal security duties, and it has been influential in the country’s politics since independence was gained in 1974, having staged at least nine coup attempts as well as several mutinies; FARP members were suspected of coup plotting as recently as 2021, and it put down an attempted coup in 2022, while the National Guard attempted a coup in December 2023; since the 2000s, the FARP has undergone various attempts at defense and security sector reforms under the auspices of the African Union, the EU, the Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS), and the UN <br><br>from 2012-2020, ECOWAS deployed a security force to Guinea-Bissau to manage the post-coup transition, including protecting key political figures and public buildings, restoring civil institutions, and re-establishing the rule of law; the ECOWAS mission withdrew at the end of 2020, but returned in mid-2022 after the attempted coup in February 2022 (2024)"
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}
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"text": "Kingdom of Rwanda, Ruanda, German East Africa"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the name translates as \"domain\" in the native Kinyarwanda language"
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"text": "the country is named for a local people, but the meaning of their own name is obscure"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "Seychelles"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "named by French Captain Corneille Nicholas MORPHEY after Jean Moreau de SECHELLES, the finance minister of France, in 1756"
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"text": "named by French Captain Corneille Nicholas MORPHEY after Jean Moreau de SÉCHELLES, the finance minister of France, in 1756; the British changed the spelling of the name in 1815 when they acquired the islands"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -496,7 +496,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Senegambia (along with The Gambia), Mali Federation"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named for the Senegal River that forms the northern border of the country; many theories exist for the origin of the river name; perhaps the most widely cited derives the name from \"Azenegue,\" the Portuguese appellation for the Berber Zenaga people who lived north of the river"
|
||||
"text": "named for the Senegal River that forms the northern border of the country; the river's name may derive from \"Azenegue,\" the Portuguese name for the Berber Zenaga people who lived north of the river, or it could come from a local word meaning \"navigable\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -340,7 +340,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "none"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Saint Helena was discovered in 1502 by Galician navigator Joao da NOVA, sailing in the service of the Kingdom of Portugal, who named it \"Santa Helena\"; Ascension was named in 1503 by Portuguese navigator Afonso de ALBUQUERQUE who sighted the island on the Feast Day of the Ascension; Tristan da Cunha was discovered in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristao da CUNHA who christened the main island after himself (the name was subsequently anglicized)"
|
||||
"text": "on the feast day of Saint Helena in 1502, Spanish navigator Joao da NOVA (sailing for Portugal) sighted and named the island that now bears the saint's name; da NOVA originally named Ascension \"Conception Island\" in honor of the Virgin Mary, but Portuguese navigator Afonso de ALBUQUERQUE later found the island on the feast day of the Ascension in 1508 and renamed it; Portuguese explorer Tristao da CUNHA sighted the third island in 1506 and named it after himself (the name was later anglicized)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of mostly Chinese, Russian, Soviet-era, and domestically produced weapons systems; Sudan has one of the largest defense industries in Africa, which includes state-owned companies with military involvement; it has mostly manufactured weapons systems under license from China, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> Sudan has been under a UN Security Council approved arms embargo since 2005 as a result of violence in Darfur; in September 2024, the embargo was extended for another year<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong> the RSF traditionally has been a lightly armed paramilitary force but over the years is reported to have acquired some heavier weapons and equipment such as armored vehicles, artillery, and anti-aircraft guns, although their origins are not available; it has captured some SAF arms and equipment during the ongoing conflict; since the start of the conflict, both the RSF and the SAF are reported to have received additional weaponry from various foreign suppliers"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> Sudan has been under a UN Security Council approved arms embargo since 2005 as a result of violence in Darfur; in September 2024, the embargo was extended for another year<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong> the RSF traditionally has been a lightly armed paramilitary force but over the years is reported to have acquired some heavier weapons and equipment such as armored vehicles, artillery, and anti-aircraft guns; it has captured some SAF arms and equipment during the ongoing conflict; since the start of the conflict, both the RSF and the SAF are reported to have received additional weaponry from various foreign suppliers"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18-33 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service for men and women; 12-24 month service obligation (2023)",
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Sao Tome e Principe"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Sao Tome was named after Saint THOMAS the Apostle by the Portuguese who discovered the island on 21 December 1470 (or 1471), the saint's feast day; Principe is a shortening of the original Portuguese name of \"Ilha do Principe\" (Isle of the Prince) referring to the Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid"
|
||||
"text": "Sao Tome was named after Saint THOMAS the Apostle by the Portuguese who discovered the island on 21 December 1470 (or 1471), the saint's feast day; Principe is a shortening of the original Portuguese name of \"Ilha do Principe\" (Isle of the Prince), referring to Prince ALPHONSO of Portugal"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force (UEDF): Army (includes a small air wing); the Royal Eswatini Police Service (REPS) (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force (UEDF): Army (includes a small air wing); the Royal Eswatini Police Service (REPS) (2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18-35 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the UEDF’s primary mission is external security but it also has domestic security responsibilities, including protecting members of the royal family; the king is the UEDF commander in chief and holds the position of minister of defense, although the UEDF reports to the Army commander and principal undersecretary of defense for day-to-day operations; the Royal Eswatini Police Service (REPS) is responsible for maintaining internal security as well as migration and border crossing enforcement; it is under the prime minister, although the king is the force’s titular commissioner in chief; the UEDF was originally created in 1973 as the Royal Swaziland Defense Force (2023)"
|
||||
"text": "the UEDF’s primary mission is external security but it also has domestic security responsibilities, including protecting members of the royal family; the king is the UEDF commander in chief and holds the position of minister of defense, although the UEDF reports to the Army commander and principal undersecretary of defense for day-to-day operations; the Royal Eswatini Police Service (REPS) is responsible for maintaining internal security as well as migration and border crossing enforcement; it is under the prime minister, although the king is the force’s titular commissioner in chief; the UEDF was originally created in 1973 as the Royal Swaziland Defense Force (2024)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Terres australes et antarctiques françaises"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"local short form": {
|
||||
"text": "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises"
|
||||
"text": "Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"abbreviation": {
|
||||
"text": "TAAF"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -89,13 +89,13 @@
|
|||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "593"
|
||||
"text": "593 (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "301"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "292 (2021 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "292"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Nationality": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -357,7 +357,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "CNMI"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "formally claimed and named by Spain in 1667 in honor of the Spanish Queen, MARIANA of Austria"
|
||||
"text": "Spain named the islands in 1667 in honor of the Spanish Queen, MARIANA of Austria"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1114,8 +1114,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Force Command, Maritime Command (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the RFMF is subordinate to the president as the commander-in-chief, while the Fiji Police Force reports to the Ministry of Defense, National Security, and Policing"
|
||||
"text": "Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Force, Republic of Fiji Navy (2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1148,7 +1147,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "170 Egypt (MFO); 160 Iraq (UNAMI); 150 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "established in 1920,<strong> </strong>the RFMF is a small and lightly-armed force with a history of intervening in the country’s politics, including coups in 1987 and 2006, and a mutiny in 2000, and it continues to have significant political power; the RFMF is responsible for external security but can be assigned some domestic security responsibilities in specific circumstances; it also has a tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping operations, having sent troops on nearly 20 such missions since first deploying personnel to South Lebanon in 1978; these deployments have offered experience and a source of financial support; the RFMF has an infantry regiment and a small naval element comprised of patrol boats <br><br>Fiji has a \"shiprider\" agreement with the US, which allows local maritime law enforcement officers to embark on US Coast Guard (USCG) and US Navy (USN) vessels, including to board and search vessels suspected of violating laws or regulations within Fiji's designated exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or on the high seas; \"shiprider\" agreements also enable USCG personnel and USN vessels with embarked USCG law enforcement personnel to work with host nations to protect critical regional resources (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "established in 1920,<strong> </strong>the RFMF is a small and lightly-armed force with a history of intervening in the country’s politics, including coups in 1987 and 2006, and a mutiny in 2000, and it continues to have significant political power; the RFMF is responsible for external security but can be assigned some domestic security responsibilities in specific circumstances; it also has a tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping operations, having sent troops on nearly 20 such missions since first deploying personnel to South Lebanon in 1978; these deployments have offered experience and a source of financial support; the RFMF has an infantry regiment and a small naval element comprised of patrol boats <br><br>Fiji has a \"shiprider\" agreement with the US, which allows local maritime law enforcement officers to embark on US Coast Guard (USCG) and US Navy (USN) vessels, including to board and search vessels suspected of violating laws or regulations within Fiji's designated exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or on the high seas; \"shiprider\" agreements also enable USCG personnel and USN vessels with embarked USCG law enforcement personnel to work with host nations to protect critical regional resources (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -889,7 +889,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "no regular military forces"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "defense is the responsibility of France; France maintains forces (about 900 troops) in French Polynesia"
|
||||
"text": "defense is the responsibility of France, and it maintains a military garrison in French Polynesia"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -88,13 +88,13 @@
|
|||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "1,692"
|
||||
"text": "1,692 (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "1,007"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "685 (2021 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "685"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Nationality": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Savage Island"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the origin of the name is obscure; in Niuean, the word supposedly translates as \"behold the coconut\""
|
||||
"text": "the origin of the name is obscure; in Niuean, the word translates as \"behold the coconut;\" the former name, Savage Island, was the result of an acrimonious meeting in 1774 between English explorer Captain James COOK and local people"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronunciation falls between nyu-way and new-way, but not like new-wee"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Norfolk Island"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named by British explorer Captain James COOK after Mary HOWARD, Duchess of Norfolk, in 1774"
|
||||
"text": "named by British explorer Captain James COOK after Edward HOWARD, the ninth Duke of Norfolk, in 1774"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
|
|||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "50 (2021 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50 (2025 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Nationality": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Pitcairn Islands"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named after Midshipman Robert PITCAIRN who first sighted the island in 1767"
|
||||
"text": "named after English midshipman Robert PITCAIRN, who first sighted the island in 1767"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -103,13 +103,13 @@
|
|||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "21,864"
|
||||
"text": "21,864 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "11,235"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "10,629 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10,629"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Nationality": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -419,7 +419,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Palau District"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "from the Palauan name for the islands, Belau, which likely derives from the Palauan word \"beluu\" meaning \"village\""
|
||||
"text": "from the Palauan name for the islands, Belau, which likely derives from the Palauan word <em>beluu</em>, meaning \"village\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -835,8 +835,8 @@
|
|||
"note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
|
||||
"text": "$580.9 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015": {
|
||||
"text": "$580.9 million (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -445,7 +445,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Western Samoa"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the meaning of Samoa is disputed; some modern explanations are that the \"sa\" connotes \"sacred\" and \"moa\" indicates \"center,\" so the name can mean \"Holy Center\"; alternatively, some assertions state that it can mean \"place of the sacred moa bird\" of Polynesian mythology; the name, however, may go back to Proto-Polynesian (PPn) times (before 1000 B.C.); a plausible PPn reconstruction has the first syllable as \"sa'a\" meaning \"tribe or people\" and \"moa\" meaning \"deep sea or ocean\" to convey the meaning \"people of the deep sea\""
|
||||
"text": "the name's meaning and origin are unclear; some assert that it can mean \"place of the moa bird\" of Polynesian mythology, or it could be a local chieftain's name"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -666,7 +666,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economic overview": {
|
||||
"text": "upper-middle income, dollarized Central American economy; reliant on remittances from US; recent growth linked to infrastructure investment, consumption, and crime reduction; $1.3 billion IMF loan to address fiscal imbalances; Bitcoin adopted as legal tender; persistent poverty and large informal sector"
|
||||
"text": "upper-middle-income, dollarized Central American economy; reliant on remittances from US; recent growth linked to infrastructure investment, consumption, and crime reduction; $1.3 billion IMF loan to address fiscal imbalances; Bitcoin adopted as legal tender; persistent poverty and large informal sector"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1168,7 +1168,8 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "approximately 25,000 active military personnel (21,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "approximately 25,000 active military personnel (21,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> El Salvador has pledged to increase the size of the military to 40,000 troops by 2026"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the FAES is lightly armed with an inventory of mostly older imported arms and equipment, largely from the US (2023)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1177,7 +1178,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18-30 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 16-22 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; service obligation is 12 months, with 11 months for officers and non-commissioned officers (2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Armed Force of El Salvador (FAES) is responsible for defending national sovereignty and ensuring territorial integrity but also has considerable domestic security responsibilities; while the National Civil Police (PNC) is responsible for maintaining public security, the country’s constitution allows the president to use the FAES “in exceptional circumstances” to maintain internal peace and public security; in 2016, the government created a special 1,000-strong joint unit of Army commandos and police to fight criminal gangs; more military personnel were devoted to internal security beginning in 2019 when President BUKELE signed a decree authorizing military involvement in police duties to combat rising gang violence, organized crime, and narcotics trafficking, as well as assisting with border security; since the decree, a considerable portion of the Army has been deployed in support of the PNC; in multiple cases since 2022, for example, as many as 8,000 troops have been deployed alongside thousands of police on single operations against criminal gang members <br><br>the FAES exercises with regional partners and the US, in such areas as internal security and disaster relief operations; it has deployed small numbers of personnel on UN peacekeeping missions and in support of military operations in Iraq (2003-2009) <br><br>the military led the country for much of the 20th century; from 1980 to 1992, it fought a bloody civil war against guerrillas from the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front or FMLN, the paramilitary arm of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (Frente Democrático Revolucionario), a coalition of left-wing dissident political groups backed by Cuba and the Soviet Union; the FAES received considerable US support during the conflict; significant human rights violations occurred during the war and approximately 75,000 Salvadorans, mostly civilians, were killed (2023)"
|
||||
"text": "the Armed Force of El Salvador (FAES) is responsible for defending national sovereignty and ensuring territorial integrity but also has considerable domestic security responsibilities; while the National Civil Police (PNC) is responsible for maintaining public security, the country’s constitution allows the president to use the FAES “in exceptional circumstances” to maintain internal peace and public security; in 2016, the government created a special 1,000-strong joint unit of Army commandos and police to fight criminal gangs; more military personnel were devoted to internal security beginning in 2019 when President BUKELE signed a decree authorizing military involvement in police duties to combat rising gang violence, organized crime, and narcotics trafficking, as well as assisting with border security; since the decree, a considerable portion of the Army has been deployed in support of the PNC; in multiple cases since 2022, for example, as many as 8,000 troops have been deployed alongside thousands of police on single operations against criminal gang members <br><br>the FAES exercises with regional partners and the US, in such areas as internal security and disaster relief operations; it has deployed small numbers of personnel on UN peacekeeping missions and in support of military operations in Iraq (2003-2009) <br><br>the military led the country for much of the 20th century; from 1980 to 1992, it fought a bloody civil war against guerrillas from the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front or FMLN, the paramilitary arm of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (Frente Democrático Revolucionario), a coalition of left-wing dissident political groups backed by Cuba and the Soviet Union; the FAES received considerable US support during the conflict; significant human rights violations occurred during the war and approximately 75,000 Salvadorans, mostly civilians, were killed (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces; the Royal Grenada Police Force (under the Ministry of National Security) includes a Coast Guard and a paramilitary Special Services Unit (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces; the Royal Grenada Police Force (under the Ministry of National Security) includes a Coast Guard and a paramilitary Special Services Unit (2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "Grenada joined the Caribbean Regional Security System (RSS) in 1985; RSS signatories (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Guyana, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) agreed to prepare contingency plans and assist one another, on request, in national emergencies, prevention of smuggling, search and rescue, immigration control, fishery protection, customs and excise control, maritime policing duties, protection of off-shore installations, pollution control, national and other disasters, and threats to national security (2024)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Army of Guatemala (Ejercito de Guatemala; aka Armed Forces of Guatemala or Fuerzas Armadas de Guatemala): Land Forces (Fuerzas de Tierra), Naval Forces (Fuerzas de Mar), and Air Force (Fuerza de Aire) (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "Army of Guatemala (Ejercito de Guatemala; aka Armed Forces of Guatemala or Fuerzas Armadas de Guatemala): Land Forces (Fuerzas de Tierra), Naval Forces (Fuerzas de Mar), and Air Force (Fuerza de Aire) (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Civil Police (Policia Nacional Civil or PNC) are under the Ministry of Government (Interior)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1224,7 +1224,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "190 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the military is responsible for maintaining independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the honor of Guatemala, but has long focused on internal security; since the 2000s, the Guatemalan Government has used the military to support the National Civil Police in internal security operations (as permitted by the constitution) to combat organized crime, gang violence, and narco-trafficking; in recent years however, the military has sought to place more focus on other missions such as border security and traditional military operations; it has also created new brigades for cybersecurity (2024) and responding to national emergencies/providing humanitarian assistance (2023); it participates in UN missions on a small scale and has a peacekeeping operations training command that offers training to regional countries; the military has security ties with regional partners such as Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, and Honduras; cooperation with El Salvador and Honduras has included a combined police-military anti-gang task force to patrol border areas; it also has ties with the US, including joint training exercises and material assistance<br><br>the military held power during most of Guatemala’s 36-year civil war (1960-1996) and conducted a campaign of widespread violence and repression, particularly against the country’s majority indigenous population; more than 200,000 people were estimated to have been killed or disappeared during the conflict (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the military is responsible for maintaining independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the honor of Guatemala, but has long focused on internal security; since the 2000s, the Guatemalan Government has used the military to support the National Civil Police in internal security operations (as permitted by the constitution) to combat organized crime, gang violence, and narco-trafficking; in recent years however, the military has sought to place more emphasis on other missions such as border security and traditional military operations; it has also created new brigades for cybersecurity (2024) and responding to national emergencies/providing humanitarian assistance (2023); it participates in UN missions on a small scale and has a peacekeeping operations training command that offers training to regional countries; the military has security ties with regional partners such as Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, and Honduras; cooperation with El Salvador and Honduras has included a combined police-military anti-gang task force to patrol border areas; it also has ties with the US, including joint training exercises and material assistance<br><br>the military held power during most of Guatemala’s 36-year civil war (1960-1996) and conducted a campaign of widespread violence and repression, particularly against the country’s majority indigenous population; more than 200,000 people were estimated to have been killed or disappeared during the conflict (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1125,11 +1125,11 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "the Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH): Army<br><br>Ministry of Justice and Public Security: Haitian National Police (Police Nationale d'Haïti or PNH) (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "the Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH): Army<br><br>Ministry of Justice and Public Security: Haitian National Police (Police Nationale d'Haïti or PNH) (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the PNH is responsible for maintaining public security; it includes police, corrections, fire, emergency response, airport security, port security, and coast guard functions; its units include a presidential guard and a paramilitary rapid-response Motorized Intervention Unit or BIM <p class=\"gmail-css-axufdj\"> </p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "up to 2,000 trained military troops (the force is planned to eventually have around 5,000 personnel); estimates for the National Police range from a low of 9,000 to a high of about 13,000 (2023)"
|
||||
"text": "up to 2,000 trained military troops (the force is planned to eventually have around 5,000 personnel); estimates for the National Police range from a low of 9,000 to a high of about 13,000 (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "in recent years, Canada, Taiwan, the US, and the UAE have provide some equipment to the Haitian security forces, including vehicles (2024)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "men and women 18-25 may volunteer for the FAdH (2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "Haiti's military was disbanded in 1995 after it participated in multiple coups and was accused of other political interference and human rights violations; the military was reinstated by former President MOISE in 2017 after the UN ended its peacekeeping operation in Haiti; the reconstituted military established an Army command in 2018 and has received training assistance from Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, France, and Mexico; the military’s stated mission is to assist with natural disaster relief, border security, and combating transnational crime; in 2023, Prime Minister HENRY called upon the military to assist the National Police (PNH) in combating armed gangs, which have overwhelmed the PNH, killed hundreds of Haitians, and seized control of much of the capital Port-au-Prince since the assassination of President MOISE in 2021; as of 2024, at least 300 criminal groups were operating in Haiti<br><br>in 2023, the UN Security Council approved the deployment of a Kenya-led multinational security support mission (MSS) to help bring gang violence under control; the first contingent of MSS personnel from the Kenya National Police Service arrived in mid-2024; the Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Chad, and Jamaica have also pledged forces; the mission is slated to have a total of 2,500 personnel (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "Haiti's military was disbanded in 1995 after it participated in multiple coups and was accused of other political interference and human rights violations; the military was reinstated by former President MOISE in 2017 after the UN ended its peacekeeping operation in Haiti; the reconstituted military established an Army command in 2018 and has received training assistance from Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, France, and Mexico; the military’s stated mission is to assist with natural disaster relief, border security, and combating transnational crime; in 2023, Prime Minister HENRY called upon the military to assist the National Police (PNH) in combating armed gangs, which have overwhelmed the PNH, killed hundreds of Haitians, and seized control of much of the capital Port-au-Prince since the assassination of President MOISE in 2021<br><br>in 2023, the UN Security Council approved the deployment of a Kenya-led multinational security support mission (MSS) to help bring gang violence under control; the first contingent of MSS personnel from the Kenya National Police Service arrived in mid-2024; other countries pledging forces included the Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Chad, and Jamaica; the mission is slated to have a total of 2,500 personnel (2024)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Honduran Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras, FFAA): Army (Ejercito), Honduran Naval Forces (Fuerzas Naval Hondurena, FNH; includes marines), Honduran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Hondurena, FAH), Honduran Military Police of Public Order (Policía Militar del Orden Público or PMOP) (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "Honduran Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras, FFAA): Army (Ejercito), Honduran Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Hondurena, FNH; includes marines), Honduran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Hondurena, FAH), Honduran Military Police of Public Order (Policía Militar del Orden Público or PMOP) (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the National Police of Honduras (Policía Nacional de Honduras, PNH) are under the Secretariat of Security and responsible for internal security; some larger cities have police forces that operate independently of the national police and report to municipal authorities <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the PMOP supports the PNH against narcotics trafficking and organized crime; it is subordinate to the Secretariat of Defense/FFAA, but conducts operations sanctioned by civilian security officials as well as by military leaders <br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the National Interinstitutional Security Force is an interagency command that coordinates the overlapping responsibilities of the HNP, PMOP, and other security organizations such as the National Intelligence Directorate and the Public Ministry (public prosecutor), but exercises coordination, command, and control responsibilities only during interagency operations involving those forces"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "approximately 16,000 active personnel (7,500 Army; 1,500 Navy, including about 1,000 marines; 2,000 Air Force; 5,000 Military Police of Public Order); approximately 18,000 National Police (2023)"
|
||||
"text": "approximately 16,000 active personnel (7,500 Army; 1,500 Navy, including about 1,000 marines; 2,000 Air Force; 5,000 Military Police of Public Order); approximately 18,000 National Police (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the FFAA's inventory is comprised of a mix of older or secondhand and limited amounts of more equipment from a wide mix of suppliers, including Colombia, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, South Korea, the UK, and the US (2024)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>as of 2023, women made up about 9% of the active duty military"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Honduran Armed Forces (FFAA) are responsible for maintaining the country’s territory, defending its sovereignty, providing emergency/humanitarian assistance, and supporting the National Police (PNH); the FFAA’s primary focus is internal and border security, and since 2011 a considerable portion of it has been deployed to support the PNH in combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime; military support to domestic security included the creation of the Military Police of Public Order (PMOP) in 2013 to provide security in areas controlled by street gangs to combat crime and make arrests; the PMOP also has sent personnel to reinforce security operations along the country’s border as part of a tri-national security task force with El Salvador and Guatemala<br><br>the FFAA has received military equipment, training, humanitarian, and technical assistance from the US military; the US military maintains a joint service task force co-located with the FFAA at Soto Cano Air Base (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the Honduran Armed Forces (FFAA) are responsible for maintaining the country’s territory, defending its sovereignty, providing emergency/humanitarian assistance, and supporting the National Police (PNH); the FFAA’s primary focus is internal and border security, and since 2011 a considerable portion of it has been deployed to support the PNH in combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime; military support to domestic security included the creation of the Military Police of Public Order (PMOP) in 2013 to provide security in areas controlled by street gangs to combat crime and make arrests; the PMOP also has sent personnel to reinforce security operations along the country’s border as part of a tri-national security task force with El Salvador and Guatemala<br><br>the FFAA has received military equipment, training, humanitarian, and technical assistance from the US military; the US military maintains a joint service task force co-located with the FFAA at Soto Cano Air Base (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -89,13 +89,13 @@
|
|||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "46,215"
|
||||
"text": "46,215 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "22,817"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "23,398 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23,398"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Ethnic groups": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -470,7 +470,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Panama"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named after the capital city which was itself named after a former indigenous fishing village"
|
||||
"text": "origin is unclear; may come from a Guarani word meaning \"place of many fish\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -77,13 +77,13 @@
|
|||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "32,996"
|
||||
"text": "32,996 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "15,791"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "17,205 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17,205"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Ethnic groups": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Saint-Martin"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "explorer Christopher COLUMBUS named the island after Saint MARTIN of Tours because the 11 November 1493 day of discovery was the saint's feast day"
|
||||
"text": "explorer Christopher COLUMBUS named the island after Saint MARTIN of Tours during a visit on 11 November 1493, the saint's feast day"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -402,7 +402,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "PR"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Christopher COLUMBUS named the island San Juan Bautista (Saint John the Baptist) and the capital city and main port Cuidad de Puerto Rico (Rich Port City); over time, however, the names were shortened and transposed and the island came to be called Puerto Rico and its capital San Juan"
|
||||
"text": "Christopher COLUMBUS originally named the island San Juan Bautista (Saint John the Baptist) and the capital city and main port Cuidad de Puerto Rico (Rich Port City); over time, the names were shortened and transposed"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -432,9 +432,9 @@
|
|||
"text": "Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Saint Kitts was, and still is, referred to as Saint Christopher and this name was well established by the 17th century (although who first applied the name is unclear); in the 17th century a common nickname for Christopher was Kit or Kitt, so the island began to be referred to as \"Saint Kitt's Island\" or just \"Saint Kitts\"; Nevis is derived from the original Spanish name \"Nuestra Senora de las Nieves\" (Our Lady of the Snows) and refers to the white halo of clouds that generally wreathes Nevis Peak"
|
||||
"text": "explorer Christopher COLUMBUS visited the islands in 1493 and named one for his own patron saint; a common nickname for Christopher during the following centuries was Kit or Kitt, and Saint Kitts is still referred to as Saint Christopher; the name of Nevis is said to derive from the original Spanish name \"Las Nieves\" (The Snows) and refers to its cloud-topped mountain"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Nevis is pronounced nee-vis"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Nevis is pronounced NEE-vis"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
"text": "federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -429,9 +429,9 @@
|
|||
"text": "Saint Lucia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named after Saint LUCY of Syracuse by French sailors who were shipwrecked on the island on 13 December 1502, the saint's feast day; Saint Lucia is the only country named specifically after a woman"
|
||||
"text": "believed to be named after Saint LUCY (Sainte ALOUSIE) of Syracuse by French sailors who were shipwrecked on the island on 13 December 1502, the saint's feast day"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced saynt-looshuh"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced saynt-LOO-shuh"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
"text": "parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -71,13 +71,13 @@
|
|||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "7,086"
|
||||
"text": "7,086 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "3,737"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "3,349 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,349"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Ethnic groups": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Saint-Barth (French)/ St. Barts or St. Barths (English)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "explorer Christopher COLUMBUS named the island in honor of his brother Bartolomeo's namesake saint in 1493"
|
||||
"text": "explorer Christopher COLUMBUS named the island in honor of his brother Bartolomeo in 1493"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -420,7 +420,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Saint Vincent was named by explorer Christopher COLUMBUS after Saint VINCENT of Saragossa because the 22 January 1498 day of discovery was the saint's feast day"
|
||||
"text": "explorer Christopher COLUMBUS named the island after Saint VINCENT of Saragossa because 22 January 1498, the day of discovery, was the saint's feast day"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -530,7 +530,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects"
|
||||
"text": "Russian lands were referred to as Muscovy until PETER I declared the Empire of All Russias in 1721; the new name aimed at identifying the new Russia with European political tradition; \"Rus\" was the Old Finnish name given to Varangians (eastern Vikings) who entered the area in the 9th century"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -455,7 +455,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Brunei"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "derivation of the name is unclear; the name may come from the Sanskrit word <em>bhumi</em>, meaning \"land\" or \"region\" "
|
||||
"text": "derivation of the name is unclear; the name may come from the Sanskrit word <em>bhumi</em>, meaning \"land\" or \"region\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -676,7 +676,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Sarah M. BERAN (since January 2025)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Anny VU (since March 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "55 Anjialou Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100600"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1004,8 +1004,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong Police Force (specialized units include the Police Counterterrorism Response Unit, the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau, the Special Duties Unit, the Airport Security Unit, and the VIP Protection Unit) (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Hong Kong garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes elements of the PLA Army, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Southern Theater Command"
|
||||
"text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong Police Force (specialized units include the Police Counterterrorism Response Unit, the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau, the Special Duties Unit, the Airport Security Unit, and the VIP Protection Unit)<br><br>China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) Hong Kong Garrison is responsible for defense duties; the garrison includes elements of the PLA Army, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force and are under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Southern Theater Command (2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "defense is the responsibility of China"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1239,8 +1239,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)) (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> in 2014, Indonesia created a Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) to coordinate the actions of all maritime security agencies, including the Navy, the Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP), the Water Police (Polair), Customs (Bea Cukai), and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>the Indonesian National Police, which reports directly to the president, includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB) and Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror), a specialized counterterrorism force"
|
||||
"text": "Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU) (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> in 2014, Indonesia created a Maritime Security Agency (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia or Bakamla) to coordinate the actions of all maritime security agencies, including the Navy, the Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP), the Water Police (Polair), Customs (Bea Cukai), and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>the Indonesian National Police (POLRI), which reports directly to the president, includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB) and Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror), a specialized counterterrorism force"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -672,7 +672,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Katherine E. (Kemy) MONAHAN (since 15 January 2025)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Joseph M. YOUNG (since 9 February 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "1-10-5 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8420"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 5-year term; election last held on 9 March 2022 (next to be held by 3 June 2025); prime minister appointed by president with consent of the National Assembly"
|
||||
"text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 5-year term; election last held on 9 March 2022 (next to be held on 3 June 2025); prime minister appointed by president with consent of the National Assembly"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<em>2022</em>: YOON Suk-yeol elected president; YOON Suk-yeol (PPP) 48.6%, LEE Jae-myung (DP) 47.8%; other 3.6%<br><br><em>2017</em>: MOON Jae-in elected president; MOON Jae-in (DP) 41.1%, HONG Joon-pyo (Liberty Korea Party) 24%, AHN Cheol-soo (PP) 21.4%, YOO Seung-min (Bareun Party) 6.8%, SIM Sang-jung (Justice Party) 6.2%"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -347,7 +347,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Aomen (Chinese)/ Macau (Portuguese)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "name derived from the Chinese a<em>ma-gao</em>, or “Bay of Ama,” for Ama, the patron goddess of sailors"
|
||||
"text": "name derived from the Chinese <em>ama-gao</em>, or “Bay of Ama,” for Ama, the patron goddess of sailors"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Ground Force, Air Force, Cyber Security Forces, Special Forces, Construction-Engineering Forces (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Land Force, Air Force, Cyber Security Forces, Special Forces, Construction-Engineering Forces (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the National Police Agency and the General Authority for Border Protection, which operate under the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs, are primarily responsible for internal security; they are assisted by the General Intelligence Agency under the prime minister; the MAF assists the internal security forces in providing domestic emergency assistance and disaster relief"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -111,9 +111,6 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"conventional short form": {
|
||||
"text": "Paracel Islands"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Portuguese navigators began to refer to the \"Ilhas do Pracel\" in the 16th century as a designation of low lying islets, sandbanks, and reefs scattered over a wide area; over time the name changed to \"parcel\" and then \"paracel\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -474,7 +474,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "PNG"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the word \"papua\" derives from the Malay \"papuah\" describing the frizzy hair of the Melanesians; Spanish explorer Ynigo ORTIZ de RETEZ applied the term \"Nueva Guinea\" to the island of New Guinea in 1545 after noting the resemblance of the locals to the peoples of the Guinea coast of Africa"
|
||||
"text": "the name derives from the Malay word <em>pua-pua</em>, describing the tightly curled hair of the Papuan people; Spanish explorer Ynigo ORTIZ de RETEZ applied the term \"Nueva Guinea\" to the island in 1545 because he thought the locals resembled the peoples of the Guinea coast of Africa"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -497,7 +497,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Pilipinas"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named in honor of King PHILLIP II of Spain by Spanish explorer Ruy LOPEZ de VILLALOBOS, who visited some of the islands in 1543"
|
||||
"text": "named in honor of King PHILLIP II of Spain by Spanish explorer Ruy LOPEZ de VILLALOBOS, who visited the islands in 1543"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -636,7 +636,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires H. Martin McDOWELL (since January 2025)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Susan FALATKO (since 18 February 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "16, Kozyak Street, Sofia 1408"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
|
|
@ -1189,7 +1189,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Irish Defense Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn): Army, Air Corps, Naval Service, Reserve Defense Forces (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "Irish Defense Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn): Army, Air Corps, Naval Service, Reserve Defense Forces (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> An Garda Siochana (or Garda) is the national police force and maintains internal security under the auspices of the Department of Justice"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1161,7 +1161,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Estonian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Estonian Defense League <br><br>Ministry of Interior: Police and Border Guard Board, Internal Security Service (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "Estonian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force; Estonian Defense League <br><br>Ministry of Interior: Police and Border Guard Board, Internal Security Service (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Estonian Defense League is a voluntary national defense organization that operates under the Estonian Ministry of Defense"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1182,17 +1183,17 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "approximately 7,500 active-duty personnel; approximately 15,000 Defense League (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Estonian Defense Forces rely largely on reservists who have completed compulsory conscription in the previous 10 years to fill out its active duty and Territorial Defense units during a crisis; there are more than 40,000 trained reservists and approximately 230,000 Estonians are enrolled in the mobilization registry"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Estonian Defense Forces rely largely on reservists who have completed compulsory conscription in the previous 10 years to fill out its active duty and Territorial Defense units during a crisis; there are more than 40,000 trained reservists, and approximately 230,000 Estonians are enrolled in the mobilization registry"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the Estonian military has a mix of weapons and equipment from western European suppliers, as well as Israel, South Korea, Turkey, and the US (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service for men; conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; non-commissioned officers, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months; women can volunteer, and as of 2018 could serve in any military branch (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> conscripts comprise approximately 3,000-3,300 of the Estonian military's 7,000 active-duty personnel and serve in all branches, except for the Air Force; after conscript service, reservists are called up for training every 5 years; Estonia has had conscription since 1991<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in 2021, women comprised about 10% of the full-time professional military force; the Defense League includes a Women's Voluntary Defense Organization of more than 3,000 members"
|
||||
"text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service for men; conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; non-commissioned officers, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months; women can volunteer, and as of 2018 could serve in any military branch (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> conscripts comprise approximately 3,000-3,300 of the Estonian military's active-duty personnel and serve in all branches, except for the Air Force; after conscript service, reservists are called up for training every 5 years; Estonia has had conscription since 1991<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in 2021, women comprised about 10% of the full-time professional military force; the Defense League includes a Women's Voluntary Defense Organization"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Estonian military is a compact force that relies heavily on conscripts and reservists and the support of its NATO allies; Estonia’s defense policy aims to guarantee the country’s independence and sovereignty, protect its territorial integrity, including waters and airspace, and preserve constitutional order; Estonia’s main defense goals are developing and maintaining a credible deterrent to outside aggression and ensuring the Estonian Defense Forces (EDF) can fulfill their commitments to NATO and interoperate with the armed forces of NATO and EU member states; the EDF’s primary external focus is Russia; since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Estonia has boosted defense spending, sent arms to Ukraine, and sought to boost the EDF’s capabilities in such areas as air defense, artillery, personnel readiness, and surveillance<br><br>Estonia has been a member of NATO since 2004 and is fully integrated within the NATO structure; since 2017, Estonia has hosted a UK-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; as the EDF Air Force does not have any combat aircraft, NATO has provided airspace protection for Estonia since 2004 through its Baltic Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on four-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft have been hosted at Estonia’s Ämari Air Base since 2014; Estonia also hosts a NATO cyber security center; it cooperates closely with the EU on defense issues through the EU Common Security and Defense Policy and is a member of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions; Estonia also has close defense ties with its Baltic neighbors and has bilateral military agreements with a number of European countries, as well as Canada and the US (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the Estonian military is a compact force that relies heavily on conscripts and reservists and the support of its NATO allies; Estonia’s defense policy aims to guarantee the country’s independence and sovereignty, protect its territorial integrity, including waters and airspace, and preserve constitutional order; Estonia’s main defense goals are developing and maintaining a credible deterrent to outside aggression and ensuring the Estonian Defense Forces (EDF) can fulfill their commitments to NATO and interoperate with the armed forces of NATO and EU member states; the EDF’s primary external focus is Russia; since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Estonia has boosted defense spending, sent arms to Ukraine, and sought to boost the EDF’s capabilities in such areas as air defense, artillery, personnel readiness, and surveillance<br><br>Estonia has been a member of NATO since 2004 and is fully integrated within the NATO structure; since 2017, Estonia has hosted a UK-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; as the EDF Air Force does not have any combat aircraft, NATO has provided airspace protection for Estonia since 2004 through its Baltic Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on four-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft have been hosted at Estonia’s Ämari Air Base since 2014; Estonia also hosts a NATO cyber security center; it cooperates closely with the EU on defense issues through the EU Common Security and Defense Policy and is a member of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions; Estonia also has close defense ties with its Baltic neighbors and has bilateral military agreements with a number of European countries, as well as Canada and the US (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1207,7 +1207,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Border Guard (Rajavartiolaitos) and National Police are under the Ministry of the Interior; the Border Guard becomes part of the FDF in wartime"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1235,14 +1235,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "the military's inventory consists of a wide mix of modern US, European, Israeli, South Korean, and domestically produced weapons systems; the Finnish defense industry produces a variety of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval vessels; Finland also cooperates with other European countries and the US in the joint production of arms (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "at age 18, all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard (length of service depends on the type of duty); women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> Finland has had conscription since 1951; each year, the military inducts and trains approximately 21,000 conscripts; women have served on a voluntary basis since 1995, and as of 2022 made up about 19% of the military's full-time personnel"
|
||||
"text": "at age 18, all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard (length of service depends on the type of duty); women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> Finland has had conscription since 1951; each year, the military inducts and active-duty units train approximately 21,000 conscripts; the resulting pool of trained reservists gives the FDF a wartime strength of approximately 280,000 and a total reserve of some 900,000 citizens with military service<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> women have served on a voluntary basis since 1995, and as of 2022 made up about 19% of the military's full-time personnel"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military deployments": {
|
||||
"text": "165 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) are focused primarily on territorial defense, which is based on having a large, trained reserve force created by general conscription; active-duty FDF units absorb and train more than 20,000 conscripts annually; the resulting pool of trained reservists gives the FDF a wartime strength of approximately 280,000 and a total reserve of some 900,000 citizens with military service; other FDF responsibilities include support to international peacekeeping operations and some domestic security duties, such as assisting the National Police in maintaining law and order in crises<br><br>the FDF is also focused on fulfilling its new commitment to NATO; following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland reassessed its security policy situation and applied for NATO membership, gaining entry in April 2023; as a member of the Alliance, Finland is part of NATO’s collective defense and is covered by the security guarantees enshrined in Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty); Finland had been part of NATO’s Partnership for Peace program since 1994, and the FDF exercised with some NATO members and participated in NATO-led military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq; in 2024, it joined NATO's Air Policing mission in Eastern Europe<br><br>Finland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and actively participates in EU crisis management missions and operations; the FDF also cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation structure (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and involves cooperation in such areas as armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Sweden, the UK, and the US are close bi-lateral defense partners; in 2022, Finland signed a mutual security agreement with the UK, and since 2014 has been part of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) are focused primarily on territorial defense, which is based on having a large, trained reserve force created by general conscription; other FDF responsibilities include support to international peacekeeping operations and some domestic security duties, such as assisting the National Police in maintaining law and order in crises<br><br>the FDF is also focused on fulfilling its commitment to NATO; following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland reassessed its security policy situation and applied for NATO membership, gaining entry in April 2023; as a member of the Alliance, Finland is part of NATO’s collective defense and is covered by the security guarantees enshrined in Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty); Finland had been part of NATO’s Partnership for Peace program since 1994, and the FDF exercised with some NATO members and participated in NATO-led military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq; in 2024, it joined NATO's Air Policing mission in Eastern Europe<br><br>Finland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and actively participates in EU crisis management missions and operations; the FDF also cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation structure (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and involves cooperation in such areas as armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Sweden, the UK, and the US are close bi-lateral defense partners; in 2022, Finland signed a mutual security agreement with the UK, and since 2014 has been part of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires David R. McCAWLEY (since January 2025); note - also accredited to Monaco"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires David R. McCAWLEY (since January 2025); note - also accredited to Monaco)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "2 avenue Gabriel, 75008 Paris"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1295,8 +1295,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "French Armed Forces (Forces Armées Françaises): Army (l'Armee de Terre; includes Foreign Legion), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air and Space Force (l'Armee de l’Air et de l’Espace); includes Air Defense), National Guard (Reserves), National Gendarmerie (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior, the civilian National Police and the National Gendarmerie maintain internal security; the National Gendarmerie is a paramilitary police force that is a branch of the Armed Forces and therefore part of the Ministry of Defense but under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior; it also has additional duties to the Ministry of Justice; the Gendarmerie includes the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (Groupe d'intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale or GIGN), an elite national-level tactical police unit set up in 1973 in response to the 1972 Munich massacre"
|
||||
"text": "French Armed Forces (Forces Armées Françaises): Army (l'Armee de Terre; includes Foreign Legion), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air and Space Force (l'Armee de l’Air et de l’Espace); includes Air Defense), National Guard (Garde Nationale), National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale) (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior, the civilian National Police and the National Gendarmerie maintain internal security; the National Gendarmerie is a paramilitary police force that is a branch of the Armed Forces and therefore part of the Ministry of Defense but under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior; it also has additional duties to the Ministry of Justice"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1323,14 +1323,14 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> two major future acquisition programs for the French military included the Franco-German-Spanish Future Combat Air System, or FCAS (known in France as the système combat aérien du futur, or SCAF) and a next-generation tank development project with Germany known as the Main Ground Combat System, or MGCS"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "generally 17-30 years of age for both men and women with some variations by service, position, and enlisted versus officer; basic service contract is for 12 months; no conscription (abolished 2001) (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>in 2023, women comprised more than 16% of the uniformed armed forces <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> French citizens can also volunteer for the Voluntary Military Service (VMS), which allows unemployed youth aged 18-25 to learn a trade or gain work experience while receiving basic military training and sports activities; French citizens may also join the military operational reserve up to age 72<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign five-year contracts"
|
||||
"text": "generally 17-30 years of age for both men and women with some variations by service, position, and enlisted versus officer; basic service contract is for 12 months; no conscription (abolished 2001) (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>in 2023, women comprised more than 16% of the uniformed armed forces <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> French citizens can also volunteer for the Voluntary Military Service (VMS), which allows unemployed youth aged 18-25 to learn a trade or gain work experience while receiving basic military training and sports activities; VMS terms are 3-12 months; French citizens may also join the military operational reserve up to age 72<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign five-year contracts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military deployments": {
|
||||
"text": "France typically has up to 30,000 total air, ground, and naval forces deployed on permanent or temporary foreign missions; up to 10,000 are permanently deployed, including Djibouti (1,500); French Guyana (2,600); French Polynesia (1,000); French West Indies (1,000); Reunion Island (2,100); West Africa (1,200), and the UAE (800)<br><br>other non-permanent deployments include military missions under NATO, the EU, and the UN, as well as some unilateral operations, in such places as Europe, Africa, and the Middle East and adjacent waters (2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the French military has a global footprint and a wide range of missions and responsibilities; it operates under France’s overall defense and national security strategy, currently defined through the five major strategic functions of anticipation, prevention, deterrence, protection, and intervention; the military’s responsibilities include protecting French territory, population, and interests, and fulfilling France’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping operations under the UN; it is the largest military in the EU and has a leading role in the EU security framework, as well as in NATO; in recent years, it has actively participated in coalition peacekeeping and other security operations in regions such as Africa, the Middle East, and the Balkans, often in a lead role; the military regularly conducts large-scale exercises and participates in a variety of bi-lateral and multinational exercises; it also has a domestic security mission, including providing enhanced security at sensitive sites and large events and support during national crises or disasters, such as fighting forest fires; in recent years, defense responsibilities have expanded to include cyber and space domains <br><br>in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011, and as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance <br><br>the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French military for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel; its combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry regiments (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the French military has a global footprint and a wide range of missions and responsibilities; it operates under France’s overall defense and national security strategy, currently defined through the five major strategic functions of anticipation, prevention, deterrence, protection, and intervention; the military’s responsibilities include protecting French territory, population, and interests, and fulfilling France’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping operations under the UN; it is the largest military in the EU and has a leading role in the EU security framework, as well as in NATO; in recent years, it has actively participated in coalition peacekeeping and other security operations in regions such as Africa, the Middle East, and the Balkans, often in a lead role; the military regularly conducts large-scale exercises and participates in a variety of bi-lateral and multinational exercises; it also has a domestic security mission, including providing enhanced security at sensitive sites and large events and support during national crises or disasters, such as fighting forest fires; in recent years, defense responsibilities have expanded to include cyber and space domains <br><br>in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011, and as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance <br><br>the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French military for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel; its combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry regiments (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Space": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -688,7 +688,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe, includes air defense), Joint Support and Enabling Service (Streitkraeftebasis, SKB), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst, ZSanDstBw), Cyber and Information Space Command (Kommando Cyber und Informationsraum, Kdo CIR) (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): German Army (Deutsche Heer), German Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), German Air Force (Deutsche Luftwaffe, includes air defense), Cyber and Information Space (Cyber und Informationsraum) (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> responsibility for internal and border security is shared by the police forces of the 16 states, the Federal Criminal Police Office, and the Federal Police; the states’ police forces report to their respective interior ministries while the Federal Police forces report to the Federal Ministry of the Interior"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Hellenic State, Kingdom of Greece"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the English name derives from the Roman (Latin) designation <em>Graecia</em>, meaning \"Land of the Greeks\"; the Greeks call their country Ellas or Ellada, which is probably derived from Hellas, the name of the mythical son of Deucalian "
|
||||
"text": "the English name derives from the Roman (Latin) designation <em>Graecia</em>, meaning \"Land of the Greeks\"; the Greeks call their country Ellas or Ellada, which is probably derived from Hellas, the name of the mythical son of Deucalian"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1190,8 +1190,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Hellenic Armed Forces: Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES; includes National Guard), Hellenic Navy (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko, EPN), Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA; includes air defense) (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the police (under the Ministry of Citizen Protection) and the armed forces (Ministry of National Defense) share law enforcement duties in certain border areas; the Greek Coast Guard is under the Ministry of Shipping Affairs and Island Policy<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the National Guard was established in 1982 as an official part of the Army to help protect Greece and provide reinforcements and support to the Army in peacetime and in times of mobilization and war; members undergo weekly training run by the Army, which also provides weapons and ammunition"
|
||||
"text": "Hellenic Armed Forces (HAF; Ellinikes Enoples Dynamis, EED): Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES; includes National Guard), Hellenic Navy (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko, EPN), Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA; includes air defense) (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the police (under the Ministry of Citizen Protection) and the armed forces (Ministry of National Defense) share law enforcement duties in certain border areas; the Greek Coast Guard is under the Ministry of Shipping Affairs and Island Policy<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the National Guard was established in 1982 as an official part of the Army to help protect Greece and provide reinforcements and support to the Army in peacetime and in times of mobilization and war"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "approximately 1,000 Cyprus; 110 Kosovo (NATO); 120 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Hellenic Armed Forces (HAF) are responsible for protecting Greece’s independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity; the HAF also maintains a presence on Cyprus (the Hellenic Force in Cyprus or ELDYK) to assist and support the Cypriot National Guard; as a member of the EU, NATO, and other international organizations, the HAF participates in multinational peacekeeping and other security missions abroad, taking a particular interest in missions occurring in the near regions, such as the Balkans, the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, the Middle East, and North Africa; areas of focus for the HAF include instability in the Balkans, territorial disputes with Turkey, and support to European security through the EU and NATO<br><br>Greece’s NATO membership is a key component of its security; it became a NATO member in 1952 and occupies a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean on NATO’s southern flank; Greece is host to several NATO facilities, including the Deployable Corps Greece (NDC-GR) headquarters in Thessaloniki, the Combined Air Operations Center in Larissa, the Multinational Peace Support Operations Training Center in Kilkis, the Multinational Sealift Coordination Center in Athens, and the Naval Base, Maritime Interdiction Operational Training Centre, and NATO Missile Firing Installation at Souda, Crete (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the Hellenic Armed Forces (HAF) are responsible for protecting Greece’s independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity; the HAF also maintains a presence on Cyprus (the Hellenic Force in Cyprus or ELDYK) to assist and support the Cypriot National Guard; as a member of the EU, NATO, and other international organizations, the HAF participates in multinational peacekeeping and other security missions abroad, taking a particular interest in missions occurring in the near regions, such as the Balkans, the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, the Middle East, and North Africa; areas of focus for the HAF include instability in the Balkans, territorial disputes with Turkey, and support to European security through the EU and NATO<br><br>Greece’s NATO membership is a key component of its security; it became a NATO member in 1952 and occupies a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean on NATO’s southern flank; Greece is host to several NATO facilities, including the Deployable Corps Greece (NDC-GR) headquarters in Thessaloniki, the Combined Air Operations Center in Larissa, the Multinational Peace Support Operations Training Center in Kilkis, the Multinational Sealift Coordination Center in Athens, and the Naval Base, Maritime Interdiction Operational Training Centre, and NATO Missile Firing Installation at Souda, Crete (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Space": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "name probably derives from the Croats, a Slavic tribe who migrated to the Balkans in the 7th century A.D., but that name may be related to the Russian word <em>khrebet</em>, meaning \"mountain chain\" "
|
||||
"text": "name probably derives from the Croats, a Slavic tribe who migrated to the Balkans in the 7th century A.D., but that name may be related to the Russian word <em>khrebet</em>, meaning \"mountain chain\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -650,7 +650,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires David HOLMES (since January 2025)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Robert PALLADINO (since 7 March 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1096,14 +1096,14 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces; the Icelandic National Police, the nine regional police forces, and the Icelandic Coast Guard fall under the purview of the Ministry of Justice (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Icelandic Coast Guard is responsible for operational defense tasks in Iceland including but not limited to operation of Keflavik Air Base, special security zones, and Iceland's air defense systems"
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces; the Icelandic National Police, the regional police forces, and the Icelandic Coast Guard fall under the purview of the Ministry of Justice (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Icelandic Coast Guard is responsible for operational defense tasks in Iceland including but not limited to operation of Keflavik Air Base, special security zones, and the Icelandic air defense system; it also coordinates with NATO in such areas as air surveillance and military defense exercises"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from mostly European suppliers (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)<br><br>Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009<br><br>in 1951, Iceland and the US concluded an agreement to make arrangements regarding the defense of Iceland and for the use of facilities in Iceland to that end; the agreement, along with NATO membership, is one of the two pillars of Iceland‘s security policy; since 2007 Iceland has concluded cooperation agreements with Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the UK; it also has regular consultations with Germany and France on security and defense (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)<br><br>Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009<br><br>in 1951, Iceland and the US concluded an agreement to make arrangements regarding the defense of Iceland and for the use of facilities in Iceland to that end; the agreement, along with NATO membership, is one of the two pillars of Iceland‘s security policy; since 2007 Iceland has concluded cooperation agreements with Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the UK; it also has regular consultations with Germany and France on security and defense (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -478,7 +478,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Prince HANS-ADAM II (since 13 November 1989, assumed executive powers on 26 August 1984)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Prime Minister Daniel RISCH (since 25 March 2021)"
|
||||
"text": "Prime Minister Brigitte HAAS (since 10 April 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Cabinet elected by the Parliament, confirmed by the monarch"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -469,7 +469,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Democratic Federal Macedonia, People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the country name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.)"
|
||||
"text": "the name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.), whose name origin is unclear; it may derive from the mythological Macedon, the son of the Greek god Zeus; alternatively, it may come from the Greek word <em>makednos</em>, meaning \"tail,\" or the Illyrian word <em>maketia</em>, meaning \"cattle\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -482,7 +482,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Norge"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "derives from the Old Norse words \"nordr\" and \"vegr\" meaning \"northern way\" and refers to the long coastline of western Norway"
|
||||
"text": "derives from the Old Norse words <em>norre </em>and <em>vegr</em>, meaning \"northern way,\" and refers to the long coastline of western Norway"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -498,7 +498,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Polish People's Republic"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "name derives from the Polanians, a west Slavic tribe that united several surrounding Slavic groups (9th-10th centuries A.D.) and who passed on their name to the country; the name of the tribe likely comes from the Slavic \"pole\" (field or plain), indicating the flat nature of their country"
|
||||
"text": "the name probably comes from the Slavic word <em>pole (</em>field or plain), indicating the flat nature of the country"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -477,7 +477,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Portugal"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "name derives from the Roman designation \"Portus Cale\" meaning \"Port of Cale\"; Cale was an ancient Celtic town and port in present-day northern Portugal"
|
||||
"text": "name derives from the Roman designation \"Portus Cale,\" meaning \"Port of Cale;\" Cale was located in present-day northern Portugal, and its name is said to come from the Latin word <em>calere </em>(to be warm) because the harbor never iced over"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -499,7 +499,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D."
|
||||
"text": "the country takes its name from the Serb people; the origin of their name is unclear but may derive from the Caucasian root word <em>ser</em>, meaning \"man\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -498,7 +498,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the name derives from the Latin \"Romanus\" meaning \"citizen of Rome\" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century"
|
||||
"text": "the name derives from the Latin <em>Romani</em>, meaning \"people from Rome;\" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -395,7 +395,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "San Marino"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named after Saint MARINUS, who in A.D. 301 founded the monastic settlement around which the city and later the state of San Marino coalesced"
|
||||
"text": "named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -436,7 +436,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "the Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia) serves as the de facto military force of Vatican City; the Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City (Corpo della Gendarmeriais) is a police force that helps augment the Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps during the Pope’s appearances, as well as providing general security, traffic direction, and investigative duties for the Vatican City State (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "the Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia) serves as the de facto military force of Vatican City; the Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City (Corpo della Gendarmeriais) is a police force that helps augment the Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps during the Pope’s appearances, as well as providing general security, traffic direction, and investigative duties for the Vatican City State (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Swiss Guard Corps has protected the Pope and his residence since 1506"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1181,8 +1181,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Georgian Defense Forces (GDF; aka Defense Forces of Georgia or DFG): Ground Forces, Air Force, National Guard, Special Operations Forces, National Guard; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Border Police, Coast Guard (includes Georgian naval forces, which were merged with the Coast Guard in 2009) (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Ministry of Internal Affairs also has forces for protecting strategic infrastructure and conducting special operations"
|
||||
"text": "Georgian Defense Forces (GDF; aka Defense Forces of Georgia, DFG): Ground Forces, Air Force, Special Operations Forces, National Guard<br><br>Ministry of Internal Affairs: Police, Border Police of Georgia, Coast Guard of Georgia (includes naval forces, which were merged with the Coast Guard in 2009) (2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -794,9 +794,6 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the military wing is armed with light weapons, including an inventory of rocket, anti-tank, anti-aircraft, indirect fire (typically mortars), and armed UAV capabilities; HAMAS acquires its weapons through smuggling or local construction and receives significant military support from Iran (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "since seizing control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, the terrorist group HAMAS has had repeated clashes with Israel, including armed conflicts in 2008-09, 2012, 2014, 2021, and 2023-24; the Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) terrorist group also operates in the Gaza Strip and has cooperated with HAMAS (2024)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "the military forces of Iran are divided between the Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh) and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah):<br><br>Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces or Islamic Republic of Iran Army (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Air Defense Forces<br><br>Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC or Sepah): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Aerospace Force (controls strategic missile force), Qods Force (aka Quds Force; special operations), Cyber Electronic Command, Basij Paramilitary Forces<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Law Enforcement Command<br><br>Ministry of Intelligence and Security (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "the military forces of Iran are divided between the Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh) and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC or Sepah):<br><br>Artesh: Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Air Defense Forces<br><br>IRGC: Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Aerospace Force (controls strategic missile force), Qods Force (aka Quds Force; special operations), Cyber Electronic Command, Basij Paramilitary Forces<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Law Enforcement Command<br><br>Ministry of Intelligence and Security (2024)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Artesh Navy operates Iran’s larger warships and operates in the Gulf of Oman, the Caspian Sea, and deep waters in the region and beyond; the IRGC Navy has responsibility for the closer-in waters of the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Basij is a volunteer paramilitary group under the IRGC with local organizations across the country, which sometimes acts as an auxiliary law enforcement unit for the IRGC; it is formally known as the Organization for the Mobilization of the Oppressed and also known as the Popular Mobilization Army<br><br><strong>note 3: </strong>the Ministry of Intelligence and Security and law enforcement forces under the Interior Ministry, which report to the president, and the IRGC, which reports to the supreme leader, share responsibility for law enforcement and maintaining order<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> the Law Enforcement Command (FARAJA) is the uniformed police of Iran and includes branches for public security, traffic control, anti-narcotics, special forces (riot control, counterterrorism, hostage rescue, etc), intelligence, and criminal investigations; it has responsibility for border security (Border Guard Command)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -111,13 +111,13 @@
|
|||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "11,174,024"
|
||||
"text": "11,174,024 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "5,844,979"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "5,329,045 (2024 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5,329,045"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -948,8 +948,8 @@
|
|||
"note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$15.56 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$15.56 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016": {
|
||||
"text": "$15.543 billion (2016 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -470,7 +470,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Sultanate of Muscat and Oman"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but it apparently dates back at least 2,000 years since an \"Omana\" is mentioned by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.) and an \"Omanon\" by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)"
|
||||
"text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but it may date back at least 2,000 years, with an \"Omana\" mentioned by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.) and an \"Omanon\" by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.); it is said to derive from Oman ben Ibrahim al Khalil (Oman ben Kahtan), who founded the state"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -472,9 +472,9 @@
|
|||
"text": "Qatar"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but it dates back at least 2,000 years since a term \"Catharrei\" was used to describe the inhabitants of the peninsula by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.), and a \"Catara\" peninsula is depicted on a map by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)"
|
||||
"text": "the name may derive from the Arabic word <em>katran</em>, meaning \"tar\" or \"resin\" in reference to the area's oil and natural gas reserves"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> closest approximation of the native pronunciation is gat-tar or cot-tar"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> closest approximation of the native pronunciation is GAT-tar or COT-tar"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
"text": "absolute monarchy"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named after the ruling dynasty of the country, the House of Saud; the name \"Arabia\" can be traced back many centuries B.C., the ancient Egyptians referred to the region as \"Ar Rabi\""
|
||||
"text": "named after the ruling dynasty of the country, the House of Saud; the name Arabia can be traced back at least as far as the ancient Romans, who referred to the peninsula as \"Arabia Felix\" (Arabia the Fortunate)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -905,7 +905,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces "
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk is responsible for coordinating Denmark's defense of Greenland"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Saint-Pierre et Miquelon"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Saint-Pierre is named after Saint PETER, the patron saint of fishermen; Miquelon may be a corruption of the Basque name Mikelon"
|
||||
"text": "Saint-Pierre and Miquelon is reputed to be named after two navigators, one called Peter and one called Michael (in a nickname form) or Mikelon, a Basque name"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the US military has been all-volunteer since 1973, but an act of Congress can reinstate the draft in case of a national emergency<strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> all military occupations and positions open to women; in 2022, women comprised 17.5% of the total US regular military personnel<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> non-citizens living permanently and legally in the US may join as enlisted personnel; they must have permission to work in the US, a high school diploma, and speak, read, and write English fluently; minimum age of 17 with parental consent or 18 without; maximum age 29-39, depending on the service; under the US Nationality Act, honorable service in the military may qualify individuals to obtain expedited citizenship; under the Compact of Free Association, citizens of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of Palau, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands may volunteer; under the Jay Treaty, signed in 1794 between Great Britain and the US, and corresponding legislation, Native Americans/First Nations born in Canada are entitled to freely enter the US and join the US military"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military deployments": {
|
||||
"text": "the US has more than 200,000 air, ground, and naval personnel deployed overseas on a permanent or a long-term rotational (typically 3-9 months) basis; key areas of deployment include approximately 5,000 in Africa, approximately 100,000 in Europe, approximately 10-15,000 in Southwest Asia, and more than 80,000 in East Asia (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the US has more than 200,000 air, ground, and naval personnel deployed overseas on a permanent or a long-term rotational (typically 3-9 months) basis; key areas of deployment include approximately 5,000 in Africa, approximately 80,000 in Europe, approximately 10-15,000 in Southwest Asia, and more than 80,000 in East Asia (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the US military's primary missions are to deter potential enemies, provide for the defense of the US, its Territories, Commonwealths and possessions, and any areas occupied by the US, and to protect US national interests; its responsibilities are worldwide and include providing humanitarian assistance, participating in international military exercises and operations, conducting military diplomacy, and fulfilling the US's alliance and treaty commitments; the US has been a leading member of NATO since the Alliance's formation in 1949; the military has a global presence; the separate services operate jointly under 11 regional- or functionally-based joint service \"combatant\" commands: Africa Command; Central Command, Cyber Command, European Command, Indo-Pacific Command, Northern Command, Southern Command, Space Command, Special Operations Command, Strategic Command, and Transportation Command<br><br>Congress officially created the US military in September 1789; the US Army was established in June 1775 as the Continental Army; after the declaration of independence in July 1776, the Continental Army and the militia in the service of Congress became known collectively as the Army of the United States; when Congress ordered the Continental Army to disband in 1784, it retained a small number of personnel that would form the nucleus of the 1st American Regiment for national service formed later that year; both the US Navy and the US Marines were also established in 1775, but the Navy fell into disuse after the Revolutionary War, and was reestablished by Congress in 1794; the first US military unit devoted exclusively to aviation began operations in 1913 as part of the US Army; the Army Air Corps (AAC) was the US military service dedicated to aerial warfare between 1926 and 1941; the AAC became the US Army Air Forces in 1941 and remained as a combat arm of the Army until the establishment of the US Air Force in 1947 (2024)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -87,8 +87,6 @@
|
|||
"text": "the major chokepoint is the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica; the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) is the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean; it is a distinct region at the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that separates the cold polar surface waters to the south from the warmer waters to the north; the Front and the Current extend entirely around Antarctica, reaching south of 60 degrees south near New Zealand and near 48 degrees south in the far South Atlantic, coinciding with the path of the maximum westerly winds"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Environment": {
|
||||
"Environment - current issues": {
|
||||
"text": "changes to the ocean's physical, chemical, and biological systems have taken place because of climate change, ocean acidification, and commercial exploitation"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
|
|||
"Government": {
|
||||
"Country name": {
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand MAGELLAN during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521; encountering favorable winds upon reaching the ocean, he called it \"Mar Pacifico,\" which means \"peaceful sea\" in both Portuguese and Spanish"
|
||||
"text": "named by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand MAGELLAN while circumnavigating the world in 1520; he called it \"Mar Pacifico,\" which means \"peaceful sea\" in both Portuguese and Spanish, because he encountered no storms during the crossing"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -570,10 +570,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 February 2025 with a runoff scheduled for 13 April 2025 (next to be held 28 February 2029); note – on 18 May 2023, Ecuador’s National Electoral Council announced that the legislative and presidential elections—originally scheduled for February 2025—would be held on 20 August 2023 with a runoff on 15 October 2023 after former president Guillermo LASSO dissolved the National Assembly by decree on 17 May 2023; though eligible for a second term, LASSO announced that he would not run in the 2023 election; President Daniel NOBOA Azin will serve out the remainder of the current presidential term (2021–2025)"
|
||||
"text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 February 2025 with a runoff on 13 April 2025 (next to be held 28 February 2029); note – on 18 May 2023, Ecuador’s National Electoral Council announced that the legislative and presidential elections—originally scheduled for February 2025—would be held on 20 August 2023 with a runoff on 15 October 2023 after former president Guillermo LASSO dissolved the National Assembly by decree on 17 May 2023; though eligible for a second term, LASSO announced that he would not run in the 2023 election; President Daniel NOBOA Azin served out the remainder of the presidential term (2021–2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br><em>2025:</em> First round election results elected president; percent of vote - Daniel NOBOA Azin (ADN) 44.2%, Luisa GONZÁLEZ Alcivar (MRC) 44%, Leonidas IZA (MUPP) 5.3%, other 6.5%; NOBOA and GONZÁLEZ<em> </em>advance to the second round scheduled to be held 13 April 2025<em><br><br>2023:</em> Daniel NOBOA Azin elected president; percent of vote in the second round - Luisa GONZÁLEZ Alcivar (MRC) 33.6%, Daniel NOBOA Azin (ADN) 23.5%, Christian Gustavo ZURITA Ron (Construye) 16.4%, Jan Tomislav TOPIĆ Feraud (Por Un País Sin Miedo) 14.7%, Otto Ramón SONNENHOLZNER Sper (Avanza) 7.1%, other 4.7%; percent of vote in the second round - Daniel NOBOA Azin 51.8%, Luisa GONZÁLEZ Alcivar 48.2%<br><br><em>2021:</em> Guillermo LASSO Mendoza elected president; percent of vote in the first round - Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 32.7%, Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 19.7%, Yaku PEREZ Guartambel (MUPP) 19.4%, Xavier HERVAS Mora (ID) 15.7%, other 12.5%; percent of vote in the second round - Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 52.5%, Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 47.5%"
|
||||
"text": "<br><em>2025: </em>Daniel NOBOA Azin reelected president; percent of vote in the first round - Daniel NOBOA Azin (ADN) 44.2%, Luisa GONZÁLEZ Alcivar (MRC) 44%, Leonidas IZA (MUPP) 5.3%, other 6.5%; percent of vote in the second round - Daniel NOBOA Azin 55.6%, Luisa GONZÁLEZ Alcivar 44.4%; note - official results pending<br><em><br>2023:</em> Daniel NOBOA Azin elected president; percent of vote in the first round - Luisa GONZÁLEZ Alcivar (MRC) 33.6%, Daniel NOBOA Azin (ADN) 23.5%, Christian Gustavo ZURITA Ron (Construye) 16.4%, Jan Tomislav TOPIĆ Feraud (Por Un País Sin Miedo) 14.7%, Otto Ramón SONNENHOLZNER Sper (Avanza) 7.1%, other 4.7%; percent of vote in the second round - Daniel NOBOA Azin 51.8%, Luisa GONZÁLEZ Alcivar 48.2%<br><br><em>2021:</em> Guillermo LASSO Mendoza elected president; percent of vote in the first round - Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 32.7%, Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 19.7%, Yaku PEREZ Guartambel (MUPP) 19.4%, Xavier HERVAS Mora (ID) 15.7%, other 12.5%; percent of vote in the second round - Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 52.5%, Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 47.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the president is both chief of state and head of government"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "the Guyana Defense Force (GDF) is a unified force with ground, air, and coast guard components, as well as the Guyana National Reserve (2024)",
|
||||
"text": "the Guyana Defense Force (GDF) is a unified force with ground, air, and coast guard components, as well as the Guyana National Reserve (2025)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Guyana Police Force under the Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for internal security"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -472,7 +472,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Paraguay"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the precise meaning of the name Paraguay is unclear, but it seems to derive from the river of the same name; one explanation has the name meaning \"water of the Payagua\" (an indigenous tribe that lived along the river)"
|
||||
"text": "derives from the river of the same name; the river's name may come from the Guarani words <em>para </em>(water or river) and <em>guay </em>(born)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -514,7 +514,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Perú"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "exact meaning is obscure, but the name may derive from a native word \"biru\" meaning \"river\""
|
||||
"text": "the name may derive from the Guarani word biru, meaning \"river\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -512,7 +512,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "West Pakistan"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the word \"pak\" means \"pure\" in Persian or Pashto, while the Persian suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so the word Pakistan literally means \"Land of the Pure\""
|
||||
"text": "the name is said to have been proposed in the early 1930s by Muslim students at Cambridge University, created from the initials of Punjab, Afghanistan, and Kashmir; the word <em>pak </em>also means \"pure\" in Persian or Pashto, and the Persian suffix -<em>stan </em>means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so Pakistan literally means \"Land of the Pure\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,16 +41,16 @@
|
|||
"text": "a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates is bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ten driest places on Earth (average annual precipitation)": {
|
||||
"text": "McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)<br>Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)<br>Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)<br>Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)<br>Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)<br>Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)<br>El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)<br>Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)<br>Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)<br>Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)<br>Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)<br>Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)<br>El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ten wettest places on Earth (average annual precipitation)": {
|
||||
"text": "Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)<br>Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)<br>Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)<br>Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)<br>San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)<br>Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)<br>Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)<br>Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)<br>Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)<br>Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)<br>Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)<br>Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)<br>Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)<br>San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)<br>Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)<br>Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)<br>Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)<br>Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)<br>Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ten coldest places on Earth (lowest average monthly temperature)": {
|
||||
"text": "Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January<br>Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January<br>Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February<br>Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February<br>Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February<br>Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March<br>Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February<br>Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February<br>Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January<br>Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January<br>Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January<br>Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February<br>Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February<br>Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February<br>Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March<br>Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February<br>Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February<br>Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January<br>Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ten hottest places on Earth (highest average monthly temperature)": {
|
||||
"text": "Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July<br>Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June <br>Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July<br>Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July<br>Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July<br>Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July<br>Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June<br>Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July<br>Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January<br>Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July<br>Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June <br>Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July<br>Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July<br>Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July<br>Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July<br>Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June<br>Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July<br>Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January<br>Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrain": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -366,16 +366,16 @@
|
|||
"text": "a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates is bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ten driest places on Earth (average annual precipitation)": {
|
||||
"text": "McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)<br>Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)<br>Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)<br>Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)<br>Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)<br>Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)<br>El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)<br>Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)<br>Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)<br>Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)<br>Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)<br>Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)<br>Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)<br>El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ten wettest places on Earth (average annual precipitation)": {
|
||||
"text": "Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)<br>Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)<br>Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)<br>Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)<br>San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)<br>Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)<br>Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)<br>Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)<br>Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)<br>Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)<br>Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)<br>Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)<br>Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)<br>San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)<br>Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)<br>Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)<br>Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)<br>Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)<br>Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ten coldest places on Earth (lowest average monthly temperature)": {
|
||||
"text": "Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January<br>Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January<br>Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February<br>Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February<br>Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February<br>Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March<br>Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February<br>Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February<br>Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January<br>Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January<br>Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January<br>Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February<br>Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February<br>Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February<br>Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March<br>Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February<br>Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February<br>Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January<br>Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ten hottest places on Earth (highest average monthly temperature)": {
|
||||
"text": "Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July<br>Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June <br>Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July<br>Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July<br>Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July<br>Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July<br>Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June<br>Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July<br>Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January<br>Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July<br>Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June <br>Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July<br>Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July<br>Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July<br>Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July<br>Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June<br>Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July<br>Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January<br>Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue