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middle-east/ae.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of leading West European nations. Its high oil revenues and its moderate foreign policy stance have allowed the UAE to play a vital role in the affairs of the region. For more than three decades, oil and global finance drove the UAE's economy. However, in 2008-09, the confluence of falling oil prices, collapsing real estate prices, and the international banking crisis hit the UAE especially hard. The UAE has essentially avoided the \"Arab Spring\" unrest seen elsewhere in the Middle East, though in March 2011, political activists and intellectuals signed a petition calling for greater public participation in governance that was widely circulated on the Internet. In an effort to stem potential further unrest, the government announced a multi-year, $1.6-billion infrastructure investment plan for the poorer northern emirates and aggressively pursued advocates of political reform."
"text": "The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of leading West European nations. For more than three decades, oil and global finance drove the UAE's economy. However, in 2008-09, the confluence of falling oil prices, collapsing real estate prices, and the international banking crisis hit the UAE especially hard. The UAE essentially avoided the \"Arab Spring\" unrest seen elsewhere in the Middle East in 2010-11 and in an effort to stem potential unrest, the government announced a multi-year, $1.6-billion infrastructure investment plan for the poorer northern emirates and aggressively pursued advocates of political reform. The UAE in recent years has played a vital role in regional affairs. In addition to donating billions of dollars in economic aid to help stabilize Egypt, the UAE is a member of a US-led global coalition to defeat the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and a coalition partner in a Saudi-led military campaign to restore the government of Yemen."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -84,6 +84,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "923 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population is heavily concentrated to the northeast on the Musandam Peninsula; the three largest emirates - Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah - are home to nearly 85% of the population"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "frequent sand and dust storms"
},
@ -118,10 +121,7 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%",
"note": {
"text": "less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)"
}
"text": "Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu"
@ -186,6 +186,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "11.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population is heavily concentrated to the northeast on the Musandam Peninsula; the three largest emirates - Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah - are home to nearly 85% of the population"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "85.5% of total population (2015)"
@ -498,55 +501,55 @@
"text": "The UAE has an open economy with a high per capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. Successful efforts at economic diversification have reduced the portion of GDP based on oil and gas output to 25%. ++ ++ Since the discovery of oil in the UAE more than 30 years ago, the country has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. The government has increased spending on job creation and infrastructure expansion and is opening up utilities to greater private sector involvement. The country's free trade zones - offering 100% foreign ownership and zero taxes - are helping to attract foreign investors. ++ ++ The global financial crisis of 2008-09, tight international credit, and deflated asset prices constricted the economy in 2009. UAE authorities tried to blunt the crisis by increasing spending and boosting liquidity in the banking sector. The crisis hit Dubai hardest, as it was heavily exposed to depressed real estate prices. Dubai lacked sufficient cash to meet its debt obligations, prompting global concern about its solvency and ultimately a $20 billion bailout from the UAE Central Bank and Abu Dhabi Government that was refinanced in March 2014. ++ ++ Dependence on oil, a large expatriate workforce, and growing inflation pressures are significant long-term challenges. Low oil prices have prompted the UAE to take steps to reduce its social spending, including eliminating fuel subsidies in August 2015, but the UAE has sufficient assets to cover its deficits with money from its sovereign investment funds. The UAE's strategic plan for the next few years focuses on economic diversification and creating more job opportunities for nationals through improved education and increased private sector employment."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$647.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $623.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $596.1 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$667.2 billion (2016 est.) ++ $652.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $627.6 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$345.5 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$375 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.9% (2015 est.) ++ 4.6% (2014 est.) ++ 4.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.3% (2016 est.) ++ 4% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$67,600 (2015 est.) ++ $67,000 (2014 est.) ++ $66,000 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$67,700 (2016 est.) ++ $68,100 (2015 est.) ++ $67,500 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "33.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 39% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 42.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "20.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 25.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 38.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "56%"
"text": "61.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "8.7%"
"text": "9.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "27.4%"
"text": "29.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-3.1%"
"text": "0.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "90%"
"text": "81.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-79% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-82.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "0.8%"
"text": "0.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "46.9%"
"text": "44.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "52.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "54.7% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -556,12 +559,12 @@
"text": "petroleum and petrochemicals; fishing, aluminum, cement, fertilizers, commercial ship repair, construction materials, handicrafts, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.6% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.087 million",
"text": "5.242 million",
"note": {
"text": "expatriates account for about 85% of the workforce (2015 est.)"
"text": "expatriates account for about 85% of the workforce (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -591,50 +594,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$102.8 billion"
"text": "$90.13 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$116.5 billion"
"text": "$113 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "the UAE federal budget does not account for emirate-level spending in Abu Dhabi and Dubai (2015 est.)"
"text": "the UAE federal budget does not account for emirate-level spending in Abu Dhabi and Dubai (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "29.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "24% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-6.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "51.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 43.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "60.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 51.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "4.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.4% (2016 est.) ++ 4.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$124.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $118.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$129.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $124.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$343.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $287.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$337.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $327.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$370.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $331.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$387.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $370.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$67.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $71.33 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $77.08 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$195.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $201.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $180.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$13.55 billion (2015 est.) ++ $54.63 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.244 billion (2016 est.) ++ $12.31 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$333.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $367.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$316 billion (2016 est.) ++ $333.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates (2012 est.)"
@ -643,7 +646,7 @@
"text": "Iran 14.5%, Japan 9.8%, India 9.2%, China 4.7%, Oman 4.3% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$243.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $239.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$246.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $243.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food"
@ -652,36 +655,22 @@
"text": "China 15.7%, India 12.8%, US 9.7%, Germany 6.8%, UK 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$93.93 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $78.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$84.93 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $93.93 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$204.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $192.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$220.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $204.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$126.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $116.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$132.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $126.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$90.86 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $81.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$94.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $90.86 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Emirati dirhams (AED) per US dollar - ++ 3.673 (2015 est.) ++ 3.673 (2014 est.) ++ 3.673 (2013 est.) ++ 3.67 (2012 est.) ++ 3.673 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Emirati dirhams (AED) per US dollar - ++ 3.673 (2016 est.) ++ 3.673 (2015 est.) ++ 3.673 (2014 est.) ++ 3.673 (2013 est.) ++ 3.67 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "177,824"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "99%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93% (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "103 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -777,7 +766,7 @@
"text": "microwave radio relay, fiber-optic and coaxial cable"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 971; linked to the international submarine cable FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia (2015)"
"text": "country code - 971; linked to the international submarine cable FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
@ -881,7 +870,7 @@
"text": "13 (Greece 3, Kuwait 10)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "253 (Bahamas 23, Barbados 1, Belize 3, Cambodia 2, Comoros 8, Cyprus 3, Georgia 2, Gibraltar 5, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 1, India 4, Iran 2, Jordan 2, Liberia 37, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 12, Mexico 1, Netherlands 4, North Korea 2, Panama 83, Papua New Guinea 6, Philippines 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 8, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Saudi Arabia 6, Sierra Leone 1, Singapore 10, Tanzania 3, Togo 1, UK 8, Vanuatu 1, unknown 8) (2010)"
"text": "253 (Bahamas 23, Barbados 1, Belize 3, Cambodia 2, Comoros 8, Cyprus 3, Georgia 2, Gibraltar 5, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 1, India 4, Iran 2, Jordan 2, Liberia 37, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 12, Mexico 1, Netherlands 4, North Korea 2, Panama 83, Papua New Guinea 6 (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

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middle-east/aj.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Azerbaijan - a nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily ethnic Armenian-populated region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous republic within Soviet Azerbaijan after Armenia and Azerbaijan disputed the territory's status. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding provinces in the territory of Azerbaijan. The OSCE Minsk Group, co-chaired by the US, France, and Russia, is the framework established to mediate a peaceful resolution of the conflict. ++ Corruption in the country is widespread, and the government, which eliminated presidential term limits in a 2009 referendum, has been accused of authoritarianism. Although the poverty rate has been reduced and infrastructure investment has increased substantially in recent years due to revenue from oil and gas production, reforms have not adequately addressed weaknesses in most government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors, as well as the court system."
"text": "Azerbaijan - a nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily ethnic Armenian-populated region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous republic within Soviet Azerbaijan after Armenia and Azerbaijan disputed the territory's status. Armenia and Azerbaijan reignited their dispute over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated militarily after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding provinces in the territory of Azerbaijan. The OSCE Minsk Group, co-chaired by the US, France, and Russia, is the framework established to mediate a peaceful resolution of the conflict. ++ Corruption in the country is widespread, and the government, which eliminated presidential term limits in a 2009 referendum and approved extending presidential terms from 5 to 7 years in 2016, has been accused of authoritarianism. Although the poverty rate has been reduced and infrastructure investment has increased substantially in recent years due to revenue from oil and gas production, reforms have not adequately addressed weaknesses in most government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors, as well as the court system."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -76,6 +76,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "14,277 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the county, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly evenly distributed population"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "droughts"
},
@ -107,7 +110,7 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Azerbaijani 91.6%, Lezgian 2%, Russian 1.3%, Armenian 1.3%, Talysh 1.3%, other 2.4%",
"text": "Azerbaijani 91.6%, Lezghin 2%, Russian 1.3%, Armenian 1.3%, Talysh 1.3%, other 2.4%",
"note": {
"text": "the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated almost entirely by ethnic Armenians (2009 est.)"
}
@ -175,6 +178,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the county, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly evenly distributed population"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "54.6% of total population (2015)"
@ -284,7 +290,7 @@
"text": "4.9% (2013)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "2.5% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "2.6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -421,7 +427,7 @@
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for unlimited terms); election last held on 9 October 2013 (next to be held in October 2018); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for unlimited terms); election last held on 9 October 2013 (next to be held in October 2018); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; note - a constitutional amendment approved in a September 2016 referendum will expand presidential terms from 5 to 7 years when it formally takes effect"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 84.5%, Jamil HASANLI (National Council of Democratic Forces) 5.5%, other 10%"
@ -438,7 +444,7 @@
"text": "last held on 1 November 2015 (next to be held in November 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - YAP 72, CSP 2, Democratic Reforms 1, Social Democratic Party 1, Social Prosperity 1, Unity Party 1, Democratic Enlightenment 1, Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front 1, Motherland 1, Civil Unity 1, Great Undertaking Party 1, independent 42"
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - YAP 72, CSP 2, Democratic Reforms 1, Social Democratic Party 1, Social Prosperity 1, Unity Party 1, Democratic Enlightenment 1, Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front 1, Motherland 1, Civil Unity 1, Great Undertaking Party 1, National Renaissance Party 1, independent 41"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -453,10 +459,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Civil Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI] ++ Civil Unity Party or CUP [Sabir HAJIYEV] ++ Democratic Enlightenment [Elshan MUSAYEV] ++ Democratic Reforms Party [Asim MOLLAZADE] ++ Great Undertaking [Fazil MUSTAFA] ++ Musavat [Arif HAJILI] ++ Popular Front Party [Ali KARIMLI] ++ Motherland Party or AVP [Fazail AGAMALI] ++ Social Democratic Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV] ++ Social Prosperity Party [Khanhusein KAZIMLI] ++ Unity Party [Tahir KARIMLI] ++ Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV] ++ Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party or YAP [President Ilham ALIYEV]"
"text": "Civil Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI] ++ Civil Unity Party or CUP [Sabir HAJIYEV] ++ Democratic Enlightenment [Elshan MUSAYEV] ++ Democratic Reforms Party [Asim MOLLAZADE] ++ Great Undertaking [Fazil MUSTAFA] ++ Musavat [Arif HAJILI] ++ Popular Front Party [Ali KARIMLI] ++ Motherland Party or AVP [Fazail AGAMALI] ++ National Renaissance Party ++ Social Democratic Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV] ++ Social Prosperity Party [Khanhusein KAZIMLI] ++ Unity Party [Tahir KARIMLI] ++ Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV] ++ Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party or YAP [President Ilham ALIYEV]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Club-125 [Ilhamia RZAYEVA] ++ Ireli Youth Movement [MirHasan SEYIDOV] ++ National Council of Democratic Forces [Jamil HASANLI] ++ NIDA Youth Movement [Turgut GAMBAR, Zaur GURBANLI] ++ Positive Change Youth Movement [Bakhtiyar HAJIYEV] ++ Republican Alternative or REAL [Ilgar MAMMADOV (in jail)]"
"text": "Club-125 [Ilhamia RZAYEVA] ++ Ireli Youth Movement [MirHasan SEYIDOV] ++ National Council of Democratic Forces [Jamil HASANLI] ++ N!DA Youth Movement [Turgut GAMBAR, Zaur GURBANLI] ++ Positive Change Youth Movement [Bakhtiyar HAJIYEV] ++ Republican Alternative or REAL [Ilgar MAMMADOV (in jail)]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CICA, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
@ -483,7 +489,7 @@
"text": "Ambassador Robert CEKUTA (since 16 February 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "111 Azadlig Prospecti, Baku AZ1007"
"text": "111 Azadlig Prospekti, Baku AZ1007"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "American Embassy Baku, US Department of State, 7050 Baku Place, Washington, DC 20521-7050"
@ -518,55 +524,55 @@
"text": "Azerbaijan's high economic growth has been attributable to large and growing oil and gas exports, but some non-export sectors also featured double-digit growth, including construction, banking, and real estate. Oil exports through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, the Baku-Novorossiysk, and the Baku-Supsa pipelines remain the main economic driver, but efforts to boost Azerbaijan's gas production are underway. The eventual completion of the geopolitically important Southern Gas Corridor between Azerbaijan and Europe will open up another, albeit, smaller source of revenue from gas exports. ++ ++ Azerbaijan has made only limited progress on instituting market-based economic reforms. Pervasive public and private sector corruption and structural economic inefficiencies remain a drag on long-term growth, particularly in non-energy sectors. Several other obstacles impede Azerbaijan's economic progress, including the need for stepped up foreign investment in the non-energy sector and the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Trade with Russia and the other former Soviet republics is declining in importance, while trade is building with Turkey and the nations of Europe. ++ ++ Long-term prospects depend on world oil prices, Azerbaijan's ability to negotiate export routes for its growing gas production, and its ability to use its energy wealth to promote growth and spur employment in non-energy sectors of the economy."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$169.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $167.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $163 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$167.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $172 billion (2015 est.) ++ $170.1 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$54.05 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$35.69 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.8% (2014 est.) ++ 5.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% (2016 est.) ++ 1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$18,000 (2015 est.) ++ $17,900 (2014 est.) ++ $17,600 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$17,700 (2016 est.) ++ $18,300 (2015 est.) ++ $18,200 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "28.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 41.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 43.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "30.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 26.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 36.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "55.8%"
"text": "56.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "12.5%"
"text": "13.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "28.6%"
"text": "27.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.1%"
"text": "0%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "37.8%"
"text": "47.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-34.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-44.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "6%"
"text": "6.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "59.1%"
"text": "61.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "34.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "32.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -576,10 +582,10 @@
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.3% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.899 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.961 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -593,7 +599,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.3% (2015 est.) ++ 5.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.4% (2016 est.) ++ 5.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "6% (2012 est.)"
@ -611,26 +617,26 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$16.74 billion"
"text": "$11.02 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$17.36 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$12.18 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "31% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "30.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "20.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 11.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "31.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 20.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "4.1% (2015 est.) ++ 1.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "11.3% (2016 est.) ++ 4.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5% (31 December 2012) ++ 5.25% (31 December 2011)",
@ -639,25 +645,25 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "13.86% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 14.19% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "12.2% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 13.86% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$5.612 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.36 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.194 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.612 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$24.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $20.95 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$15.63 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$11.23 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $15.63 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$125 million (2015 est.) ++ $10.43 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$264 million (2016 est.) ++ -$222 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$15.59 billion (2015 est.) ++ $28.26 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.48 billion (2016 est.) ++ $15.59 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "oil and gas 90%, machinery, foodstuffs, cotton"
@ -666,7 +672,7 @@
"text": "Italy 26.3%, Germany 13.3%, Indonesia 7%, France 6.9%, Czech Republic 6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$9.774 billion (2015 est.) ++ $9.332 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.741 billion (2016 est.) ++ $9.774 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals"
@ -675,27 +681,22 @@
"text": "Russia 19.9%, Turkey 16.5%, UK 8.6%, Germany 6.6%, Italy 6.3%, US 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$7.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.55 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.453 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$12.28 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $11.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.65 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $12.28 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$66.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $59.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$72.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $66.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$14.48 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $11.22 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$16.28 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $14.48 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Azerbaijani manats (AZN) per US dollar - ++ 1.0246 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7844 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7844 (2013 est.) ++ 0.79 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7897 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Azerbaijani manats (AZN) per US dollar - ++ 1.526 (2016 est.) ++ 1.0246 (2015 est.) ++ 1.0246 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7844 (2013 est.) ++ 0.79 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "23 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -785,7 +786,7 @@
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "requires considerable expansion and modernization; fixed-line telephone and a broad range of other telecom services are controlled by a state-owned telecommunications monopoly and growth has been stagnant; more competition exists in the mobile-cellular market with four providers in 2009"
"text": "requires considerable expansion and modernization; fixed-line telephone and a broad range of other telecom services are controlled by a state-owned telecommunications monopoly and growth has been stagnant; more competition exists in the mobile-cellular ma"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "teledensity of 18 fixed lines per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity has increased to 109 telephones per 100 persons; satellite service connects Baku to a modern switch in its exclave of Naxcivan (Nakhichevan)"
@ -795,7 +796,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "3 state-run and 1 public TV channels; 4 domestic commercial TV stations and about 15 regional TV stations; cable TV services are available in Baku; 1 state-run and 1 public radio network operating; a small number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting; local FM relays of Baku commercial stations are available in many localities; local relays of several international broadcasters had been available until late 2008 when their broadcasts were banned from FM frequencies (2010)"
"text": "3 state-run and 1 public TV channels; 4 domestic commercial TV stations and about 15 regional TV stations; cable TV services are available in Baku; 1 state-run and 1 public radio network operating; a small number of private commercial radio stations broad (2010)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".az"
@ -911,7 +912,7 @@
"text": "18-35 years of age for compulsory military service; service obligation 18 months or 12 months for university graduates; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 17 year olds are considered to be on active service at cadet military schools (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2014) ++ 4.7% of GDP (2013) ++ 4.64% of GDP (2012) ++ 4.67% of GDP (2011) ++ 4.64% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2015) ++ 5.1% of GDP (2014) ++ 4.7% of GDP (2013) ++ 4.64% of GDP (2012) ++ 4.67% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

85
middle-east/am.json
View file

@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
"text": "5.3% (2010)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2014)"
"text": "2.8% of GDP (2015)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -515,55 +515,55 @@
"text": "Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics, in exchange for raw materials and energy. Armenia has since switched to small-scale agriculture and away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. Armenia has only two open trade borders - Iran and Georgia - because its borders with Azerbaijan and Turkey have been closed since 1991 and 1993, respectively, as a result of Armenia's ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region. ++ ++ Armenia joined the WTO in January 2003. The government has made some improvements in tax and customs administration in recent years, but anti-corruption measures have been ineffective. Armenia will need to pursue additional economic reforms and strengthen the rule of law in order to regain economic growth and improve economic competitiveness and employment opportunities, especially given its economic isolation from two of its nearest neighbors, Turkey and Azerbaijan. ++ ++ Armenia's geographic isolation, a narrow export base, and pervasive monopolies in important business sectors have made it particularly vulnerable to the sharp deterioration in the global economy and the economic downturn in Russia. Armenia is particularly dependent on Russian commercial and governmental support and most key Armenian infrastructure is Russian-owned and/or managed, especially in the energy sector, including electricity and natural gas. Remittances from expatriates working in Russia are equivalent to about 20% of GDP and partly offset the country's severe trade imbalance. Armenia joined Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union upon the bloc's launch in January 2015, even though the ruble's sharp depreciation in December 2014 led to currency instability, inflation, and a significant decrease in exports from Armenia to Russia."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$25.32 billion (2015 est.) ++ $24.58 billion (2014 est.) ++ $23.75 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$26.56 billion (2016 est.) ++ $25.73 billion (2015 est.) ++ $24.97 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$10.57 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$10.75 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (2014 est.) ++ 3.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.2% (2016 est.) ++ 3% (2015 est.) ++ 3.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$8,500 (2015 est.) ++ $8,200 (2014 est.) ++ $8,000 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$8,900 (2016 est.) ++ $8,600 (2015 est.) ++ $8,400 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "18.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 13.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 14.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "18.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 18.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 13.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "77.7%"
"text": "72.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "13.1%"
"text": "13.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.8%"
"text": "20%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.6%"
"text": "2.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "29.8%"
"text": "31.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-42% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-40.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "19.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "28.7%"
"text": "29.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "51.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "51.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -573,10 +573,10 @@
"text": "diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing, brandy, mining"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.56 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.559 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -590,7 +590,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "18.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "18.1% (2016 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "32% (2013 est.)"
@ -608,26 +608,26 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$2.471 billion"
"text": "$2.445 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$2.957 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$2.969 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "23.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "22.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-4.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "48.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 43.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "53.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 48.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.4% (2016 est.) ++ 3.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "10.5% (10 February 2015) ++ 8% (11 January 2012)",
@ -636,28 +636,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "17.59% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 16.41% (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "17.5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 17.59% (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "average lending rate on loans up to one year"
}
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.149 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.118 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.178 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.149 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$2.038 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.723 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.949 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.779 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$5.022 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.205 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.307 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.022 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$132.1 million (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $139.6 million (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $144.8 million (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$335 million (2015 est.) ++ -$849 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$267 million (2016 est.) ++ -$279 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.626 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.698 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.678 billion (2016 est.) ++ $1.626 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "pig iron, unwrought copper, nonferrous metals, gold, diamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, energy"
@ -666,7 +666,7 @@
"text": "Russia 15.2%, China 11.1%, Germany 9.8%, Iraq 8.8%, Georgia 7.8%, Canada 7.6%, Bulgaria 5.3%, Iran 5.3% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$2.78 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.754 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.638 billion (2016 est.) ++ $2.78 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds, pharmaceuticals, cars"
@ -675,24 +675,19 @@
"text": "Russia 29.1%, China 9.7%, Germany 6.2%, Iran 6.1%, Italy 4.6%, Turkey 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$1.775 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.489 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.512 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.775 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$8.554 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.551 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$8.365 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $8.554 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$4.817 billion (2013)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "drams (AMD) per US dollar - ++ 477.92 (2015 est.) ++ 415.92 (2014 est.) ++ 415.92 (2013 est.) ++ 401.76 (2012 est.) ++ 372.5 (2011 est.)"
"text": "drams (AMD) per US dollar - ++ 492.7 (2016 est.) ++ 477.92 (2015 est.) ++ 477.92 (2014 est.) ++ 415.92 (2013 est.) ++ 401.76 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "7.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -782,17 +777,17 @@
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "telecommunications investments have made major inroads in modernizing and upgrading the outdated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; now 100% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion; mobile-cellular services monopoly terminated in late 2004, and a second and third provider began operations in 2005 and 2009 respectively"
"text": "telecommunications investments have made major inroads in modernizing and upgrading the outdated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; now 100% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion; mobile-cellular services monopo"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "reliable modern fixed-line and mobile-cellular services are available across Yerevan and in major cities and towns; mobile-cellular coverage available in most rural areas"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, through the Moscow international switch, and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 3 (2015)"
"text": "country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent Sta (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "2 public TV networks operating alongside about 40 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; major Russian broadcast stations are widely available; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside 21 privately owned radio stations; several major international broadcasters are available (2015)"
"text": "2 public TV networks operating alongside about 40 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; major Russian broadcast stations are widely available; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; Public Radio (2015)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".am"
@ -874,7 +869,7 @@
"text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary or compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "4.29% of GDP (2014) ++ 4.1% of GDP (2013) ++ 3.92% of GDP (2012) ++ 3.87% of GDP (2011) ++ 3.92% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "4.24% of GDP (2015) ++ 4.29% of GDP (2014) ++ 4.1% of GDP (2013) ++ 3.92% of GDP (2012) ++ 3.87% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

98
middle-east/ba.json
View file

@ -76,6 +76,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "40 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "smallest population of the Gulf States, but urbanization rate exceeds 90%; largest settlement concentration is found on the far northern end of the island in and around Manamah and Al Muharraq"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "periodic droughts; dust storms"
},
@ -172,6 +175,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "12.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "smallest population of the Gulf States, but urbanization rate exceeds 90%; largest settlement concentration is found on the far northern end of the island in and around Manamah and Al Muharraq"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "88.8% of total population (2015)"
@ -483,44 +489,44 @@
"text": "Low oil prices have generated a budget deficit of at least a $4 billion deficit in 2015, 13% of GDP. Bahrain has few options for covering this deficit, with meager foreign assets and a constrained borrowing ability, stemming in part from a sovereign debt rating averaging just above “junk” status. ++ ++ Oil comprises 86% of Bahraini budget revenues, despite past efforts to diversify its economy and to build communication and transport facilities for multinational firms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. ++ ++ Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. ++ ++ In 2011 Bahrain experienced economic setbacks as a result of domestic unrest driven by the majority Shia population, however, the economy recovered in 2012-15, partly as a result of improved tourism. In addition to addressing its current fiscal woes, Bahraini authorities face the long-term challenge of boosting Bahrain’s regional competitiveness—especially regarding industry, finance, and tourism—and reconciling revenue constraints with popular pressure to maintain generous state subsidies and a large public sector."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$64.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.82 billion (2014 est.) ++ $60.12 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$66.37 billion (2016 est.) ++ $65 billion (2015 est.) ++ $63.19 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$30.41 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$31.82 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 4.5% (2014 est.) ++ 5.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.1% (2016 est.) ++ 2.9% (2015 est.) ++ 4.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$50,100 (2015 est.) ++ $49,500 (2014 est.) ++ $48,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$50,300 (2016 est.) ++ $50,200 (2015 est.) ++ $49,800 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "16.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 25% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "20% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 20.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 32% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "46.7%"
"text": "48.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "17.2%"
"text": "16.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "17.6%"
"text": "18.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.9%"
"text": "1.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "54.7%"
"text": "47.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-35.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-32.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -528,10 +534,10 @@
"text": "0.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "38.3%"
"text": "33.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "61.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "65.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -541,12 +547,12 @@
"text": "petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "786,100",
"text": "809,700",
"note": {
"text": "excludes unemployed; 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2015 est.)"
"text": "excludes unemployed; 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -579,47 +585,47 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$5.436 billion"
"text": "$4.37 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$9.464 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$8.781 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "17.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "13.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-13.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-13.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "66.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 42.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "72% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 58.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.8% (2015 est.) ++ 2.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.5% (2016 est.) ++ 1.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.16% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.87% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "5.4% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 5.16% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$8.762 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.232 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$8.971 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $8.762 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$27 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$27.03 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $26.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$28.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$29.28 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $28.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$22.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.57 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $15.65 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$19.25 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $22.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $18.57 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$987 million (2015 est.) ++ $1.523 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$1.499 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$965 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$14.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $20.75 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.09 billion (2016 est.) ++ $14.2 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles"
@ -628,7 +634,7 @@
"text": "Saudi Arabia 3.6%, UAE 2.4%, US 2.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$8.848 billion (2015 est.) ++ $13.32 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.974 billion (2016 est.) ++ $8.848 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, machinery, chemicals"
@ -637,36 +643,22 @@
"text": "Saudi Arabia 29.1%, US 9.5%, China 7.6%, Japan 6.6%, Australia 5.1%, India 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$4.657 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.049 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.657 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$19.74 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.88 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$21.16 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $19.74 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$17.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$18.32 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $17.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$11.22 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$11.63 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $11.22 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - ++ 0.376 (2015 est.) ++ 0.376 (2014 est.) ++ 0.376 (2013 est.) ++ 0.376 (2012 est.) ++ 0.376 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - ++ 0.376 (2016 est.) ++ 0.376 (2015 est.) ++ 0.376 (2014 est.) ++ 0.376 (2013 est.) ++ 0.376 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "41,317"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93% (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "26 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -762,11 +754,11 @@
"text": "modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2015)"
"text": "country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite ea (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2007)"
"text": "state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio an (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".bh"

106
middle-east/gg.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. ++ Mounting public discontent over rampant corruption and ineffective government services, followed by an attempt by the incumbent Georgian Government to manipulate parliamentary elections in November 2003, touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. In the aftermath of that popular movement, which became known as the \"Rose Revolution,\" new elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his United National Movement (UNM) party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Periodic flare-ups in tension and violence culminated in a five-day conflict in August 2008 between Russia and Georgia, including the invasion of large portions of undisputed Georgian territory. Russian troops pledged to pull back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces remain in those regions. ++ Billionaire philanthropist Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in October 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the October 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and allowed Georgian Dream to create a new government. Georgian Dream's Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI was inaugurated as president on 17 November 2013, ending a tense year of power-sharing between SAAKASHVILI and IVANISHVILI. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and Georgia's legislature on 20 November 2013 confirmed Irakli GARIBASHVILI as his replacement. These changes in leadership represent unique examples of a former Soviet state that emerged to conduct democratic and peaceful government transitions of power. Popular and government support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals."
"text": "The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. ++ Mounting public discontent over rampant corruption and ineffective government services, followed by an attempt by the incumbent Georgian Government to manipulate parliamentary elections in November 2003, touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. In the aftermath of that popular movement, which became known as the \"Rose Revolution,\" new elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his United National Movement (UNM) party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Periodic flare-ups in tension and violence culminated in a five-day conflict in August 2008 between Russia and Georgia, including the invasion of large portions of undisputed Georgian territory. Russian troops pledged to pull back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces remain in those regions. ++ Billionaire philanthropist Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in October 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the October 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and allowed Georgian Dream to create a new government. Georgian Dream's Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI was inaugurated as president on 17 November 2013, ending a tense year of power-sharing between SAAKASHVILI and IVANISHVILI. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and Georgia's legislature on 20 November 2013 confirmed Irakli GARIBASHVILI as his replacement. GARIBASHVILI was replaced by Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI in December 2015. KVIRIKASHVILI will remain Prime Minister following Georgian Dream’s success in the October 2016 parliamentary elections, where the party won a constitutional majority. These changes in leadership represent unique examples of a former Soviet state that emerged to conduct democratic and peaceful government transitions of power. Popular and government support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -78,6 +78,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "4,330 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "settlement coincides closely to the central valley, with emphasis on the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban agglomerations dot the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the largest"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes"
},
@ -109,7 +112,7 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian 4.5%, other 2.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian 4.5%, other 2.3% (includes Russian, Ossetian, Yazidis, Ukrainian, Kist, Greek) (2014 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Georgian (official) 87.6%, Azeri 6.2%, Armenian 3.9%, Russian 1.2%, other 1%",
@ -174,6 +177,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "settlement coincides closely to the central valley, with emphasis on the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban agglomerations dot the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the largest"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "53.6% of total population (2015)"
@ -443,28 +449,25 @@
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Sakartvelos Parlamenti (150 seats; 77 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote and 73 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 8 October and 30 October 2012 (next to be held in 2020)"
"text": "last held on 8 October and 30 October 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia 48.7%, ENM 27.1%, Alliance of Patriots 5%, other 19.2%; seats by party - Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia 115, ENM 27, Alliance of Patriots 6, IWSG 1, independent 1"
"text": "percent of vote by party - Georgian Dream 48.7%, UNM 27.1%, Alliance of Patriots 5%, other 19.2%; seats by party - Georgian Dream 115, UNM 27, Alliance of Patriots 6, IWSG 1, independent 1"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court (organized into several specialized judicial chambers; number of judges determined by the president of Georgia); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges); note - the Abkhazian and Ajarian Autonomous republics each have a supreme court and a hierarchy of lower courts"
},
"note": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Parliament; judges serve not less than 10-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president following candidate selection by the Justice Council of Georgia, a 12-member consultative body of high-level judges, and presidential and parliamentary appointees; judges appointed for 10-year terms"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Courts of Appeal; regional (town) and district courts"
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Parliament; judges serve not less than 10-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president following candidate selection by the Justice Council of Georgia, a 12-member consultative body of high-level judges, and presidential and parliamentary appointees; judges appointed for 10-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Courts of Appeal; regional (town) and district courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance of Patriots [Irma INASHVILI] ++ Conservative Party [Zviad DZIDZIGURI] ++ European Democrats [Paata DAVITAIA] ++ Free Georgia [Kakha KUKAVA] ++ Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia [Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI] ++ Green Party of Georgia [Gia GACHECHILADZE] ++ Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Giorgi TOPADZE] ++ National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA] ++ National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA] ++ New Rights [Pikria CHIKHRADZE] ++ Our Georgia-Free Democrats (OGFD) [Irakli ALASANIA] ++ Republican Party [Khatuna SAMNIDZE] ++ United Democratic Movement [Nino BURJANADZE] ++ United National Movement or ENM [Davit BAKRADZE]"
"text": "Alliance of Patriots [Irma INASHVILI] ++ Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia [Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI] ++ Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Giorgi TOPADZE] ++ National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA] ++ Free Democrats (FD) [Tamar KEKENADZE] ++ Republican Party [Khatuna SAMNIDZE] ++ State for the People Party [formerly Paata BURCHULADZE ] ++ United Democratic Movement [Nino BURJANADZE] ++ United National Movement or UNM [Davit BAKRADZE]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -476,7 +479,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Archil GEGESHIDZE (since 12 April 2013)"
"text": "Ambassador Davit BAKRADZE (since November 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009"
@ -531,44 +534,44 @@
"text": "Georgia's main economic activities include cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals in small-scale industries. The country imports nearly all of its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its energy needs. ++ ++ Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the South Caucasus gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil, and other goods. The expansion of the South Caucasus pipeline, as part of the Shah Deniz II Southern Gas Corridor project, will result in a $2 billion foreign investment in Georgia, the largest ever in the country. Gas from Shah Deniz II is expected to begin flowing in 2019. ++ ++ Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and sunk to negative 4% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. The economy rebounded in 2010-13, but FDI inflows, the engine of Georgian economic growth prior to the 2008 conflict, have not recovered fully. Unemployment has also remained high. ++ ++ The country is pinning its hopes for renewed growth on a determined effort to continue to liberalize the economy by reducing regulation, taxes, and corruption in order to attract foreign investment, with a focus on hydropower, agriculture, tourism, and textiles production. Georgia has historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, since 2004 the government has simplified the tax code, improved tax administration, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption, leading to higher revenues. The government has received high marks from the World Bank for its anti-corruption efforts. Since 2012, the Georgian Dream-led government has continued the previous administration's low-regulation, low-tax, free market policies, while modestly increasing social spending, strengthening anti-trust policy, and amending the labor code to comply with International Labor Standards. The government published its 2020 Economic Development Strategy in early 2014 and former Prime Minister Bidzina IVANISHVILI launched the Georgian Co-Investment Fund, a $6 billion private equity fund that will invest in tourism, agriculture, logistics, energy, infrastructure, and manufacturing. In mid-2014, Georgia signed an association agreement with the EU, paving the way to free trade and visa-free travel."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$35.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $34.65 billion (2014 est.) ++ $33.12 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$37.38 billion (2016 est.) ++ $36.15 billion (2015 est.) ++ $35.17 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$14.01 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$14.46 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.8% (2015 est.) ++ 4.6% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.4% (2016 est.) ++ 2.8% (2015 est.) ++ 4.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$9,600 (2015 est.) ++ $9,300 (2014 est.) ++ $8,800 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$10,100 (2016 est.) ++ $9,700 (2015 est.) ++ $9,400 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "19.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 18.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "21.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 20.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "71.2%"
"text": "66.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.5%"
"text": "16%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "28.5%"
"text": "26.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "3.7%"
"text": "3.8%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "45%"
"text": "38.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-64.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-51.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -576,10 +579,10 @@
"text": "9.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "22.1%"
"text": "21.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "68.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "68.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -589,7 +592,7 @@
"text": "steel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, gold), chemicals, wood products, wine"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.959 million (2011 est.)"
@ -606,7 +609,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "12% (2015 est.) ++ 12.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "12.1% (2016 est.) ++ 12% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "9.2% (2010 est.)"
@ -624,29 +627,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$3.966 billion"
"text": "$4.266 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$4.142 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$4.541 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "28.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "29.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "41.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 35.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "42.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 41.4% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities; Georgia does not maintain intra-governmental debt or social funds"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities; Georgia does"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2% (2016 est.) ++ 4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "3.75% (15 January 2013) ++ 5.25% (31 December 2012)",
@ -655,25 +658,25 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "12.49% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 11.91% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "12.9% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 12.49% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$2.063 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.388 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.165 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.063 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$4.72 billion (31 September 2012 est.) ++ $4.249 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
"text": "$2.67 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.402 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$6.946 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.51 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.186 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $6.946 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$943.4 million (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $795.7 million (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $1.06 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.627 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.745 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$1.75 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$1.641 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$3.043 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.995 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.926 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.043 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "vehicles, ferro-alloys, fertilizers, nuts, scrap metal, gold, copper ores"
@ -682,7 +685,7 @@
"text": "Azerbaijan 10.9%, Bulgaria 9.7%, Turkey 8.4%, Armenia 8.2%, Russia 7.4%, China 5.7%, US 4.7%, Uzbekistan 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$7.363 billion (2015 est.) ++ $8.29 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$6.803 billion (2016 est.) ++ $7.363 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals"
@ -691,27 +694,22 @@
"text": "Turkey 17.2%, Russia 8.1%, China 7.6%, Azerbaijan 7%, Ireland 5.9%, Ukraine 5.9%, Germany 5.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$2.521 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.699 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.855 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.521 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$13.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$13.65 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $13.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$12.64 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$13.68 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $12.64 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.773 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.868 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.933 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.773 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "laris (GEL) per US dollar - ++ 2.2694 (2015 est.) ++ 1.7657 (2014 est.) ++ 1.7657 (2013 est.) ++ 1.65 (2012 est.) ++ 1.6865 (2011 est.)"
"text": "laris (GEL) per US dollar - ++ 2.18 (2016 est.) ++ 2.2694 (2015 est.) ++ 2.2694 (2014 est.) ++ 1.7657 (2013 est.) ++ 1.65 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "10 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -807,11 +805,11 @@
"text": "cellular telephone networks cover the entire country; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 per 100 persons; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 995; the Georgia-Russia fiber-optic submarine cable provides connectivity to Russia; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available (2015)"
"text": "country code - 995; the Georgia-Russia fiber-optic submarine cable provides connectivity to Russia; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are ava (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "1 public broadcaster in Tbilisi, 1 state-owned broadcaster in Ajaria Autonomous Republic; 8 privately owned TV stations; state-run public broadcaster operates 2 TV stations; dozens of cable TV operators, several major commercial TV stations, and several dozen private radio stations; state-run public broadcaster operates 2 radio stations (2012)"
"text": "1 public broadcaster in Tbilisi, 1 state-owned broadcaster in Ajaria Autonomous Republic; 8 privately owned TV stations; state-run public broadcaster operates 2 TV stations; dozens of cable TV operators, several major commercial TV stations, and several d (2012)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ge"
@ -936,7 +934,7 @@
"text": "18 to 34 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "2.26% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.7% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2012) ++ 3.25% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "2.34% of GDP (2015) ++ 2.26% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.7% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2012) ++ 3.25% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

65
middle-east/gz.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Inhabited since at least the 15th century B.C., Gaza has been dominated by many different peoples and empires throughout its history; it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century. Gaza fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip; it was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967. Under a series of agreements known as the Oslo accords signed between 1994 and 1999, Israel transferred to the newly-created Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civilian responsibility for many Palestinian-populated areas of the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank. Negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip stalled in 2001, after which the area witnessed a violent intifada or uprising. ++ ++ In early 2003, the \"Quartet\" of the US, EU, UN, and Russia presented a roadmap to a final peace settlement by 2005, calling for two states. Following PA President Yasir ARAFAT's death in late 2004 and the subsequent election of Mahmud ABBAS (head of the Fatah political faction) as the PA president in 2005, Israel and the Palestinians agreed to move the peace process forward. Israel by late 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip, but continues to control the Gaza Strip’s land and maritime borders and airspace. In early 2006, the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council election. Attempts to form a unity government between Fatah and HAMAS failed and violent clashes between their respective supporters ensued, culminating in HAMAS's violent seizure of all military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip in June 2007. Since HAMAS’s takeover, Israel and Egypt have enforced tight restrictions on movement and access of goods and individuals into and out of the territory. Fatah and HAMAS have since reached a series of agreements aimed at restoring political unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank but have struggled to implement them. In April 2014, the two factions signed an agreement and two months later President ABBAS formed an interim government of independent technocrats, none of whom were affiliated with HAMAS. The factions, however, continue to disagree over how to implement the deal and HAMAS remains in de facto control of the Gaza Strip. ++ ++ In July 2014, HAMAS and other Gaza-based militant groups engaged in a 51-day conflict with Israel — the third conflict since HAMAS’s takeover in 2007 — culminating in late August with an open-ended truce that continues to hold despite the absence of a negotiated cease-fire and occasional violations by both sides. Reconstruction efforts since the end of the conflict have been hampered by Israeli restrictions on goods entering the Gaza Strip and inadequate donor aid. The UN in 2015 published a study assessing that the Gaza Strip could become uninhabitable by 2020 absent a substantial easing on border restrictions. In an attempt to reenergize peace talks between the Israelis and Palestinians, France in June 2016 hosted a ministerial meeting that included participants from 29 countries, although not Israel or the Palestinians, to lay the groundwork for an envisioned \"multilateral peace conference\" later in the year."
"text": "Inhabited since at least the 15th century B.C., Gaza has been dominated by many different peoples and empires throughout its history; it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century. Gaza fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip; it was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967. Under a series of agreements known as the Oslo accords signed between 1994 and 1999, Israel transferred to the newly-created Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civilian responsibility for many Palestinian-populated areas of the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank. Negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip stalled in 2001, after which the area witnessed a violent intifada or uprising. ++ ++ In early 2003, the \"Quartet\" of the US, EU, UN, and Russia presented a roadmap to a final peace settlement by 2005, calling for two states. Following PA President Yasir ARAFAT's death in late 2004 and the subsequent election of Mahmud ABBAS (head of the Fatah political faction) as the PA president in 2005, Israel and the Palestinians agreed to move the peace process forward. Israel by late 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip, but it continues to control the Gaza Strip’s land and maritime borders and airspace. In early 2006, the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council election. Attempts to form a unity government between Fatah and HAMAS failed and violent clashes between their respective supporters ensued, culminating in HAMAS's violent seizure of all military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip in June 2007. Since HAMAS’s takeover, Israel and Egypt have enforced tight restrictions on movement and access of goods and individuals into and out of the territory. Fatah and HAMAS have since reached a series of agreements aimed at restoring political unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank but have struggled to implement them. In April 2014, the two factions signed an agreement and two months later President ABBAS formed an interim government of independent technocrats, none of whom were affiliated with HAMAS. The factions have since met periodically for further negotiations, but they continue to disagree over how to implement the deal and HAMAS remains in de facto control of the Gaza Strip. ++ ++ In July 2014, HAMAS and other Gaza-based militant groups engaged in a 51-day conflict with Israel — the third conflict since HAMAS’s takeover in 2007 — culminating in late August with an open-ended truce that continues to hold despite the absence of a negotiated cease-fire and occasional violations by both sides. Reconstruction efforts since the end of the conflict have been hampered by Israeli restrictions on goods entering the Gaza Strip and inadequate donor aid. The UN in 2015 published a study assessing that the Gaza Strip could become uninhabitable by 2020 absent a substantial easing on border restrictions. In an attempt to reenergize peace talks between the Israelis and Palestinians, France in June 2016 hosted a ministerial meeting that included participants from 29 countries, although not Israel or the Palestinians, to lay the groundwork for an envisioned \"multilateral peace conference\" later in the year."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -65,6 +65,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "240 sq km; note - includes West Bank (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in major cities, particularly Gaza City in the north"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "droughts"
},
@ -156,6 +159,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-5.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in major cities, particularly Gaza City in the north"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "75.3% of total population (2015)"
@ -267,6 +273,12 @@
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP",
"note": {
"text": "includes West Bank (2015)"
}
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
"text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
@ -346,7 +358,7 @@
}
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-15.2% (2014 est.) ++ 5.6% (2013 est.) ++ 7% (2012)",
"text": "-15.2% (2014 est.) ++ 5.6% (`) ++ 7% (2012)",
"note": {
"text": "excludes the West Bank"
}
@ -356,31 +368,31 @@
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "93%"
"text": "90%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "26.6%"
"text": "25.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.8%"
"text": "24.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-2.6%"
"text": "-0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "18.3%"
"text": "16.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-59.2%"
"text": "-56.8%"
},
"note": {
"text": "data exclude the West Bank (2015 est.)"
"text": "data exclude the West Bank (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"text": "4.7% ++ 13.7% ++ 81.6%",
"text": "3.3% ++ 21.7% ++ 61.9%",
"note": {
"text": "data exclude the West Bank (2014 est.)"
"text": "data exclude the West Bank (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -390,12 +402,12 @@
"text": "textiles, food processing, furniture"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.4% see entry for the West Bank"
"text": "4.5% see entry for the West Bank"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.106 million",
"text": "1.157 million",
"note": {
"text": "excludes the West Bank (2015 est.)"
"text": "excludes the West Bank (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -413,7 +425,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "25.9% (2014 est.) ++ 26.2% (2013 est.)",
"text": "26.1% (2016 est.) ++ 25.9% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data exclude the West Bank"
}
@ -431,7 +443,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.7% (2014 est.)",
"text": "0.1% (2016 est.) ++ 1.4% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "2.9% excludes the West Bank"
}
@ -446,7 +458,7 @@
"text": "$2.356 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.16 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.418 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.147 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.551 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.418 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$2.894 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$1.412 billion (2013 est.)",
@ -455,7 +467,7 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.343 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.37 billion (2016 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "strawberries, carnations, vegetables, fish (small and irregular shipments, as permitted to transit the Israeli-controlled Kerem Shalom crossing)"
@ -474,23 +486,6 @@
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "80,930"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "99%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93%"
},
"note": {
"text": "data for Gaza Strip and West Bank combined (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "51,000 kWh (2011 est.)"
},

122
middle-east/ir.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 86-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostages until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program. Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, supported by the Supreme Leader, unelected institutions of authority like the Council of Guardians, and the security services reversed and blocked reform measures while increasing security repression. ++ Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud. These protests were quickly suppressed, and the political opposition that arose as a consequence of AHMADI-NEJAD's election was repressed. Deteriorating economic conditions due primarily to government mismanagement and international sanctions prompted at least two major economically based protests in July and October 2012, but Iran's internal security situation remained stable. President AHMADI-NEJAD's independent streak angered regime establishment figures, including the Supreme Leader, leading to conservative opposition to his agenda for the last year of his presidency, and an alienation of his political supporters. In June 2013 Iranians elected a moderate conservative cleric Dr. Hasan Fereidun RUHANI to the presidency. He is a longtime senior member in the regime, but has made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. The UN Security Council has passed a number of resolutions calling for Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities and comply with its IAEA obligations and responsibilities, and in July 2015 Iran and the five permanent members, plus Germany (P5+1) signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) under which Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief."
"text": "Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 86-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostages until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program. Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, supported by the Supreme Leader, unelected institutions of authority like the Council of Guardians, and the security services reversed and blocked reform measures while increasing security repression. ++ Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud. These protests were quickly suppressed, and the political opposition that arose as a consequence of AHMADI-NEJAD's election was repressed. Deteriorating economic conditions due primarily to government mismanagement and international sanctions prompted at least two major economically based protests in July and October 2012, but Iran's internal security situation remained stable. President AHMADI-NEJAD's independent streak angered regime establishment figures, including the Supreme Leader, leading to conservative opposition to his agenda for the last year of his presidency, and an alienation of his political supporters. In June 2013 Iranians elected a moderate conservative cleric Dr. Hasan Fereidun RUHANI to the presidency. He is a longtime senior member in the regime, but has made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. The UN Security Council has passed a number of resolutions calling for Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities and comply with its IAEA obligations and responsibilities, and in July 2015 Iran and the five permanent members, plus Germany (P5+1) signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) under which Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. Iran held elections in 2016 for the Assembly of Experts (AOE) and Majles, resulting in a conservative-controlled AOE and a Majles that many Iranians perceive as more supportive of the RUHANI administration than the previous, conservative-dominated body."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -84,6 +84,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "95,530 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population is concentrated in the north, northwest, and west, reflecting the position of the Zagros and Elburz Mountains; the vast dry areas in the center and eastern parts of the country, around the deserts of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut, have a much smaller population density"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes"
},
@ -177,6 +180,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population is concentrated in the north, northwest, and west, reflecting the position of the Zagros and Elburz Mountains; the vast dry areas in the center and eastern parts of the country, around the deserts of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut, have a much smaller population density"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "73.4% of total population (2015)"
@ -291,7 +297,7 @@
"text": "24.9% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3% of GDP (2014)"
"text": "2.9% of GDP (2015)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -372,7 +378,7 @@
"text": "31 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Alborz, Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi (West Azerbaijan), Azarbayjan-e Sharqi (East Azerbaijan), Bushehr, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Jonubi (South Khorasan), Khorasan-e Razavi (Razavi Khorasan), Khorasan-e Shomali (North Khorasan), Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Bowyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed); notable earlier dates: ca. 550 B.C. (Achaemenid (Persian) Empire established); A.D. 1501 (Iran reunified under the Safavid Dynasty); 12 December 1925 (modern Iran established under the PAHLAVI Dynasty)"
"text": "1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed); notable earlier dates: ca. 550 B.C. (Achaemenid (Persian) Empire established); A.D. 1501 (Iran reunified under the Safavid Dynasty); 1794 (beginning of Qajar Dynasty); 12 December 1925 (modern Iran established under the PAHLAVI Dynasty)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 1 April (1979)"
@ -414,10 +420,10 @@
"text": "Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval; the supreme leader has some control over appointments to several ministries"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "supreme leader appointed for life by Assembly of Experts; president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term and an additional nonconsecutive term); election last held on 14 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017)"
"text": "supreme leader appointed for life by Assembly of Experts; president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term and an additional nonconsecutive term); election last held on 14 June 2013 (next to be held in May 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Hasan Fereidun RUHANI elected president; percent of vote - Hasan Fereidun RUHANI Moderation and Development Party) 50.7%, Mohammad Baqer QALIBAF (Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran) 16.5%, Saeed JALILI (Front of Islamic Revolution Stability) 11.4%, Mohsen REZAI (Conservative) 10.6%, Ali Akber VELAYATI (Islamic Coalition Party) 6.2%, other 4.6%"
"text": "Hasan Fereidun RUHANI elected president; percent of vote - Hasan Fereidun RUHANI Moderation and Development Party) 50.7%, Mohammad Baqer QALIBAF (Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran) 16.5%, Saeed JALILI (Front of Islamic Revolution Stability) 11.4%, Mohsen REZAI (Conservative) 10.6%, Ali Akber VELAYATI (Islamic Coalition Party) 6.2%, Mohammad Qarazi independent) 1%, other 3.6%"
},
"note": {
"text": "3 oversight bodies are also considered part of the executive branch of government"
@ -425,13 +431,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami or Majles (290 seats; 285 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by two-round vote, and 1 seat each for Zoroastrians, Jews, Assyrian and Chaldean Christians, Armenians in the north of the country, and Armenians in the South; members serve 4-year terms); note - all candidates to the Majles must be approved by the Guardian Council, a 12-member group of which 6 are appointed by the supreme leader and 6 are jurists nominated by the judiciary and elected by the Majles"
"text": "unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami or Majles (290 seats; 285 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by two-round vote, and 1 seat each for Zoroastrians, Jews, Assyrian and Chaldean Christians, Armenians in the north of the country, and Armenians in the South; members serve 4-year terms); note - all candidates to the Majles must be approved by the Guardians Council, a 12-member group of which 6 are appointed by the supreme leader and 6 are jurists nominated by the judiciary and elected by the Majles"
},
"elections": {
"text": "first round held on 26 February 2016 with second round for 68 remaining seats held on 29 April 2016; (next to be held in 2020)"
"text": "first round held on 26 February 2016 with second round for 68 remaining seats held on 29 April 2016; (next full Majles election to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - List of Hope 41.7%, Principalists Grand Coalition 28.6%, People's Voice Coalition 3.8%, religious minorities 1.7%, other 1.7%, independent 22.4%,; seats by party - List of Hope 121, Principalists Grand Coalition 83, People's Voice Coalition 11, religious minorities 5, other 5, independent 65"
"text": "percent of vote by coalition - List of Hope 37.2%, Principlists Grand Coalition 25.9%, People's Voice Coalition 4.5%, joint Hope/People’s Voice 4.1%, joint People’s Voice/Principlist 0.3%, religious minorities 1.7%, independent 26.4%; seats by coalition - List of Hope 108, Principlists Grand Coalition 75, People's Voice Coalition 13, joint Hope/People’s Voice 12, joint People’s Voice/Principlist 1, religious minorities 5, independent 76"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -446,10 +452,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "List of Hope or People's Voice Coalition [Ali MOTAHARI] ++ Pervasive Coalition of Reformists: The Second Step [Ali SOUFI, chairman] (includes Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front, National Trust Party, Union of Islamic Iran People Party, Moderation and Development Party, Followers of Walayat [Ali LARIJANI]) ++ Principalists Grand Coalition [Alireza ZAKANI] (includes Combatant Clergy Association and Islamic Coalition Party, Society of Devotees and Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution, Front of Islamic Revolution Stability) ++ Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran [Hssein GHORBANZADEH]"
"text": "Followers of Walayat [Ali LARIJANI] ++ Pervasive Coalition of Reformists: The Second Step [Ali SOUFI, chairman] (includes Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front, National Trust Party, Union of Islamic Iran People Party, Moderation and Development Party ++ Principalists Grand Coalition [Alireza ZAKANI] (includes Combatant Clergy Association and Islamic Coalition Party, Society of Devotees and Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution, Front of Islamic Revolution Stability) ++ Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran [Hssein GHORBANZADEH]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"groups that support the Islamic Republic": {
"other political groups that support the Islamic Republic": {
"text": "Ansar-e Hizballah ++ Democracy Party (Hezb-e Mardom Salari) ++ Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran) ++ Followers of the Guardianship of the Jurisprudent (Rahrovan) ++ Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader (Peyrovan) ++ Islamic Iran Freedom Party (Hezb-e Azadegi) ++ Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh) ++ Islamic Labor Party (Hezb-e Kar) ++ Militant Clerics Society or MCS (Ruhaniyun) ++ Moderation and Development Party (Hezb-e Etedal va Tose-eh) ++ Nation of Iran Unity Party (Hezb-e Etehad) ++ National Trust Party (Hezb-e Etemad-e Meli) ++ Qom Theological Lecturers Association ++ Reform Front Coordination Council (Shora-ye Hamahangi Eslahat) ++ Society of Devotees (Isargaran) ++ Society of Modern Thinking Muslim Women of Iran (Jamiat-e Zanan-e Noandish) ++ Steadfastness Front (Paydari) ++ Tehran Militant Clergy Association or MCA (Ruhaniyat) ++ Voice of Iranians (Neda) ++ Wayfarers of the Islamic Revolution (Rahpuyan) ++ "
},
"armed political groups repressed by the government": {
@ -488,55 +494,55 @@
"text": "Iran's economy is marked by statist policies, inefficiencies, and reliance on oil and gas exports, but Iran also possesses significant agricultural, industrial, and service sectors. The Iranian government directly owns and operates hundreds of state-owned enterprises and indirectly controls many companies affiliated with the country's security forces. Distortions - including inflation, price controls, subsidies, and a banking system holding billions of dollars of non-performing loans - weigh down the economy, undermining the potential for private-sector-led growth. ++ ++ Private sector activity includes small-scale workshops, farming, some manufacturing, and services, in addition to medium-scale construction, cement production, mining, and metalworking. Significant informal market activity flourishes and corruption is widespread. ++ ++ Fiscal and monetary constraints, following the expansion of international sanctions in 2012 on Iran's Central Bank and oil exports, significantly reduced Iran's oil revenue, forced government spending cuts, and sparked a sharp currency depreciation. Iran’s economy contracted for the first time in two decades during both 2012 and 2013, but growth resumed in 2014. Iran continues to suffer from high unemployment and underemployment. Lack of job opportunities has prompted many educated Iranian youth to seek employment overseas, resulting in a significant \"brain drain.\" ++ ++ In June 2013, the election of President Hasan RUHANI generated widespread public expectations of economic improvement and greater international engagement. Almost two years into his term, RUHANI has achieved some success, including reining in inflation and, in July of 2015, securing the promise of sanctions relief for Iran by signing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with the P5+1. The JCPOA, which severely limits Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for unfreezing Iranian assets and reopening Iran to international trade, should bolster foreign direct investment, increase trade, and stimulate growth. In spite of RUHANI’s efforts, Iran’s growth was tepid in 2015, and significant economic improvement resulting from sanctions relief will take months or years to materialize."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.371 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.371 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.314 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.459 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $1.397 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.391 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$387.6 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$412.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0% (2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (2014 est.) ++ -1.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (2016 est.) ++ 0.4% (2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$17,300 (2015 est.) ++ $17,500 (2014 est.) ++ $17,000 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$18,100 (2016 est.) ++ $17,600 (2015 est.) ++ $17,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "36% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 37.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 40.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "33% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 31.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 34.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "52.4%"
"text": "50.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "10.6%"
"text": "10%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "27%"
"text": "27.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "6.6%"
"text": "6.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "19.2%"
"text": "23.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-15.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-17.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "9.2%"
"text": "9.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "38.8%"
"text": "39.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "51.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "51% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -546,12 +552,12 @@
"text": "petroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizers, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and nonferrous metal fabrication, armaments"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "29.07 million",
"text": "29.75 million",
"note": {
"text": "shortage of skilled labor (2015 est.)"
"text": "shortage of skilled labor (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -566,7 +572,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.5% (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% (2014 est.)",
"text": "10.7% (2016 est.) ++ 10.5% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are according to the Iranian Government"
}
@ -587,20 +593,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$61.95 billion"
"text": "$65.87 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$68.72 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$72.29 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "16% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "16% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "11.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "11.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 11.4% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "includes publicly guaranteed debt"
}
@ -609,7 +615,7 @@
"text": "21 March - 20 March"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "13.7% (2015 est.) ++ 17.2% (2014 est.)",
"text": "8% (2016 est.) ++ 13.7% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official Iranian estimate"
}
@ -618,25 +624,25 @@
"text": "NA%"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "14.2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 14% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "13% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 14.2% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$38.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $42.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$40.23 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $38.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$282.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $273.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$363.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $307.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$47.04 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $44.83 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$54.76 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $47.04 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$172 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $140.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $107.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$89.43 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $116.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $345.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$1.394 billion (2015 est.) ++ $15.89 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$17.2 billion (2016 est.) ++ $8.234 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$64.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $86.47 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$87.52 billion (2016 est.) ++ $64.6 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and nuts, carpets, cement, ore"
@ -645,7 +651,7 @@
"text": "China 22.2%, India 9.9%, Turkey 8.4%, Japan 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$52.42 billion (2015 est.) ++ $65.08 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$62.12 billion (2016 est.) ++ $52.42 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "industrial supplies, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services"
@ -654,36 +660,22 @@
"text": "UAE 39.6%, China 22.4%, South Korea 4.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$110 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $109 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$135.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $110 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$5.348 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.495 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.116 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.348 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$43.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$46.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $43.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$4.097 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.096 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.656 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.097 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - ++ 29,011.5 (2015 est.) ++ 25,941.7 (2014 est.) ++ 25,912 (2013 est.) ++ 12,176 (2012 est.) ++ 10,616 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - ++ 30,462.1 (2016 est.) ++ 29,011.5 (2015 est.) ++ 29,011.5 (2014 est.) ++ 25,912 (2013 est.) ++ 12,176 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "1,100,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98.6%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "100%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "95% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "258 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -779,11 +771,11 @@
"text": "heavy investment by Iran's state-owned telecom company has greatly improved and expanded both the fixed-line and mobile cellular networks; a huge percentage of the cell phones in the market have been smuggled into the country"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 98; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2015)"
"text": "country code - 98; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run broadcast media with no private, independent broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the state-run TV broadcaster, operates 5 nationwide channels, a news channel, about 30 provincial channels, and several international channels; about 20 foreign Persian-language TV stations broadcasting on satellite TV are capable of being seen in Iran; satellite dishes are illegal and, while their use had been tolerated, authorities began confiscating satellite dishes following the unrest stemming from the 2009 presidential election; IRIB operates 8 nationwide radio networks, a number of provincial stations, and an external service; most major international broadcasters transmit to Iran (2009)"
"text": "state-run broadcast media with no private, independent broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the state-run TV broadcaster, operates 5 nationwide channels, a news channel, about 30 provincial channels, and several international channe (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ir"

91
middle-east/is.json
View file

@ -78,6 +78,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "2,250 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in and around Tel-Aviv, as well as around the Sea of Galilee; the south remains sparsely populated with the exception of the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes"
},
@ -100,7 +103,7 @@
"Population": {
"text": "8,174,527 (includes populations of the Golan Heights of Golan Sub-District and also East Jerusalem, which was annexed by Israel after 1967) (July 2016 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "approximately 20,500 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights; approximately 211,640 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2014)"
"text": "approximately 21,000 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2015); approximately 201,000 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2014)"
}
},
"Nationality": {
@ -174,6 +177,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in and around Tel-Aviv, as well as around the Sea of Galilee; the south remains sparsely populated with the exception of the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "92.1% of total population (2015)"
@ -494,44 +500,44 @@
"text": "Israel has a technologically advanced free market economy. Cut diamonds, high-technology equipment, and pharmaceuticals are among its leading exports. Its major imports include crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Israel usually posts sizable trade deficits, which are covered by tourism and other service exports, as well as significant foreign investment inflows. ++ ++ Between 2004 and 2013, growth averaged nearly 5% per year, led by exports. The global financial crisis of 2008-09 spurred a brief recession in Israel, but the country entered the crisis with solid fundamentals, following years of prudent fiscal policy and a resilient banking sector. Israel's economy also weathered the 2011 Arab Spring because strong trade ties outside the Middle East have insulated the economy from spillover effects. ++ ++ Slowing domestic and international demand and decreased investment resulting from Israel’s uncertain security situation reduced GDP growth to an average of roughly 2.6% per year during 2014-15. Natural gas fields discovered off Israel's coast since 2009 have brightened Israel's energy security outlook. The Tamar and Leviathan fields were some of the world's largest offshore natural gas finds in the last decade. Political and regulatory issues have delayed the development of the massive Leviathan field, but production from Tamar provided a 0.8% boost to Israel's GDP in 2013 and a 0.3% boost in 2014. One of the most carbon intense OECD countries, Israel generates about 57% of its power from coal and only 2.6% from renewable sources. ++ ++ Income inequality and high housing and commodity prices continue to be a concern for many Israelis. Israel's income inequality and poverty rates are among the highest of OECD countries, and there is a broad perception among the public that a small number of \"tycoons\" have a cartel-like grip over the major parts of the economy. Government officials have called for reforms to boost the housing supply and to increase competition in the banking sector to address these public grievances. Despite calls for reforms, the restricted housing supply continues to impact the well-being of younger Israelis seeking to purchase homes. Tariffs and non-tariff barriers, coupled with guaranteed prices and customs tariffs for farmers have kept food prices high through 2015. ++ ++ In the long term, Israel faces structural issues, including low labor participation rates for its fastest growing social segments - the ultraorthodox and Arab-Israeli communities. Also, Israel's progressive, globally competitive, knowledge-based technology sector employs only about 8% of the workforce, with the rest mostly employed in manufacturing and services - sectors which face downward wage pressures from global competition. Expenditures on educational institutions remain low compared to most other OECD countries with similar GDP per capita."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$281.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $274.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $268 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$297 billion (2016 est.) ++ $289 billion (2015 est.) ++ $281.9 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$296.1 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$311.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2.6% (2014 est.) ++ 3.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.8% (2016 est.) ++ 2.5% (2015 est.) ++ 3.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$33,700 (2015 est.) ++ $33,500 (2014 est.) ++ $33,300 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$34,800 (2016 est.) ++ $34,500 (2015 est.) ++ $34,300 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "24.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 23.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "22.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 24.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "55.3%"
"text": "55.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "22.3%"
"text": "22.2%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "18.6%"
"text": "19.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.9%"
"text": "1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "31.2%"
"text": "29.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-28.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-27% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -539,23 +545,23 @@
"text": "2.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27.2%"
"text": "27.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "69.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "69% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "high-technology products (including aviation, communications, computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, metal products, chemical products, plastics, cut diamonds, textiles, footwear"
"text": "high-technology products (including aviation, communications, computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, met"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.6% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "3.846 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.927 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -565,11 +571,11 @@
"text": "17.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "81.6% (2015)"
"text": "81.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.3% (2015 est.) ++ 5.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "5% (2016 est.) ++ 5.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "22%",
@ -590,50 +596,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$77.22 billion"
"text": "$80.75 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$83.53 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$88.4 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "26.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "63.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 65.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "63.2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 63.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.6% (2015 est.) ++ 0.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% (2016 est.) ++ -0.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.1% (15 December 2015) ++ 0.25% (31 December 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.46% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.91% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 3.46% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$63.41 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.13 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$73.05 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $63.41 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$246 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $155.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$211.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $201.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$233.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $211.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$183.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $148.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $122.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$243.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $200.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $203.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$12.27 billion (2015 est.) ++ $11.54 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$9.541 billion (2016 est.) ++ $13.89 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$56.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $63.76 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$51.61 billion (2016 est.) ++ $56.29 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel"
@ -642,7 +648,7 @@
"text": "US 27.5%, Hong Kong 8%, UK 6.1%, China 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$59.49 billion (2015 est.) ++ $70.36 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$57.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $59.49 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods"
@ -651,27 +657,22 @@
"text": "US 13%, China 9.3%, Switzerland 7.1%, Germany 6.1%, Belgium 5.3%, Italy 4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$90.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $86.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$97.22 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $90.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$89.36 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $96.13 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$91.08 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $89.36 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$104.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $93.28 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$113.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $104.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$89.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $79.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$95.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $89.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - ++ 3.8869 (2015 est.) ++ 3.5779 (2014 est.) ++ 3.5779 (2013 est.) ++ 3.86 (2012 est.) ++ 3.5781 (2011 est.)"
"text": "new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - ++ 3.871 (2016 est.) ++ 3.8869 (2015 est.) ++ 3.8869 (2014 est.) ++ 3.5779 (2013 est.) ++ 3.86 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "57 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -771,7 +772,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state broadcasting network, operated by the Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA), broadcasts on 2 channels, one in Hebrew and the other in Arabic; 5 commercial channels including a channel broadcasting in Russian, a channel broadcasting Knesset proceedings, and a music channel supervised by a public body; multi-channel satellite and cable TV packages provide access to foreign channels; IBA broadcasts on 8 radio networks with multiple repeaters and Israel Defense Forces Radio broadcasts over multiple stations; about 15 privately owned radio stations; overall more than 100 stations and repeater stations (2008)"
"text": "state broadcasting network, operated by the Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA), broadcasts on 2 channels, one in Hebrew and the other in Arabic; 5 commercial channels including a channel broadcasting in Russian, a channel broadcasting Knesset proceedings (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".il"

90
middle-east/iz.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by Britain during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A \"republic\" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. US forces remained in Iraq under a UNSC mandate through 2009 and under a bilateral security agreement thereafter, helping to provide security and to train and mentor Iraqi security forces. ++ In October 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and, pursuant to this document, elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR) in December 2005. The COR approved most cabinet ministers in May 2006, marking the transition to Iraq's first constitutional government in nearly a half century. Nearly nine years after the start of the Second Gulf War in Iraq, US military operations there ended in mid-December 2011. In January 2009 and April 2013, Iraq held elections for provincial councils in all governorates except for the three comprising the Kurdistan Regional Government and Kirkuk Governorate. Iraq held a national legislative election in March 2010 - choosing 325 legislators in an expanded COR - and, after nine months of deadlock the COR approved the new government in December 2010. In April 2014, Iraq held a national legislative election and expanded the COR to 328 legislators. Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI dropped his bid for a third term in office, enabling new Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI, a Shia Muslim from Baghdad, to win parliamentary approval of his new cabinet in September 2014. Since early 2015, Iraq has been engaged in a military campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to recapture territory lost in the western and northern portion of the country."
"text": "Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by the United Kingdom during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A \"republic\" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. US forces remained in Iraq under a UNSC mandate through 2009 and under a bilateral security agreement thereafter, helping to provide security and to train and mentor Iraqi security forces. ++ In October 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and, pursuant to this document, elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR) in December 2005. The COR approved most cabinet ministers in May 2006, marking the transition to Iraq's first constitutional government in nearly a half century. Nearly nine years after the start of the Second Gulf War in Iraq, US military operations there ended in mid-December 2011. In January 2009 and April 2013, Iraq held elections for provincial councils in all governorates except for the three comprising the Kurdistan Regional Government and Kirkuk Governorate. Iraq held a national legislative election in March 2010 - choosing 325 legislators in an expanded COR - and, after nine months of deadlock the COR approved the new government in December 2010. In April 2014, Iraq held a national legislative election and expanded the COR to 328 legislators. Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI dropped his bid for a third term in office, enabling new Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI, a Shia Muslim from Baghdad, to win legislative approval of his new cabinet in September 2014. Since 2014, Iraq has been engaged in a military campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to recapture territory lost in the western and northern portion of the country."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -78,6 +78,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "35,250 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "dust storms; sandstorms; floods"
},
@ -174,6 +177,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "69.5% of total population (2015)"
@ -382,7 +388,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Fuad MASUM (since 24 July 2014); Vice Presidents Ayad ALLAWI (since 9 September 2014), Nuri MALIKI (since 9 September 2014), Usama al-NUJAYFI (since 9 September 2014)"
"text": "President Fuad MASUM (since 24 July 2014); Vice Presidents Ayad ALLAWI (since 9 September 2014), Nuri al-MALIKI (since 8 September 2014), Usama al-NUJAYFI (since 8 September 2014)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI (since 8 September 2014)"
@ -405,12 +411,12 @@
"text": "last held on 30 April 2014 (next to be held in 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Council of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by coalition/party – State of Law Coalition 95, Sadrist Movement 34, ISCI/Muwatin 30, KDP 25, United for Reform Coalition/Muttahidun 23, PUK 21, Nationalism Coalition/Wataniyah 19, other Sunni coalitions/parties 15, Al-Arabiyah Coalition 10, Goran 9, other Shia parties/coalitions 9, Fadilah 6, National Reform Trend 6, Iraq Coalition 5, KIU 4, other 17"
"text": "Council of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by coalition/party – State of Law Coalition 95, Ahrar Bloc/Sadrist Trend 34, ISCI/Muwatin 30, KDP 25, United for Reform Coalition/Muttahidun 23, PUK 21, Nationalism Coalition/Wataniyah 19, other Sunni coalitions/parties 15, Al-Arabiyah Coalition 10, Goran 9, other Shia parties/coalitions 9, Fadilah 6, National Reform Trend 6, Iraq Coalition 5, KIU 4, other 17"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Federal Supreme Court or FSC (consists of 9 judges); note - court jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues and disputes between regions or governorates and the central government); Court of Cassation (consists of a court president, 5 vice-presidents, and at least 24 judges)"
"text": "Federal Supreme Court or FSC (consists of 9 judges); note - court jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues and disputes between regions or governorates and the central government; Court of Cassation (consists of a court president, 5 vice-presidents, and at least 24 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Federal Supreme Court and Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Higher Juridical Council, a 25-member committee of judicial officials that manage the judiciary and prosecutors; FSC members appointed for life; Court of Cassation judges appointed for 1-year probationary period and upon satisfactory performance may be confirmed for permanent tenure until retirement nominally at age 63"
@ -436,7 +442,7 @@
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mohamad Jawad Mahdi Jawad ALQURAISHY (since 1 July 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "3421 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20007"
"text": "3421 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20007"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[1] (202) 742-1600"
@ -491,25 +497,25 @@
"text": "During 2015, worsening security and financial stability throughout Iraq - driven by an ongoing insurgency, decreasing oil prices, and political upheaval - decreased prospects for improving the country's economic environment and securing much-needed foreign investment. Long-term fiscal health, a strengthened investment climate, and sustained improvements in the overall standard of living still depend on a rebound in global oil prices, the central government passing major policy reforms, and finishing the conflict with ISIL. ++ ++ Iraq's largely state-run economy is dominated by the oil sector, which provides more than 90% of government revenue and 80% of foreign exchange earnings. Oil exports in 2015 averaged 3.0 million barrels per day, up from 2014, but a failed revenue- and oil-sharing agreement with the Iraqi Kurdistan Region's (IKR) autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) resulted in a loss of exports from northern oil fields. Moreover, falling global oil prices resulted in declining export revenues. Iraq's contracts with major oil companies have the potential to further expand oil exports and revenues, but Iraq will need to make significant upgrades to its oil processing, pipeline, and export infrastructure to enable these deals to reach their economic potential. The IKR's autonomous KRG passed its own oil law in 2007, and has directly signed about 50 contracts to develop IKR energy reserves. The federal government has disputed the legal authority of the KRG to conclude most of these contracts, some of which are also in areas with unresolved administrative boundaries in dispute between the federal and regional government. In December 2014, the federal government and the KRG agreed to sell oil exports from Kurdish-controlled oilfields under the federal oil ministry, in exchange for the central government paying $1 billion to the Kurdish Peshmerga forces and resuming budget transfers to the KRG that amount to 17% of Iraq's national budget. However, that deal fell apart in 2015. ++ ++ Iraq is making slow progress enacting laws and developing the institutions needed to implement economic policy, and political reforms are still needed to assuage investors' concerns regarding the uncertain business climate. The Government of Iraq is eager to attract additional foreign direct investment, but it faces a number of obstacles, including a tenuous political system and concerns about security and societal stability. Rampant corruption, outdated infrastructure, insufficient essential services, skilled labor shortages, and antiquated commercial laws stifle investment and continue to constrain growth of private, nonoil sectors. Under the Iraqi constitution, some competencies relevant to the overall investment climate are either shared by the federal government and the regions or are devolved entirely to local governments. Investment in the IKR operates within the framework of the Kurdistan Region Investment Law (Law 4 of 2006) and the Kurdistan Board of Investment, which is designed to provide incentives to help economic development in areas under the authority of the KRG. ++ ++ Inflation has remained under control since 2006. However, Iraqi leaders remain hard-pressed to translate macroeconomic gains into an improved standard of living for the Iraqi populace. Unemployment remains a problem throughout the country despite a bloated public sector. Encouraging private enterprise through deregulation would make it easier for Iraqi citizens and foreign investors to start new businesses. Rooting out corruption and implementing reforms - such as restructuring banks and developing the private sector - would be important steps in this direction."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$544.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $531.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $542.9 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$596.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $541 billion (2015 est.) ++ $554.1 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$169.5 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$156.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.4% (2015 est.) ++ -2.1% (2014 est.) ++ 6.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "10.3% (2016 est.) ++ -2.4% (2015 est.) ++ -0.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$15,500 (2015 est.) ++ $15,500 (2014 est.) ++ $16,200 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$16,500 (2016 est.) ++ $15,400 (2015 est.) ++ $16,200 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "15% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 11.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 10% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "10.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 19.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
@ -533,13 +539,13 @@
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5.3%"
"text": "5.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "48.8%"
"text": "45.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "45.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "49.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -549,7 +555,7 @@
"text": "petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "10.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "7% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "8.9 million (2010 est.)"
@ -581,56 +587,56 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$63.6 billion"
"text": "$52.43 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$89.84 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$77.87 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "37.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "33.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-15.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-16.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 2.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.4% (2016 est.) ++ 1.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "6% (December 2012) ++ 6% (December 2011)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "6% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 6% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$55.36 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $62.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$54.53 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $55.36 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$80.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $78.65 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.773 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $-718,800 (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.191 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.773 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$4 billion (9 December 2011) ++ $2.6 billion (31 July 2010) ++ $2 billion (31 July 2009 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$10.82 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.732 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$16.87 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$11.84 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$54.67 billion (2015 est.) ++ $83.98 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$44.67 billion (2016 est.) ++ $54.67 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "crude oil 84%, crude materials excluding fuels, food, live animals"
"text": "crude oil 99%, crude materials excluding fuels, food, live animals"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "China 22.6%, India 21.1%, South Korea 11.2%, US 7.8%, Italy 6.7%, Greece 6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$43.84 billion (2015 est.) ++ $45.2 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$43.27 billion (2016 est.) ++ $43.84 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "food, medicine, manufactures"
@ -639,30 +645,16 @@
"text": "Turkey 20.7%, Syria 19.6%, China 19.2%, US 4.8%, Russia 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$54.06 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $66.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$44.15 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $54.06 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$60.28 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $58.14 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$68.01 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $60.28 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar - ++ 1,167.6 (2015 est.) ++ 1,166 (2014 est.) ++ 1,213.72 (2013 est.) ++ 1,166.17 (2012 est.) ++ 1,170 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar - ++ 1,179.3 (2016 est.) ++ 1,167.63 (2015 est.) ++ 1,167.63 (2014 est.) ++ 1,213.72 (2013 est.) ++ 1,166.17 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "600,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "99.6%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "95.4% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "64 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -758,11 +750,11 @@
"text": "the mobile cellular market continues to expand (cell phones were banned prior to 2003 under the SADDAM regime); 3G services offered by three major mobile operators in 2015; ongoing conflict has destroyed infrastructure in areas"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region, and 1 Arabsat (inoperative)); local microwave radio relay connects border regions to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; international terrestrial fiber-optic connections have been established with Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan, and Iran; links to the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and the Gulf Bridge International (GBI) submarine fiber-optic cables have been established (2015)"
"text": "country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region, and 1 Arabsat (inoperative)); local microwave radio relay connects border regions to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Tur (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the number of private radio and TV stations has increased rapidly since 2003; government-owned TV and radio stations are operated by the publicly funded Iraqi Media Network; private broadcast media are mostly linked to political, ethnic, or religious groups; satellite TV is available to an estimated 70% of viewers and many of the broadcasters are based abroad; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are accessible (2015)"
"text": "the number of private radio and TV stations has increased rapidly since 2003; government-owned TV and radio stations are operated by the publicly funded Iraqi Media Network; private broadcast media are mostly linked to political, ethnic, or religious grou (2015)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".iq"
@ -896,10 +888,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "15,557 (Turkey); 9,250 (West Bank and Gaza Strip); 8,231 (Iran) (2015); 225,455 (Syria) (2016)"
"text": "15,557 (Turkey); 9,250 (West Bank and Gaza Strip); 8,231 (Iran) (2015); 230,836 (Syria) (2016)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "4,187,960 (since 2006 due to ethno-sectarian violence; includes 3,233,832 displaced in central and northern Iraq since January 2014) (2016)"
"text": "4,018,274 (since 2006 due to ethno-sectarian violence; includes 3,064,146 displaced in central and northern Iraq since January 2014) (2016)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "50,000 (2015); note - in the 1970s and 1980s under SADDAM Husayn's regime, thousands of Iraq's Faili Kurds, followers of Shia Islam, were stripped of their Iraqi citizenship, had their property seized by the government, and many were deported; some Faili Kurds had their citizenship reinstated under the 2006 Iraqi Nationality Law, but others lack the documentation to prove their Iraqi origins; some Palestinian refugees persecuted by the SADDAM regime remain stateless"

108
middle-east/jo.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations awarded Britain the mandate to govern much of the Middle East. Britain demarcated a semi-autonomous region of Transjordan from Palestine in the early 1920s. The area gained its independence in 1946 and thereafter became The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The country's long-time ruler, King HUSSEIN (1953-99), successfully navigated competing pressures from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states, Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population. Jordan lost the West Bank to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. King HUSSEIN in 1988 permanently relinquished Jordanian claims to the West Bank; in 1994 he signed a peace treaty with Israel. King ABDALLAH II, King HUSSEIN's eldest son, assumed the throne following his father's death in 1999. He implemented modest political and economic reforms, but in the wake of the 2011 \"Arab Revolution\" across the Middle East, Jordanians continue to press for further political liberalization, government reforms, and economic improvements. Jordan held a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2014-15 term."
"text": "Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations awarded Britain the mandate to govern much of the Middle East. Britain demarcated a semi-autonomous region of Transjordan from Palestine in the early 1920s. The area gained its independence in 1946 and thereafter became The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The country's long-time ruler, King HUSSEIN (1953-99), successfully navigated competing pressures from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states, Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population. Jordan lost the West Bank to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. King HUSSEIN in 1988 permanently relinquished Jordanian claims to the West Bank; in 1994 he signed a peace treaty with Israel. King ABDALLAH II, King HUSSEIN's eldest son, assumed the throne following his father's death in 1999. He has implemented modest political and economic reforms, including the passage of a new electoral law in early 2016 ahead of legislative elections held in September. The Islamic Action Front, which is the political arm of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, returned to parliament with 15 seats after boycotting the previous two elections in 2010 and 2013."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -75,6 +75,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "964 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population heavily concentrated in the west, and particularly the northwest, in and around the capital of Amman; a sizeable, but smaller population is located in the southwest along the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "droughts; periodic earthquakes"
},
@ -171,6 +174,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-13.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population heavily concentrated in the west, and particularly the northwest, in and around the capital of Amman; a sizeable, but smaller population is located in the southwest along the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "83.7% of total population (2015)"
@ -411,7 +417,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of the Senate, or the House of Notables or Majlis al-Ayan (60 seats; members appointed by the monarch to serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwaab (130 seats; 115 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by open-list proportional representation vote and 15 seats for women; 12 of the 115 seats reserved for Christian, Chechen, and Circassian candidates; members serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of the Senate, or the House of Notables or Majlis al-Ayan (65 seats; members appointed by the monarch to serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwaab (130 seats; 115 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by open-list proportional representation vote and 15 seats for women; 12 of the 115 seats reserved for Christian, Chechen, and Circassian candidates; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Chamber of Deputies - last held on 20 September 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
@ -432,7 +438,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Ahl al-Himma ++ Al-Bayyan ++ Al-Hayah Jordanian Party [Zahier AMR] ++ Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party [Akram al-HIMSI] ++ Ba'ath Arab Progressive Party [Fuad DABBOUR] ++ Citizenship ++ Construction ++ Cooperation ++ Dawn ++ Democratic People's Party [Ablah ABU ULBAH] ++ Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id DIAB] ++ Dignity ++ Du'a Party [Muhammed ABU BAKR] ++ Free Voice ++ Islamic Action Front or IAF [Hamzah MANSOUR] ++ Islamic Centrist Party [Muhammad al-HAJ] ++ Jordanian Communist Party [Munir HAMARNAH] ++ Jordanian National Party [Muna ABU BAKR] ++ Jordanian United Front [Amjad al-MAJALI] ++ Labor and Trade ++ Muslim Center Party [Haitham ALAMAERAH] ++ Nation ++ National Accord Youth Block ++ National Action ++ National Constitution Party [Ahmad al-SHUNAQ] ++ National Current Party [Abd al-Hadi al-MAJALI] ++ National Movement for Direct Democracy [Muhammad al-QAQ] ++ National Union ++ National Unity ++ Nobel Jerusalem ++ Risalah Party [Hazem QASHOU] ++ Salvation ++ Stronger Jordan ++ The Direct Democratic Nationalists Movement Party [Nash'at KHALIFAH] ++ The Homeland (Hizb Al-Watan) ++ The People ++ Unified Front ++ United Front ++ Voice of the Nation; qtgan"
"text": "Ahl al-Himma ++ Al-Bayyan ++ Al-Hayah Jordanian Party [Zahier AMR] ++ Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party [Akram al-HIMSI] ++ Ba'ath Arab Progressive Party [Fuad DABBOUR] ++ Citizenship ++ Construction ++ Cooperation ++ Dawn ++ Democratic People's Party [Ablah ABU ULBAH] ++ Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id DIAB] ++ Dignity ++ Du'a Party [Muhammed ABU BAKR] ++ Free Voice ++ Islamic Action Front or IAF [Hamzah MANSOUR] ++ Islamic Centrist Party [Muhammad al-HAJ] ++ Jordanian Communist Party [Munir HAMARNAH] ++ Jordanian National Party [Muna ABU BAKR] ++ Jordanian United Front [Amjad al-MAJALI] ++ Labor and Trade ++ Muslim Center Party [Haitham ALAMAERAH] ++ Nation ++ National Congress Party [Raheeh GHARAYBEH, general secretary] ++ National Accord Youth Block ++ National Action ++ National Constitution Party [Ahmad al-SHUNAQ] ++ National Current Party [Abd al-Hadi al-MAJALI] ++ National Movement for Direct Democracy [Muhammad al-QAQ] ++ National Union ++ National Unity ++ Nobel Jerusalem ++ Risalah Party [Hazem QASHOU] ++ Salvation ++ Stronger Jordan ++ The Direct Democratic Nationalists Movement Party [Nash'at KHALIFAH] ++ The Homeland (Hizb Al-Watan) ++ The People ++ Unified Front ++ United Front ++ Voice of the Nation; qtgan"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "15 April Movement [Mohammad SUNEID, chairman] ++ 24 March Movement [Mu'az al-KHAWALIDAH, Abdel Rahman HASANEIN, spokespersons] ++ 1952 Constitution Movement ++ Anti-Normalization Committee [Hamzah MANSOUR, chairman] ++ Economic and Social Association of Retired Servicemen and Veterans or ESARSV [Abdulsalam al-HASSANAT, chairman] ++ Group of 36 ++ Higher Coordination Committee of Opposition Parties [Said DIAB] ++ Higher National Committee for Military Retirees or HNCMR [Ali al-HABASHNEH, chairman] ++ Hirak ++ Jordan Bar Association [Saleh al-ARMUTI, chairman] ++ Jordanian Campaign for Change or Jayin ++ Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood [Dr. Hamam SAID, controller general] ++ Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF, president] ++ National Front for Reform or NFR [Ahmad OBEIDAT, chairman] ++ Popular Gathering for Reform ++ Professional Associations Council [Abd al-Hadi al-FALAHAT, chairman] ++ Sons of Jordan"
@ -494,44 +500,44 @@
"text": "Jordan's economy is among the smallest in the Middle East, with insufficient supplies of water, oil, and other natural resources, underlying the government's heavy reliance on foreign assistance. Other economic challenges for the government include chronic high rates of poverty, unemployment and underemployment, budget and current account deficits, and government debt. ++ ++ King ABDALLAH, during the first decade of the 2000s, implemented significant economic reforms, such as expanding foreign trade and privatizing state-owned companies that attracted foreign investment and contributed to average annual economic growth of 8% for 2004 through 2008. The global economic slowdown and regional turmoil contributed to slower growth from 2010 to 2014 - with growth averaging 2.8% per year - and hurt export-oriented sectors, construction, and tourism. Through 2014, Jordan's finances were strained by a series of natural gas pipeline attacks in Egypt, disrupting natural gas exports to Jordan, and led Jordan to rely on more expensive diesel imports, primarily from Saudi Arabia, to generate electricity. ++ ++ To diversify its energy mix, Jordan has secured several contracts for liquefied natural gas and is currently exploring nuclear power generation, exploitation of abundant oil shale reserves and renewable technologies, as well as the import of Israeli offshore gas. In August 2015, Jordan completed a $2.1 billion, three-year IMF Stand-By Arrangement, which the government had entered to help correct budgetary and balance of payments imbalances. Jordan plans to expand on its fiscal reform measures enacted over the previous few years with a follow-on IMF agreement in 2016 to boost government revenues, reduce the budget deficit, and manage its burgeoning debt, brought on in part by an influx of over 650,000 Syrian refugees since 2011, which put additional pressure on expenditures."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$82.73 billion (2015 est.) ++ $80.71 billion (2014 est.) ++ $78.28 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$86.19 billion (2016 est.) ++ $83.89 billion (2015 est.) ++ $81.93 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$37.62 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$39.45 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.5% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.) ++ 2.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.8% (2016 est.) ++ 2.4% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$12,100 (2015 est.) ++ $12,100 (2014 est.) ++ $12,000 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$11,100 (2016 est.) ++ $11,000 (2015 est.) ++ $11,000 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "15.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 16.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "10.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 10.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 14.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "82%"
"text": "81.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "22.5%"
"text": "22.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "2.3%"
"text": "3.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "35.6%"
"text": "32.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-62.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-59.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -542,7 +548,7 @@
"text": "29.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "66.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "66.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -552,10 +558,10 @@
"text": "tourism, information technology, clothing, fertilizers, potash, phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.055 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.205 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -569,7 +575,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "13.1% (2015 est.) ++ 11.9% (2014 est.)",
"text": "14.8% (2016 est.) ++ 13.1% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%"
}
@ -590,53 +596,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$8.324 billion"
"text": "$8.649 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$10.88 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$11.22 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "22.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "21.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-6.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-6.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "85.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 80.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "90.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 85.5% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury, and treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury, and treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-government"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.8% (2016 est.) ++ -0.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.3% (31 December 2010) ++ 4.75% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "8.24% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.84% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "8% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 8.24% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$13.92 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$14.68 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $13.92 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$43.64 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$46.78 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $44.52 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$39.57 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $38.04 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$41.95 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $39.57 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$27 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $27.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $30.86 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$25.45 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.55 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.76 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$3.299 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$2.362 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$3.566 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$3.392 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$7.829 billion (2015 est.) ++ $8.385 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.124 billion (2016 est.) ++ $7.829 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "textiles, fertilizers, potash, phosphates, vegetables, pharmaceuticals"
@ -645,7 +651,7 @@
"text": "US 21%, Saudi Arabia 16.5%, Iraq 10.3%, India 8.7%, UAE 4.8%, Kuwait 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$18.04 billion (2015 est.) ++ $20.35 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$17.86 billion (2016 est.) ++ $18.04 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, refined petroleum products, machinery, transport equipment, iron, cereals"
@ -654,36 +660,22 @@
"text": "Saudi Arabia 15.4%, China 12.8%, US 6.2%, Germany 4.7%, UAE 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$16.57 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.04 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$15.18 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $16.57 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$25.16 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $24.26 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$26.66 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $25.16 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$29.96 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $28.71 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$31.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $29.96 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$609.3 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $608.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$629.3 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $609.3 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - ++ 0.71 (2015 est.) ++ 0.71 (2014 est.) ++ 0.71 (2013 est.) ++ 0.709 (2012 est.) ++ 0.709 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - ++ 0.71 (2016 est.) ++ 0.71 (2015 est.) ++ 0.71 (2014 est.) ++ 0.71 (2013 est.) ++ 0.709 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "40,926"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "99.5%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "99%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "99.4% (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "17 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -773,17 +765,17 @@
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "service has improved recently with increased use of digital switching equipment; microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; growing mobile-cellular usage in both urban and rural areas is reducing use of fixed-line services"
"text": "service has improved recently with increased use of digital switching equipment; microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; growing mobile-cellular usage in both urban and rural areas is reducing use"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "1995 telecommunications law opened all non-fixed-line services to private competition; in 2005, monopoly over fixed-line services terminated and the entire telecommunications sector was opened to competition; currently multiple mobile-cellular providers with subscribership up to 170 per 100 persons"
"text": "1995 telecommunications law opened all non-fixed-line services to private competition; in 2005, monopoly over fixed-line services terminated and the entire telecommunications sector was opened to competition; currently multiple mobile-cellular providers w"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 962; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) FEA and FLAG Falcon submarine cable networks; satellite earth stations - 33 (3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals); fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay link with Egypt and Syria; participant in Medarabtel (2015)"
"text": "country code - 962; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) FEA and FLAG Falcon submarine cable networks; satellite earth stations - 33 (3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals); fiber-optic cable to Saudi (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "radio and TV dominated by the government-owned Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV) that operates a main network, a sports network, a film network, and a satellite channel; first independent TV broadcaster aired in 2007; international satellite TV and Israeli and Syrian TV broadcasts are available; roughly 30 radio stations with JRTV operating the main government-owned station; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are available (2007)"
"text": "radio and TV dominated by the government-owned Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV) that operates a main network, a sports network, a film network, and a satellite channel; first independent TV broadcaster aired in 2007; international satellite (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".jo"
@ -902,7 +894,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "2,117,361 (Palestinian refugees) (2015); 655,833 (Syria); 59,196 (Iraq) (2016)"
"text": "2,117,361 (Palestinian refugees) (2015); 59,196 (Iraq) (2016); 655,399 (Syria) (2017)"
}
}
}

107
middle-east/ku.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Kuwait has been ruled by the AL-SABAH dynasty since the 18th century. The threat of Ottoman invasion in 1899 prompted Amir Mubarak AL-SABAH to seek protection from Britain, ceding foreign and defense responsibility to Britain until 1961, when the country attained its independence. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault on 23 February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. Kuwait spent more than $5 billion to repair oil infrastructure damaged during 1990-91. The AL-SABAH family returned to power in 1991 and established one of the most independent legislatures in the Arab World. The country witnessed the historic election in 2009 of four women to its National Assembly. Amid the 2010-11 uprisings and protests across the Arab world, stateless Arabs, known as bidoon, staged small protests in February and March 2011 demanding citizenship, jobs, and other benefits available to Kuwaiti nationals. Youth activist groups - supported by opposition legislators - rallied repeatedly in 2011 for the prime minister's dismissal amid allegations of widespread government corruption, ultimately prompting the prime minister to resign in late 2011. Demonstrations, following a short lull, renewed in late 2012 in response to an Amiri decree amending the electoral law to reduce the number of votes per person from four to one. The opposition, led by a coalition of Sunni Islamists, tribalists, some liberals, and myriad youth groups, largely boycotted legislative elections in 2012 and 2013, which ushered in a legislature more amenable to the government's agenda. Since coming to power in 2006, the Amir has dissolved the National Assembly on five occasions (the Constitutional Court annulled the Assembly in June 2012 and again in June 2013) and shuffled the cabinet over a dozen times, usually citing political stagnation and gridlock between the legislature and the government."
"text": "Kuwait has been ruled by the AL-SABAH dynasty since the 18th century. The threat of Ottoman invasion in 1899 prompted Amir Mubarak AL-SABAH to seek protection from Britain, ceding foreign and defense responsibility to Britain until 1961, when the country attained its independence. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault on 23 February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. Kuwait spent more than $5 billion to repair oil infrastructure damaged during 1990-91. The AL-SABAH family returned to power in 1991 and established one of the most independent legislatures in the Arab World. The country witnessed the historic election in 2009 of four women to its National Assembly. Amid the 2010-11 uprisings and protests across the Arab world, stateless Arabs, known as bidoon, staged small protests in early 2011 demanding citizenship, jobs, and other benefits available to Kuwaiti nationals. Youth activist groups' repeated rallies in 2011 for the dismissal of a prime minister seen as being corrupt, ultimately led to his resignation in late 2011. Demonstrations renewed in late 2012 in response to an Amiri decree amending the electoral law. The opposition, led by a coalition of Sunni Islamists, tribalists, some liberals, and myriad youth groups, largely boycotted legislative elections in 2012 and 2013, which ushered in a legislature more amenable to the government's agenda. However, the opposition, expressing strong opposition to the government’s fiscal reforms, participated in the November 2016 National Assembly and won almost half of the positions. Since coming to power in 2006, the Amir has dissolved the National Assembly on seven occasions (the Constitutional Court annulled the Assembly in June 2012 and again in June 2013) and shuffled the cabinet over a dozen times, usually citing political stagnation and gridlock between the legislature and the government."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -75,6 +75,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "105 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "densest settlement is along the Persian Gulf, particularly in Kuwait City and on Bubiyan Island; significant population threads extend south and west along highways that radiate from the capital, particularly in the southern half of the country"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year but are most common between March and August"
},
@ -174,6 +177,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "densest settlement is along the Persian Gulf, particularly in Kuwait City and on Bubiyan Island; significant population threads extend south and west along highways that radiate from the capital, particularly in the southern half of the country"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "98.3% of total population (2015)"
@ -273,9 +279,6 @@
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "3% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.8% of GDP (2006)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
"text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
@ -399,10 +402,10 @@
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma (65 seats; 50 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 15 ex-officio members - cabinet ministers - appointed by the prime minister; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held 27 July 2013 (next to be held on 26 November 2016)"
"text": "last held on 26 November 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "seats won - pro-government 30, liberal 9, Shiite 8, Sunni 3"
"text": "preliminary results - opposition groups including those linked to the Muslim Brotherhood and Salafists won 24 seats, 1 woman, other 25"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -446,7 +449,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Douglas A. SILLIMAN (since 31 August 2014)"
"text": "Ambassador Lawrence R. SILVERMAN (since 19 September 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Bayan 36302, Block 13, Al-Masjed Al-Aqsa Street (near the Bayan palace), Kuwait City"
@ -484,44 +487,44 @@
"text": "Kuwait has a geographically small, but wealthy, relatively open economy with crude oil reserves of about 102 billion barrels - more than 6% of world reserves. Kuwaiti officials plan to increase oil production to 4 million barrels per day by 2020. Petroleum accounts for over half of GDP, 94% of export revenues, and 90% of government income. ++ ++ In 2015, Kuwait, for the first time in 15 years, realized a budget deficit after decades of high oil prices. Kuwaiti authorities have tried to reduce the deficit by decreasing spending on subsidies for the local population, but with limited success. Despite Kuwait’s dependence on oil, the government has cushioned itself against the impact of lower oil prices, by saving annually at least 10% of government revenue in the Fund for Future Generations. ++ ++ Kuwait has failed to diversify its economy or bolster the private sector, because of a poor business climate, a large public sector that crowds out private employment of Kuwaiti nationals, and an acrimonious relationship between the National Assembly and the executive branch that has stymied most economic reforms. The Kuwaiti Government has made little progress on its long-term economic development plan first passed in 2010. While the government planned to spend up to $104 billion over four years to diversify the economy, attract more investment, and boost private sector participation in the economy, many of the projects did not materialize because of an uncertain political situation."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$288.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $285.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $285.7 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$301.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $293.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $290.4 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$120.7 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$110.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 0% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.5% (2016 est.) ++ 1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$70,200 (2015 est.) ++ $71,500 (2014 est.) ++ $73,500 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$71,300 (2016 est.) ++ $71,500 (2015 est.) ++ $72,600 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "30.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 49.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 53.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "27.2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 31.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 50.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "41.3%"
"text": "47.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "24.6%"
"text": "27.2%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "25%"
"text": "29.5%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "54.4%"
"text": "47.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-45.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-52.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -529,10 +532,10 @@
"text": "0.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "59.7%"
"text": "59.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "39.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "40% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -542,12 +545,12 @@
"text": "petroleum, petrochemicals, cement, shipbuilding and repair, water desalination, food processing, construction materials"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.473 million",
"text": "2.546 million",
"note": {
"text": "non-Kuwaitis represent about 60% of the labor force (2015 est.)"
"text": "non-Kuwaitis represent about 60% of the labor force (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -562,7 +565,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "3% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3% (2016 est.) ++ 3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -577,50 +580,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$53.07 billion"
"text": "$47.14 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$68.01 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$65.32 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-12.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-16.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "10.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 6.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "23.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 10.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (2016 est.) ++ 3.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "1.25% (31 December 2010) ++ 3% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.3% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "4.6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.3% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$30.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$30.98 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $30.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$114.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $116 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$98.46 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $96.61 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$102.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $98.46 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$99.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $100.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $119.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$13.89 billion (2015 est.) ++ $53.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.939 billion (2016 est.) ++ $5.97 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$55.32 billion (2015 est.) ++ $104.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$43.84 billion (2016 est.) ++ $55.32 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "oil and refined products, fertilizers"
@ -629,7 +632,7 @@
"text": "South Korea 14.5%, China 12.1%, India 12.1%, Japan 10.4%, US 7.6%, Pakistan 5.9%, Singapore 4.3% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$27.34 billion (2015 est.) ++ $26.99 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$28.32 billion (2016 est.) ++ $27.34 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing"
@ -638,36 +641,22 @@
"text": "China 13.2%, US 9.6%, Saudi Arabia 7.7%, Japan 6.5%, Germany 5.1%, France 4.3%, India 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$28.37 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.22 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$28.72 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $28.37 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$36.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $35.26 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$47.89 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $36.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$12.16 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $11.87 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.39 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $12.16 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$69.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $64.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$73.65 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $69.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar - ++ 0.3009 (2015 est.) ++ 0.2845 (2014 est.) ++ 0.2845 (2013 est.) ++ 0.28 (2012 est.) ++ 0.276 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar - ++ 0.3024 (2016 est.) ++ 0.3009 (2015 est.) ++ 0.3009 (2014 est.) ++ 0.2845 (2013 est.) ++ 0.28 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "56,655"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93% (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "61 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -760,14 +749,14 @@
"text": "the quality of service is excellent"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and open-wire and fiber-optic cable; a mobile-cellular telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is well-supplied with pay telephones"
"text": "new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and open-wire and fiber-optic cable; a mobile-cellular telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 965; linked to international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via the Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 6 (3 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean, and 2 Arabsat) (2015)"
"text": "country code - 965; linked to international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via the Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 6 (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned TV broadcaster operates 4 networks and a satellite channel; several private TV broadcasters have emerged since 2003; satellite TV available with pan-Arab TV stations are especially popular; state-owned Radio Kuwait broadcasts on a number of channels in Arabic and English; first private radio station emerged in 2005; transmissions of at least 2 international radio broadcasters are available (2007)"
"text": "state-owned TV broadcaster operates 4 networks and a satellite channel; several private TV broadcasters have emerged since 2003; satellite TV available with pan-Arab TV stations are especially popular; state-owned Radio Kuwait broadcasts on a number of ch (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".kw"

101
middle-east/le.json
View file

@ -75,6 +75,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,040 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the majority of the people live on or near the Mediterranean coast, and of these most live in and around the capital, Beirut; favorable growing conditions in the Bekaa Valley, on the southeastern side of the Lebanon Mountains, have attracted farmers and thus the area exhibits a smaller population density"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "dust storms, sandstorms"
},
@ -108,7 +111,7 @@
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%",
"note": {
"text": "many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians"
"text": "many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians"
}
},
"Languages": {
@ -174,6 +177,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the majority of the people live on or near the Mediterranean coast, and of these most live in and around the capital, Beirut; favorable growing conditions in the Bekaa Valley, on the southeastern side of the Lebanon Mountains, have attracted farmers and thus the area exhibits a smaller population density"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "87.8% of total population (2015)"
@ -391,16 +397,16 @@
"text": "President Michel AWN (since 31 October 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Tamam SALAM (since 6 April 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Samir MOQBIL (since 7 July 2011)"
"text": "Prime Minister Saad al-HARIRI (since 18 December 2016); Deputy Prime Minister Ghassan HASBANI (since 18 December 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president and National Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly by two-thirds majority vote in the first round and if needed absolute majority vote in a second round for a 6-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); (next to be held in 2022); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with the National Assembly"
"text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in the first round and if needed absolute majority vote in a second round for a 6-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); (next to be held in 2022); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with the National Assembly"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Michel AWN elected president; National Assembly vote in second round - Michel AWN (FPM) 83, Sethrida GEAGEA (LF) 1; note - in the initial election held on 23 April 2014, no candidate received the required two-thirds vote, and subsequent attempts failed mostly because the National Assembly lacked a quorum; the president was elected in the 46th attempt on 31 October 2016"
"text": "Michel AWN elected president; National Assembly vote in second round - Michel AWN (FPM) 83; note - in the initial election held on 23 April 2014, no candidate received the required two-thirds vote, and subsequent attempts failed because the National Assembly lacked a quorum to hold a vote; the president was elected in the 46th attempt on 31 October 2016"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -411,7 +417,7 @@
"text": "Lebanon’s Constitution states the National Assembly cannot conduct regular business until it elects a president when the position is vacant"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 7 June 2009 (next delayed due to a failure to elect a new president)"
"text": "last held on 7 June 2009 (next to be held in May 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by coalition - March 8 Coalition 54.7%, March 14 Coalition 45.3%; seats by coalition - March 14 Coalition 71; March 8 Coalition 57; seats by coalition following 16 July 2012 byelection held to fill one seat - March 14 Coalition 72, March 8 Coalition 56"
@ -430,19 +436,19 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"14 March Coalition": {
"text": " ++ Democratic Left Movement or DLM [Elias ATALLAH] ++ Future Movement Bloc [Sa'ad al-HARIRI] ++ Kata'ib Party [Sami GEMAYEL] ++ Lebanese Forces or LF [Samir JA'JA] ++ Marada Movement [Sulayman FRANJIEH] ++ Social Democratic Hunchakian Party [Hagop DIKRANIAN]"
"text": "Future Movement Bloc [Sa'ad al-HARIRI] ++ Kata'ib Party [Sami GEMAYEL] ++ Lebanese Forces or LF [Samir JA'JA] ++ Marada Movement [Sulayman FRANJIEH] ++ Social Democrat Hunshaqian Party [Sebouh KELPAKIAN]"
},
"8 March Coalition": {
"text": " ++ Amal Movement [Nabih BERRI] ++ Free Patriotic Movement or FPM [Gibran BASSIL] ++ Lebanese Democratic Party [Emir Talal ARSLAN] ++ Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc [Mohammad RA'AD] (includes Hizballah [Hassan NASRALLAH]) ++ Marada Movement [Sulayman FRANJIEH] ++ Syrian Ba'th Party [Abdel Mouin GHAZI] ++ Syrian Social Nationalist Party [Ali QANSO] ++ "
"Hizballah-led bloc (formerly 8 March Coalition)": {
"text": " ++ Amal Movement [Nabih BERRI] ++ Ba’th Arab Socialist Party of Lebanon [Fayez SHUKR] ++ Free Patriotic Movement or FPM [Gibran BASSIL] ++ Hizballah [Hassan NASRALLAH] ++ Islamic Actions Front [Sheikh Zuhair al-JU’AYD] ++ Marada Movement [Sulayman FRANJIEH] ++ Syrian Social Nationalist Party [Ali QANSO] ++ Tashnag or Armenian Revolutionary Federation [Hagop PAKRADOUNIAN]"
},
"Independent": {
"text": "Metn Bloc [Michel MURR] ++ Progressive Socialist Party or PSP [Walid JUNBLATT] ++ Tashnag or ARF [Hagop DHATCHERIAN]"
"text": "Progressive Socialist Party or PSP [Walid JUNBLATT] ++ "
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Maronite Church [Patriarch Bishara al-Ra'i]",
"text": "Grand Mufti of Lebanon [Sheikh Abdul Latif DERIAN] ++ Maronite Church [Patriarch Bishara al-RA'I]",
"note": {
"text": "most sects retain militias and a number of militant groups operate in Palestinian refugee camps"
"text": "most sects retain militias and a number of Sunni militant groups operate in Palestinian refugee camps"
}
},
"International organization participation": {
@ -505,55 +511,55 @@
"text": "Lebanon has a free-market economy and a strong laissez-faire commercial tradition. The government does not restrict foreign investment; however, the investment climate suffers from red tape, corruption, arbitrary licensing decisions, complex customs procedures, high taxes, tariffs, and fees, archaic legislation, and weak intellectual property rights. The Lebanese economy is service-oriented; main growth sectors include banking and tourism. ++ ++ The 1975-90 civil war seriously damaged Lebanon's economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and derailed Lebanon's position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following the civil war, Lebanon rebuilt much of its war-torn physical and financial infrastructure by borrowing heavily, mostly from domestic banks, which saddled the government with a huge debt burden. Pledges of economic and financial reforms made at separate international donor conferences during the 2000s have mostly gone unfulfilled, including those made during the Paris III Donor Conference in 2007, following the July 2006 war. ++ ++ Spillover from the Syrian conflict, including the influx of more than 1.1 million registered Syrian refugees, has increased internal tension and slowed economic growth to the 1-2% range in 2011-15, after four years of averaging 8% growth. Syrian refugees have increased the labor supply, but pushed more Lebanese into unemployment. Chronic fiscal deficits have increased Lebanon’s debt-to-GDP ratio, the fourth highest in the world; most of the debt is held internally by Lebanese banks. Weak economic growth limits tax revenues, while the largest government expenditures remain debt servicing, salaries for government workers, and transfers to the electricity sector. These limitations constrain other government spending and limit the government’s ability to invest in necessary infrastructure improvements, such as water, electricity, and transportation."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$83.06 billion (2015 est.) ++ $82.23 billion (2014 est.) ++ $80.62 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$85.16 billion (2016 est.) ++ $84.32 billion (2015 est.) ++ $83.48 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$51.17 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$51.82 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.) ++ 2.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1% (2016 est.) ++ 1% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$18,200 (2015 est.) ++ $18,200 (2014 est.) ++ $18,000 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$18,500 (2016 est.) ++ $18,500 (2015 est.) ++ $18,500 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "10.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 3.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 1.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ -1.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "89.1%"
"text": "93.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "12.6%"
"text": "13.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "26.6%"
"text": "27.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.5%"
"text": "0.6%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "22.5%"
"text": "20.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-51.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-55.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5.6%"
"text": "5.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "24.9%"
"text": "25%"
},
"services": {
"text": "69.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "69.4% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -563,7 +569,7 @@
"text": "banking, tourism, food processing, wine, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral and chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining, metal fabricating"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.628 million",
@ -598,53 +604,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$9.576 billion"
"text": "$9.953 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$13.53 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$14.44 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "18.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "19.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-7.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-8.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "147.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 134.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "161.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 147.6% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment"
"text": "data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as in"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-3.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1% (2016 est.) ++ -3.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "3.5% (31 December 2010) ++ 10% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.09% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.27% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "8.2% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 7.09% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$5.998 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.506 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$6.466 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.998 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$52.94 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $48.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$55.48 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $52.15 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$97.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $89.13 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$103.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $97.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$11.22 billion (30 December 2014 est.) ++ $10.54 billion (30 December 2013 est.) ++ $10.42 billion (28 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$12.78 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$13.42 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$10.56 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$10.65 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$3.551 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.1 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.108 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.551 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "jewelry, base metals, chemicals, consumer goods, fruit and vegetables, tobacco, construction minerals, electric power machinery and switchgear, textile fibers, paper"
@ -653,7 +659,7 @@
"text": "Saudi Arabia 12.1%, UAE 10.6%, Iraq 7.6%, Syria 7.1%, South Africa 6.6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$16.71 billion (2015 est.) ++ $19.16 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$17.98 billion (2016 est.) ++ $16.71 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat and live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals"
@ -662,10 +668,10 @@
"text": "China 11.5%, Italy 7.1%, Germany 6.8%, France 6%, US 5.7%, Russia 4.6%, Greece 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$48.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $50.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$47.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $48.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$37.08 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $34.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$40.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $37.08 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA"
@ -674,15 +680,10 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Lebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar - ++ 1,507.5 (2015 est.) ++ 1,507.5 (2014 est.) ++ 1,507.5 (2013 est.) ++ 1,507.5 (2012 est.) ++ 1,507.5 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Lebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar - ++ 1,507.5 (2016 est.) ++ 1,507.5 (2015 est.) ++ 1,507.5 (2014 est.) ++ 1,507.5 (2013 est.) ++ 1,507.5 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "18 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},

104
middle-east/mu.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered on Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, the nascent sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, but it never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al-Said overthrew his father, and has since ruled as sultan, but he has never designated a successor. His extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world while preserving the longstanding close ties with the UK and US. Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with its neighbors and to avoid external entanglements. Inspired by the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa beginning in January 2011, some Omanis staged demonstrations, calling for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response to those protester demands, QABOOS in 2011 pledged to implement economic and political reforms, such as granting legislative and regulatory powers to the Majlis al-Shura and increasing unemployment benefits. Additionally, in August 2012, the Sultan announced a royal directive mandating the speedy implementation of a national job creation plan for thousands of public and private sector jobs. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in December 2012. Announced by the Sultan in 2011, the municipal councils will have the power to advise the Royal Court on the needs of local districts across Oman's 11 governorates. The Sultan returned to Oman in March 2015 after eight months in Germany, where he received medical treatment and has since appeared publicly on a few occasions."
"text": "The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered from Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, the nascent sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, although the Sultanate never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al-Said overthrew his father, and has since ruled as sultan, but he has not designated a successor. His extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world, while preserving the longstanding close ties with the UK and US. Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with its neighbors and to avoid external entanglements. Inspired by the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa beginning in January 2011, some Omanis staged demonstrations, calling for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response to those protester demands, QABOOS in 2011 pledged to implement economic and political reforms, such as granting legislative and regulatory powers to the Majlis al-Shura and increasing unemployment benefits. Additionally, in August 2012, the Sultan announced a royal directive mandating the speedy implementation of a national job creation plan for thousands of public and private sector Omani jobs. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in December 2012. Announced by the Sultan in 2011, the municipal councils have the power to advise the Royal Court on the needs of local districts across Oman's 11 governorates. The Sultan returned to Oman in March 2015 after eight months in Germany, where he received medical treatment. He has since appeared publicly on a few occasions."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -81,6 +81,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "590 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north of the country; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely poplulated"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts"
},
@ -121,7 +124,7 @@
"text": "Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official; majority are Ibadhi, lesser numbers of Sunni and Shia) 85.9%, Christian 6.5%, Hindu 5.5%, Buddhist 0.8%, Jewish <0.1, other 1%, unaffiliated 0.2% (2010 est.)",
"text": "Muslim (official; majority are Ibadhi, lesser numbers of Sunni and Shia) 85.9%, Christian 6.5%, Hindu 5.5%, Buddhist 0.8%, Jewish <0.1%, other 1%, unaffiliated 0.2% (2010 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "approximately 75% of Omani citizens, who compose almost 70% of the country's total population, are Ibadhi Muslims; the Omani government does not keep statistics on religious affiliation (2013)"
}
@ -180,6 +183,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north of the country; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely poplulated"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "77.6% of total population (2015)"
@ -395,7 +401,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the monarch"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the Ruling Family Council determines a successor from the sultan's extended family; if the Council cannot form a consensus within 3 days of the sultan's death or incapacitation, the Defense Council will relay a predetermined heir as chosen by the sultan"
"text": "members of the Ruling Family Council determine a successor from the sultan's extended family; if the Council cannot form a consensus within 3 days of the sultan's death or incapacitation, the Defense Council will relay a predetermined heir as chosen by the sultan"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -406,7 +412,7 @@
"text": "Consultative Assembly - last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held in October 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA"
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; note - organized political parties in Oman are legally banned"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -421,7 +427,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "political parties are illegal"
"text": "none; note - organized political parties are legally banned in Oman, and loyalties tend to form around tribal affiliations"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "none"
@ -451,7 +457,7 @@
"text": "Jamait Ad Duwal Al Arabiyya Street, Al Khuwair area, Muscat"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "P. O. Box 202, P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat"
"text": "P.O. Box 202, P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[968] 24-643-400"
@ -461,7 +467,7 @@
}
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility"
"text": "three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel al Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility"
},
"National symbol(s)": {
"text": "khanjar dagger superimposed on two crossed swords; national colors: red, white, green"
@ -483,55 +489,55 @@
"text": "Oman is heavily dependent on its dwindling oil resources, which generate 84% of government revenue. In 2015, low global oil prices drove Oman’s budget deficit to $6.5 billion, or nearly 11% of GDP. Oman has limited foreign assets and is issuing debt to cover its deficit. ++ ++ Oman is using enhanced oil recovery techniques to boost production and has actively pursued a development plan that focuses on diversification, industrialization, and privatization, with the objective of reducing the oil sector's contribution to GDP from 46% at present to 9% by 2020. Tourism and gas-based industries are key components of the government's diversification strategy. ++ ++ Muscat also is focused on creating more jobs to employ the rising number of Omanis entering the workforce. Increases in social welfare benefits, however, particularly since the Arab Spring, dating to 2011, have challenged the government's ability to effectively balance its budget, as oil prices decline. Omani officials intend to reduce social entitlements to cut the deficit but have faced stiff public opposition to spending cuts, hindering their implementation."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$171.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $164.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $159.9 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$173.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $170 billion (2015 est.) ++ $164.6 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$58.49 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$59.68 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.) ++ 4.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.8% (2016 est.) ++ 3.3% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$44,600 (2015 est.) ++ $44,300 (2014 est.) ++ $44,500 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$43,700 (2016 est.) ++ $44,300 (2015 est.) ++ $44,300 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "13.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 32.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 11.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "37.3%"
"text": "41%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "28.7%"
"text": "28.4%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "33.9%"
"text": "37%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-1.3%"
"text": "-4.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "53%"
"text": "49.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-51.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-51.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.5%"
"text": "1.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "55.1%"
"text": "45.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "47.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "52.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -541,7 +547,7 @@
"text": "crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas (LNG) production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "968,800",
@ -576,50 +582,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$23.58 billion"
"text": "$20.26 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$35.63 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$31.55 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "34% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-20.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-18.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "8.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 4.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "18.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 8.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2% (2016 est.) ++ 0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "2% (31 December 2010) ++ 0.05% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.76% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.08% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.76% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$13.96 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$14.24 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $13.96 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$39.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $35.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$40.94 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $39.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$45.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $33.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$48.49 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $45.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$20.19 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $19.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $20.27 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$41.12 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $37.83 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $36.77 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$7.373 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.699 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$12.71 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$11.23 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$34.43 billion (2015 est.) ++ $53.22 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$30.39 billion (2016 est.) ++ $34.43 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles"
@ -628,7 +634,7 @@
"text": "China 35.4%, UAE 15.3%, South Korea 6.8%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, Pakistan 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$28.27 billion (2015 est.) ++ $27.89 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$25.78 billion (2016 est.) ++ $28.27 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants"
@ -637,10 +643,10 @@
"text": "UAE 29.7%, Japan 10.2%, US 7.5%, China 6.7%, India 6.3% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$17.54 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$14.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $17.54 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$12.94 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.66 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$20.85 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $12.94 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA"
@ -649,24 +655,10 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar - ++ 0.3845 (2015 est.) ++ 0.3845 (2014 est.) ++ 0.3845 (2013 est.) ++ 0.3845 (2012 est.) ++ 0.3845 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar - ++ 0.3845 (2016 est.) ++ 0.3845 (2015 est.) ++ 0.3845 (2014 est.) ++ 0.3845 (2013 est.) ++ 0.3845 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "100,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "99%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "28 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -883,7 +875,7 @@
"text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "11.8% of GDP (2014) ++ 15% of GDP (2013) ++ 8.61% of GDP (2012) ++ 6.13% of GDP (2011) ++ 8.61% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "12.75% of GDP (2016) ++ 14.58% of GDP (2015) ++ 11.8% of GDP (2014) ++ 15% of GDP (2013) ++ 8.61% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

110
middle-east/qa.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas revenues. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Qatari economy was crippled by a continuous siphoning off of petroleum revenues by the amir, who had ruled the country since 1972. His son, HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, overthrew the father in a bloodless coup in 1995. In short order, HAMAD oversaw the creation of the pan-Arab satellite news network Al-Jazeera and Qatar's pursuit of a leadership role in mediating regional conflicts. In the 2000s, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. As of 2007, oil and natural gas revenues had enabled Qatar to attain the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar has not experienced domestic unrest or violence like that seen in other Near Eastern and North African countries in 2010-11, due in part to its immense wealth. Since the outbreak of regional unrest, however, Doha has prided itself on its support for many of these popular revolutions, particularly in Libya and Syria. In mid-2013, HAMAD transferred power to his 33 year-old son, the current Amir TAMIM bin Hamad - a peaceful abdication rare in the history of Arab Gulf states. TAMIM has prioritized improving the domestic welfare of Qataris, including establishing advanced healthcare and education systems and expanding the country's infrastructure in anticipation of Doha's hosting of the 2022 World Cup."
"text": "Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar within the last 60 years transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas revenues. The continuous siphoning off of petroleum revenue through the mid-1990s by Qatari amirs permanently residing in Europe had stunted Qatar’s economic growth. Former amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, who overthrew his father in a bloodless coup in 1995, ushered in wide-sweeping political and media reforms, unprecedented economic investment, and a growing Qatari regional leadership role, in part through the creation of the pan-Arab satellite news network Al-Jazeera and Qatar's mediation of some regional conflicts. In the 2000s, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and by 2007 had attained the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar did not experience domestic unrest or violence like that seen in other Near Eastern and North African countries in 2010-11, due in part to its immense wealth. Since the outbreak of regional unrest, however, Doha has prided itself on its support for many of these popular revolutions, particularly in Libya and Syria, although to the detriment of Qatar’s relations with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which temporarily recalled their respective ambassadors from Qatar. In mid-2013, HAMAD transferred power to his 33 year-old son, the current Amir TAMIM bin Hamad - a peaceful abdication rare in the history of Arab Gulf states. TAMIM oversaw a warming of Qatar’s relations with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE by later in 2014 and prioritized improving the domestic welfare of Qataris, including establishing advanced healthcare and education systems and expanding the country's infrastructure in anticipation of Doha's hosting of the 2022 World Cup."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -81,6 +81,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "130 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most of the population is clustered in or around the capital of Doha on the eastern side of the peninsula"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "haze, dust storms, sandstorms common"
},
@ -174,6 +177,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "18.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most of the population is clustered in or around the capital of Doha on the eastern side of the peninsula"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "99.2% of total population (2015)"
@ -331,7 +337,7 @@
"text": "Qatar"
},
"note": {
"text": "closest approximation of the native pronunciation is cutter"
"text": "closest approximation of the native pronunciation is gattar or cottar"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but it dates back at least 2,000 years since a term \"Catharrei\" was used to describe the inhabitants of the peninsula by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.), and a \"Catara\" peninsula is depicted on a map by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)"
@ -352,7 +358,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "7 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Khawr wa adh Dhakhirah, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Ash Shamal, Az Za'ayin, Umm Salal"
"text": "8 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Khawr wa adh Dhakhirah, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Ash Shamal, Ash Shihaniyah, Az Za'ayin, Umm Salal"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "3 September 1971 (from the UK)"
@ -436,10 +442,10 @@
"text": "2555 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[1] (202) 274-1600 and 274-1603"
"text": "[1] (202) 274-1600"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[1] (202) 237-0061"
"text": "[1] (202) 237-0682"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Houston, Los Angeles"
@ -450,7 +456,7 @@
"text": "Ambassador Dana Shell SMITH (since 8 September 2014)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "22 February Road, Al-Luqta District, Doha"
"text": "22 February Road, Al Luqta District, Doha"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "P. O. Box 2399, Doha"
@ -473,7 +479,7 @@
},
"National anthem": {
"name": {
"text": "\"Al-Salam Al-Amiri\" (The Peace for the Anthem)"
"text": "\"Al-Salam Al-Amiri\" (The Amiri Salute)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Sheikh MUBARAK bin Saif al-Thani/Abdul Aziz Nasser OBAIDAN"
@ -488,44 +494,44 @@
"text": "Qatar has prospered in the last several years with continued high real GDP growth, but low oil prices have dampened the outlook. Qatar was the only Gulf Cooperation Council member that avoided a budget deficit in 2015, but it projects a $12.8 billion deficit, 6% of GDP in 2016. ++ ++ GDP is driven largely by the oil and gas sector; however, growth in manufacturing, construction, and financial services have lifted the non-oil sectors to just over half of Qatar’s nominal GDP. Economic policy is focused on sustaining Qatar's non-associated natural gas reserves and increasing private and foreign investment in non-energy sectors, but oil and gas still account for roughly 92% of export earnings, and 56% of government revenues. Oil and gas have made Qatar the world's highest per-capita income country and the country with the lowest unemployment. Proved oil reserves in excess of 25 billion barrels should enable continued output at current levels for about 56 years. Qatar's proved reserves of natural gas exceed 25 trillion cubic meters, about 13% of the world total and third largest in the world. ++ ++ Qatar's successful 2022 World Cup bid is accelerating large-scale infrastructure projects such as its metro system, light rail system, construction of a new port, roads, stadiums and related sporting infrastructure."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$319.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $309.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $297.8 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$334.5 billion (2016 est.) ++ $325.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $314.4 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$185.4 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$156.6 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.) ++ 4% (2014 est.) ++ 4.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.6% (2016 est.) ++ 3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 4% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$132,100 (2015 est.) ++ $138,600 (2014 est.) ++ $145,600 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$129,700 (2016 est.) ++ $134,600 (2015 est.) ++ $140,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "47% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 57.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 59.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "42.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 47% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 57.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "22%"
"text": "25.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "22.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "37.2%"
"text": "44.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.5%"
"text": "1.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "55.4%"
"text": "46.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-35.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-41.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -533,10 +539,10 @@
"text": "0.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "55.7%"
"text": "51.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "44.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "48.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -546,13 +552,13 @@
"text": "liquefied natural gas, crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship repair"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.644 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.691 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.7% (2016 est.) ++ 0.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -567,50 +573,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$57.45 billion"
"text": "$41.71 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$56.44 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$53.95 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "31% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "26.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-7.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "41.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 31.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "55.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 41.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.7% (2015 est.) ++ 3.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.8% (2016 est.) ++ 1.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "4.5% (31 December 2012) ++ 4.93% (31 December 2011)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.5% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.5% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.5% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$34.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $34.14 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$34.45 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $34.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$155.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $138.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$200.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $168.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$218.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $200.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$126.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $125.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $123.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$142.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $185.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $152.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$9.146 billion (2015 est.) ++ $49.66 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$2.885 billion (2016 est.) ++ $13.75 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$77.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $126.7 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$64.69 billion (2016 est.) ++ $77.29 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers, steel"
@ -619,7 +625,7 @@
"text": "Japan 25.4%, India 14.6%, China 8.4%, UAE 6.8%, Singapore 5.6%, UK 5.5%, Thailand 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$28.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $31.15 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$33.76 billion (2016 est.) ++ $28.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals"
@ -628,36 +634,22 @@
"text": "China 11.9%, US 11.3%, UAE 9%, Germany 7.7%, Japan 6.7%, UK 5.9%, Italy 4.6%, Saudi Arabia 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$37.26 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$36.03 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $37.26 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$141.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $138.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$159.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $141.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$34.53 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $33.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$35.38 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $34.53 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$49.73 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $45.71 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$52.66 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $49.73 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Qatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - ++ 3.64 (2015 est.) ++ 3.64 (2014 est.) ++ 3.64 (2013 est.) ++ 3.64 (2012 est.) ++ 3.64 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Qatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - ++ 3.64 (2016 est.) ++ 3.64 (2015 est.) ++ 3.64 (2014 est.) ++ 3.64 (2013 est.) ++ 3.64 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "45,165"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93% (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "36 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -753,11 +745,11 @@
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership exceeds 180 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 974; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and the US; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and the UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2015)"
"text": "country code - 974; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and the US; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and the UAE; sa (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "TV and radio broadcast licensing and access to local media markets are state controlled; home of the satellite TV channel Al-Jazeera, which was originally owned and financed by the Qatari government but has evolved to independent corporate status; Al-Jazeera claims editorial independence in broadcasting; local radio transmissions include state, private, and international broadcasters on FM frequencies in Doha; in August 2013, Qatar's satellite company Es'hailSat launched its first communications satellite Es'hail 1 (manufactured in the US), which entered commercial service in December 2013 to provide improved television broadcasting capability and expand availability of voice and internet; Es'hailSat released a request for proposals in March 2014 for its second satellite to launch in 2016 (2014)"
"text": "TV and radio broadcast licensing and access to local media markets are state controlled; home of the satellite TV channel Al-Jazeera, which was originally owned and financed by the Qatari government but has evolved to independent corporate status; Al-Jaze (2014)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".qa"

96
middle-east/sa.json
View file

@ -81,6 +81,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "16,200 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "historically a population that was mostly nomadic or semi-nomadic, the Saudi population has become more settled since petroleum was discovered in the 1930s; most of the economic activities - and with it the country's population - is concentrated in a wide area across the middle of the peninsula, from Ad Dammam in the east, through Riyadh in the interior, to Mecca-Medina in the west near the Red Sea"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "frequent sand and dust storms",
"volcanism": {
@ -183,6 +186,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "historically a population that was mostly nomadic or semi-nomadic, the Saudi population has become more settled since petroleum was discovered in the 1930s; most of the economic activities - and with it the country's population - is concentrated in a wide area across the middle of the peninsula, from Ad Dammam in the east, through Riyadh in the interior, to Mecca-Medina in the west near the Red Sea"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "83.1% of total population (2015)"
@ -444,7 +450,7 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 342-3800"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[1] (202) 944-3113"
"text": "[1] (202) 944-5983"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Houston, Los Angeles, New York"
@ -496,55 +502,55 @@
"text": "Saudi Arabia has an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses about 16% of the world's proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 87% of budget revenues, 42% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings. ++ ++ Saudi Arabia is encouraging the growth of the private sector in order to diversify its economy and to employ more Saudi nationals. Over 6 million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, particularly in the oil and service sectors; at the same time, however, Riyadh is struggling to reduce unemployment among its own nationals. Saudi officials are particularly focused on employing its large youth population, which generally lacks the education and technical skills the private sector needs. ++ ++ In 2015, the Kingdom incurred a budget deficit estimated at 13% of GDP, and it faces a deficit of $87 billion in 2016, which will be financed by bond sales and drawing down reserves. Although the Kingdom can finance high deficits for several years by drawing down its considerable foreign assets or by borrowing, it has announced plans to cut capital spending in 2016. Some of these plans to cut deficits include introducing a value-added tax and reducing subsidies on electricity, water, and petroleum products. In January 2016, Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN announced that Saudi Arabia intends to list shares of its state-owned petroleum company, ARAMCO - another move to increase revenue and outside investment. The government has also looked at privatization and diversification of the economy more closely in the wake of a diminished oil market. Historically, Saudi Arabia has focused diversification efforts on power generation, telecommunications, natural gas exploration, and petrochemical sectors. More recently, the government has approached investors about expanding the role of the private sector in the healthcare, education and tourism industries. While Saudi Arabia has emphasized their goals of diversification for some time, current low oil prices may force the government to make more drastic changes ahead of their long-run timeline."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.683 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.628 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.571 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.731 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $1.711 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.653 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$653.2 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$637.8 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.4% (2015 est.) ++ 3.6% (2014 est.) ++ 2.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.2% (2016 est.) ++ 3.5% (2015 est.) ++ 3.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$53,600 (2015 est.) ++ $52,900 (2014 est.) ++ $52,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$54,100 (2016 est.) ++ $54,500 (2015 est.) ++ $53,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 38.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 44.4% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "25% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 26.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 38.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "40.8%"
"text": "42.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "29.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "28.8%"
"text": "29.5%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "5.9%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "33.8%"
"text": "30.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-38.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-38% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.3%"
"text": "2.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "46%"
"text": "42.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "51.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "54.7% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -554,12 +560,12 @@
"text": "crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics, metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.6% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "11.67 million",
"text": "12.02 million",
"note": {
"text": "about 80% of the labor force is non-national (2015 est.)"
"text": "about 80% of the labor force is non-national (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -574,7 +580,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "11.4% (2015 est.) ++ 11.6% (2014 est.)",
"text": "11.2% (2016 est.) ++ 11.4% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are for Saudi males only (local bank estimates; some estimates are as high as 25%)"
}
@ -595,50 +601,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$164.2 billion"
"text": "$149.7 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$260.8 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$236.7 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "25.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "23.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-14.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-13.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "15% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "31% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 15% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.) ++ 2.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.4% (2016 est.) ++ 2.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "2.5% (31 December 2008) ++ "
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "6.9% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.7% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "7.1% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 6.9% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$305.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $304.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$295.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $305.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$513.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $461.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$134.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$221.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $134.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$373.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $338.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $353.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$421.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $483.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $467.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$41.48 billion (2015 est.) ++ $73.76 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$42.28 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$53.48 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$202.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $342.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$205.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $202.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products 90% (2012 est.)"
@ -647,7 +653,7 @@
"text": "China 13.2%, Japan 10.9%, US 9.6%, India 9.6%, South Korea 8.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$155 billion (2015 est.) ++ $158.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$157.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $155 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles"
@ -656,36 +662,22 @@
"text": "China 13.9%, US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, South Korea 6.1%, India 4.5%, Japan 4.4%, UK 4.3% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$616.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $732.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$553.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $616.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$169.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $166.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$200.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $169.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$250.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $242.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$258.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $250.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$37.98 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$42.95 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $37.98 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Saudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - ++ 3.75 (2015 est.) ++ 3.75 (2014 est.) ++ 3.75 (2013 est.) ++ 3.75 (2012 est.) ++ 3.75 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Saudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - ++ 3.75 (2016 est.) ++ 3.75 (2015 est.) ++ 3.75 (2014 est.) ++ 3.75 (2013 est.) ++ 3.75 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "200,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "99%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "293 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -781,7 +773,7 @@
"text": "mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 966; landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks providing connectivity to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region) (2015)"
"text": "country code - 966; landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks providing connectivity to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; microwave r (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {

98
middle-east/sy.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability and experienced a series of military coups. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights region to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional, albeit unsuccessful, peace talks over its return. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. Following the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In May 2007, Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was approved by popular referendum. ++ Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, and compounded by additional social and economic factors, antigovernment protests broke out first in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011 with protesters calling for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. Demonstrations and violent unrest spread across Syria with the size and intensity of protests fluctuating. The government responded to unrest with a mix of concessions - including the repeal of the Emergency Law, new laws permitting new political parties, and liberalizing local and national elections - and military force. However, the government's response has failed to meet opposition demands for ASAD's resignation, and the government's ongoing violence to quell unrest and widespread armed opposition activity has led to extended clashes between government forces and oppositionists. International pressure on the ASAD regime has intensified since late 2011, as the Arab League, EU, Turkey, and the US expanded economic sanctions against the regime. In December 2012, the Syrian National Coalition, was recognized by more than 130 countries as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. Peace talks between the Coalition and Syrian regime at the UN-sponsored Geneva II conference in 2014 failed to produce a resolution of the conflict. Unrest continues in Syria, and according to an April 2016 UN estimate, the death toll among Syrian Government forces, opposition forces, and civilians had reached 400,000. As of January 2016, approximately 13.5 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance in Syria, with 6.5 million people displaced internally, and an additional 4.8 million Syrian refugees, making the Syrian situation the largest humanitarian crisis worldwide."
"text": "Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability and experienced a series of military coups. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights region to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional, albeit unsuccessful, peace talks over its return. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. Following the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In May 2007, Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was approved by popular referendum. ++ Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, and compounded by additional social and economic factors, antigovernment protests broke out first in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011 with protesters calling for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. Demonstrations and violent unrest spread across Syria with the size and intensity of protests fluctuating. The government responded to unrest with a mix of concessions - including the repeal of the Emergency Law, new laws permitting new political parties, and liberalizing local and national elections - and military force. However, the government's response has failed to meet opposition demands for ASAD's resignation, and the government's ongoing violence to quell unrest and widespread armed opposition activity has led to extended clashes between government forces and oppositionists. International pressure on the ASAD regime has intensified since late 2011, as the Arab League, EU, Turkey, and the US expanded economic sanctions against the regime. In December 2012, the Syrian National Coalition, was recognized by more than 130 countries as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. Peace talks between the Coalition and Syrian regime at the UN-sponsored Geneva II conference in 2014 and the UN-sponsored Geneva III talks in 2016 failed to produce a resolution of the conflict. Unrest continues in Syria, and according to an April 2016 UN estimate, the death toll among Syrian Government forces, opposition forces, and civilians had reached 400,000. As of December 2016, approximately 13.5 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance in Syria, with 6.3 million people displaced internally, and an additional 4.8 million Syrian refugees, making the Syrian situation the largest humanitarian crisis worldwide."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -81,6 +81,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "14,280 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Aleppo, and the Euphrates River valley"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "dust storms, sandstorms",
"volcanism": {
@ -118,7 +121,7 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%"
"text": "Arab 90.3%, Kurdish, Armenian, and other 9.7%"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French, English"
@ -180,6 +183,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Aleppo, and the Euphrates River valley"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "57.7% of total population (2015)"
@ -484,10 +490,10 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "ambassador (vacant); Special Envoy for Syria Michael RATNEY (since 27 July 2015); note - on 6 February 2012, the US closed its embassy in Damascus"
"text": "ambassador (vacant); US Special Envoy for Syria Michael RATNEY (since 27 July 2015); note - on 6 February 2012, the US closed its embassy in Damascus"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansour Street, No. 2, Damascus"
"text": "Abou Roumaneh, 2 Al Mansour Street, Damascus"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "P. O. Box 29, Damascus"
@ -525,9 +531,9 @@
"text": "Syria's economy continues to deteriorate amid the ongoing conflict that began in 2011, declining by 62% from 2010 to 2014. The government has struggled to address the effects of international sanctions, widespread infrastructure damage, diminished domestic consumption and production, reduced subsidies, and high inflation, which have caused dwindling foreign exchange reserves, rising budget and trade deficits, a decreasing value of the Syrian pound, and falling household purchasing power. ++ ++ During 2014, the ongoing conflict and continued unrest and economic decline worsened the humanitarian crisis and elicited a greater need for international assistance, as the number of people in need inside Syria increased from 9.3 million to 12.2 million, and the number of Syrian refugees increased from 2.2 million to more than 3.3 million. ++ ++ Prior to the turmoil, Damascus had begun liberalizing economic policies, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, and establishing the Damascus Stock Exchange, but the economy remains highly regulated. Long-run economic constraints include foreign trade barriers, declining oil production, high unemployment, rising budget deficits, increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, water pollution, and widespread infrastructure damage."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$55.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $61.9 billion (2013 est.) ++ $97.5 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$55.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $61.9 billion (2013 est.) ++ $97.5 billion (2012 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars ++ the war-driven deterioration of the economy resulted in a disappearance of quality national level statistics in the 2012-13 period"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars ++ the war-driven deterioration of the economy resulted in a disappearance of quality national level statistics in the 2012-13 period"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
@ -537,9 +543,9 @@
"text": "-9.9% (2015 est.) ++ -36.5% (2014 est.) ++ -30.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$5,100 (2011 est.) ++ $5,100 (2010 est.) ++ $5,200 (2010 est.)",
"text": "$2,900 (2015 est.) ++ NA (2013 est.) ++ NA (2010 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2011 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
@ -547,22 +553,22 @@
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "63.4%"
"text": "63%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "22.5%"
"text": "22.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.2%"
"text": "21.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "10.9%"
"text": "11.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "9.1%"
"text": "13.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-25.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-31.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -570,10 +576,10 @@
"text": "19.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "18.9%"
"text": "19%"
},
"services": {
"text": "61.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "61.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -583,10 +589,10 @@
"text": "petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, automobile assembly"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-4.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "3.577 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.37 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -600,7 +606,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "50% (2015 est.) ++ 57.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "50% (2016 est.) ++ 50% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "82.5% (2014 est.)"
@ -615,44 +621,44 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$3.9 billion"
"text": "$494.5 million"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$5.7 billion"
"text": "$2.665 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "government projections for FY2016"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "15.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"text": "2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-7.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"text": "-8.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "52% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 48.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "57.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 52% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "38.1% (2015 est.) ++ 29.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "47.7% (2016 est.) ++ 38.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2015) ++ 5% (31 December 2014)"
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2016) ++ 5% (31 December 2015)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "27% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 18.5% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "32% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 27% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$5.254 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.718 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.017 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.254 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$11.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $12.71 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.712 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $6.98 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$5.285 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.336 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.285 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
@ -661,7 +667,7 @@
"text": "-$3.148 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$3.667 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.14 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.015 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.304 billion (2016 est.) ++ $2.14 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat"
@ -670,7 +676,7 @@
"text": "Iraq 64.7%, Saudi Arabia 11.2%, Kuwait 7.1%, UAE 6.1%, Libya 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$6.663 billion (2015 est.) ++ $8.028 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.965 billion (2016 est.) ++ $6.663 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper"
@ -679,30 +685,16 @@
"text": "Saudi Arabia 28%, UAE 13.7%, Iran 10.1%, Turkey 9%, Iraq 8.3%, China 6.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$772.9 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.428 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$504.6 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $772.9 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$5.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.597 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.918 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - ++ 236.41 (2015 est.) ++ 153.695 (2014 est.) ++ 153.695 (2013 est.) ++ 64.39 (2012 est.) ++ 48.371 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - ++ 497.8 (2016 est.) ++ 236.41 (2015 est.) ++ 236.41 (2014 est.) ++ 153.695 (2013 est.) ++ 64.39 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "1,600,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "96%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "100%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "81% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "21 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -798,11 +790,11 @@
"text": "the number of fixed-line connections increased markedly prior to the civil war in 2011; mobile-cellular service stands at about 80 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 963; submarine cable connection to Egypt, Lebanon, and Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel (2015)"
"text": "country code - 963; submarine cable connection to Egypt, Lebanon, and Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; pa (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run TV and radio broadcast networks; state operates 2 TV networks and a satellite channel; roughly two-thirds of Syrian homes have a satellite dish providing access to foreign TV broadcasts; 3 state-run radio channels; first private radio station launched in 2005; private radio broadcasters prohibited from transmitting news or political content (2007)"
"text": "state-run TV and radio broadcast networks; state operates 2 TV networks and a satellite channel; roughly two-thirds of Syrian homes have a satellite dish providing access to foreign TV broadcasts; 3 state-run radio channels; first private radio station la (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".sy"
@ -933,10 +925,10 @@
"text": "528,616 (Palestinian Refugees); undetermined (Iraq) (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "the ongoing civil war has created about 4.8 million Syrian refugees - dispersed in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - as of November 2016"
"text": "the ongoing civil war has created more than 4.8 million Syrian refugees - dispersed in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - as of January 2017"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "6,563,462 (ongoing civil war since 2011) (2015)"
"text": "6.3 million (ongoing civil war since 2011) (2016)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "160,000 (2015); note - Syria's stateless population consists of Kurds and Palestinians; stateless persons are prevented from voting, owning land, holding certain jobs, receiving food subsidies or public healthcare, enrolling in public schools, or being legally married to Syrian citizens; in 1962, some 120,000 Syrian Kurds were stripped of their Syrian citizenship, rendering them and their descendants stateless; in 2011, the Syrian Government granted citizenship to thousands of Syrian Kurds as a means of appeasement; however, resolving the question of statelessness is not a priority given Syria's ongoing civil war"

128
middle-east/tu.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or \"Father of the Turks.\" Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a \"post-modern coup\" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,\" which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has long dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 40,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2013, the PKK and the Turkish Government agreed to a cease-fire, but fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession membership talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms have contributed to a quickly growing economy. ++ ++ Late 2015 and the first half of 2016 witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence in Turkey's two largest cities and elsewhere. Several car bomb and gun attacks in Ankara in October 2015, and two attacks there in February and June 2015 were followed by an attack on Istanbul's Ataturk Airport. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup at key government and infrastructure locations in Ankara and Istanbul. An estimated 300 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. Turkish Government authorities subsequently conducted mass arrests of military personnel, detained several thousand judges and journalists, and suspended thousands of educators in connection with the coup. The government accused coup leaders of links to the \"Gulen\" movement - an Islamic transnational religious and social movement, which the government designates as a terrorist group."
"text": "Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or \"Father of the Turks.\" Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a \"post-modern coup\" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. A coup attempt was made in July 2016 by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces. ++ Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,\" which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has long dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 40,000 lives. In 2013, the PKK and the Turkish Government agreed to a cease-fire, but fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession membership talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms have contributed to a growing economy, although economic growth slowed in recent years. ++ From 2015 and continuing in 2016, Turkey witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence. The attacks have included bombings in Ankara, Istanbul, and throughout the predominantly Kurdish southeastern region of Turkey. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup at key government and infrastructure locations in Ankara and Istanbul. An estimated 300 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. In response, Turkish Government authorities arrested and/or dismissed thousands of military personnel, journalists, and civil servants, including judges and educators, over their alleged connection with the attempted coup. The government accused followers of an Islamic transnational religious and social movement for allegedly instigating the failed coup and designates the followers as terrorists. Following the failed coup, the Turkish Government instituted a three-month State of Emergency in July 2016 that was extended in October 2016. The Turkish Government is considering changing Turkey to an executive presidency."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -78,6 +78,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "52,150 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the western Mediterranean coast, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van",
"volcanism": {
@ -112,7 +115,7 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 18%, other minorities 7-12% (2008 est.)"
"text": "Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 7-12% (2016 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages"
@ -174,6 +177,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the western Mediterranean coast, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "73.4% of total population (2015)"
@ -283,7 +289,7 @@
"text": "1.9% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "2.9% of GDP (2006)"
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -378,7 +384,12 @@
"text": "Republic Day, 29 October (1923)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by written consent of at least one-third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary GNA session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request GNA reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority GNA vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on various European legal systems notably the Swiss civil code"
@ -408,7 +419,7 @@
"text": "President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Nurettin CANIKLI (since 24 May 2016), Veysi KAYNAK (since 24 May 2016), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015), Yildirim Tugrul TURKES (since 29 August 2014), Numan KURTULMUS (since 29 August 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Nurettin CANIKLI (since 24 May 2016), Veysi KAYNAK (since 24 May 2016), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015), Tugrul TURKES (since 29 August 2014), Numan KURTULMUS (since 29 August 2014)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president"
@ -425,7 +436,7 @@
"text": "unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 1 November 2015 (next to be held on June 2019); note - ERDOGAN was unable to form a coalition government and announced on 24 August 2015 that snap elections would be held; DAVUTOGLU formed the interim government"
"text": "last held on 1 November 2015 (next to be held on June 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - AKP 49.5%, CHP 25.3%, MHP 11.9%, HDP 10.8%, other 2.6%; seats by party - AKP 317, CHP 134, MHP 40, HDP 59; note - only parties surpassing the 10% threshold can win parliamentary seats"
@ -443,10 +454,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Democratic Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL] ++ Felicity Party or SP [Mustafa KAMALAK] ++ Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI] ++ Justice and Development Party or AKP [Ahmet DAVUTOGLU] ++ Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] ++ People's Democratic Party or HDP [Selahattin DEMIRTAS and Figen YUKSEKDAG] ++ Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]"
"text": "Democratic Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL] ++ Felicity Party or SP [Mustafa KAMALAK] ++ Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR [Zekeriya YAPICIOGLU] ++ Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI] ++ Justice and Development Party or AKP [Binali YILDRUM] ++ Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] ++ Patriotic Party of VP [Dogu PERINCEK] ++ People's Democratic Party or HDP [Selahattin DEMIRTAS and Figen YUKSEKDAG]; note - DEMIRTAS and YUKSEKDAG were detained by Turkish authorities in November 2016 over their alleged links to the PKK ++ Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU] ++ Rights and Freedom Party of HAK-PAR [Refik KARACOK]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey or TUSKON [Rizanur MERAL] ++ Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Lami OZGEN, Sazyie KOSE, co-chairs] ++ Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Tayfun GORGUN] ++ Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Nail OLPAK] ++ Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN] ++ Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Tugrul KUDATGOBILIK] ++ Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Ergun ATALAY] ++ Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN] ++ Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Muharrem YILMAZ] ++ Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]"
"text": "Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey or TUSKON [Rizanur MERAL]; note - the government issued an arrest warrant for MERAL over alleged connection to the July 2016 coup attempt ++ Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Lami OZGEN, Saziye KOSE, co-chairs] ++ Confederation of Progressive Workers Unions or DISK [Kani BEKO] ++ Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Nail OLPAK] ++ Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN] ++ Turkish Confederation of Employer Associations or TISK [Kudret ONEN] ++ Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Ergun ATALAY] ++ Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN] ++ Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Cansen BASARAN-SYMES] ++ Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
@ -465,7 +476,7 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 612-6744"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York"
"text": "Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -488,11 +499,11 @@
"text": "Istanbul"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir"
"text": "Adana"
}
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of the Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples (the crescent represents the mythical moon god, Ay Ata, and the star the sun goddess, Gun Ana); according to one legend, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors"
"text": "red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of the Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors"
},
"National symbol(s)": {
"text": "star and crescent; national colors: red, white"
@ -514,55 +525,55 @@
"text": "Turkey's largely free-market economy is increasingly driven by its industry and service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. An aggressive privatization program has reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. An emerging cadre of middle-class entrepreneurs is adding dynamism to the economy and expanding production beyond the traditional textiles and clothing sectors. The automotive, petrochemical, and electronics industries are rising in importance and have surpassed textiles within Turkey's export mix. ++ ++ Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone that has brought up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian region to market. The joint Turkish-Azeri Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) is moving forward to help transport Caspian gas to Europe through Turkey, helping to address Turkey's dependence on imported gas, which currently meets 98% of its energy needs. ++ ++ After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP rebounded strongly to around 9% in 2010-11, as exports returned to normal levels following the crisis. Two rating agencies upgraded Turkey's debt to investment grade in 2012 and 2013, and Turkey's public sector debt to GDP ratio fell to 33% in 2014. The stock value of Foreign Direct Investment reached nearly $195 billion at yearend 2014. ++ ++ Despite these positive trends, GDP growth dropped to 4.4% in 2013 and 2.9% in 2014. Growth slowed considerably in the last quarter of 2014, largely due to lackluster consumer demand both domestically and in Europe, Turkey’s most important export market. High interest rates have also contributed to the slowdown in growth, as Turkey sharply increased interest rates in January 2014 in order to strengthen the country’s currency and reduce inflation. Turkey then cut rates in February 2015 in a bid to spur economic growth. ++ ++ The Turkish economy retains significant weaknesses. Specifically, Turkey's relatively high current account deficit, uncertain commitment to structural reform, and turmoil within Turkey's neighborhood leave the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Turkey also remains overly dependent on often volatile, short-term investment to finance its large current account deficit."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.589 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.53 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.487 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.67 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $1.617 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.555 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$733.6 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$735.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.8% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.) ++ 4.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (2016 est.) ++ 4% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$20,400 (2015 est.) ++ $19,900 (2014 est.) ++ $19,500 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$21,100 (2016 est.) ++ $20,700 (2015 est.) ++ $20,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "18.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 20.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "13% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 14.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 15% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "68.6%"
"text": "69.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "15.7%"
"text": "15.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.3%"
"text": "18.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-1.7%"
"text": "-1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "27.9%"
"text": "26.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-30.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-29.7% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "8.7%"
"text": "8.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27%"
"text": "27.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "67.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "64.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -572,12 +583,12 @@
"text": "textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "29.67 million",
"text": "30.24 million",
"note": {
"text": "about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2015 est.)"
"text": "about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -592,7 +603,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.3% (2015 est.) ++ 10% (2014 est.)"
"text": "9.8% (2016 est.) ++ 10.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "16.9% (2010 est.)"
@ -610,53 +621,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$177.7 billion"
"text": "$184.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$186 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$198.8 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "24.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "25% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "34.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 35% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "32.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 34.7% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover central government debt, and excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover central government debt, and excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as i"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "7.7% (2015 est.) ++ 8.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "8% (2016 est.) ++ 7.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5.25% (31 December 2011) ++ 15% (22 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "13.66% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 13.23% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "15.2% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 13.66% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$107.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $111.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$119.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $107.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$474.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $425.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$581.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $618.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$611.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $581.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$308.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $201.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $306.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$188.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $219.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $195.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$32.19 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$43.55 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$32.12 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$32.24 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$152 billion (2015 est.) ++ $168.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$150.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $152 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment"
@ -665,7 +676,7 @@
"text": "Germany 9.3%, UK 7.3%, Iraq 5.9%, Italy 4.8%, US 4.5%, France 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$200.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $232.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$197.8 billion (2016 est.) ++ $200.1 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment"
@ -674,27 +685,22 @@
"text": "China 12%, Germany 10.3%, Russia 9.9%, US 5.4%, Italy 5.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$110.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $127.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$115 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $110.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$397.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $408.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$410.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $397.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$185.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $169.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$198.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $185.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$45.57 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $40.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$53.07 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $45.57 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - ++ 2.72 (2015 est.) ++ 2.1885 (2014 est.) ++ 2.1885 (2013 est.) ++ 1.8 (2012 est.) ++ 1.675 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - ++ 2.976 (2016 est.) ++ 2.72 (2015 est.) ++ 2.72 (2014 est.) ++ 2.1885 (2013 est.) ++ 1.8 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "239 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -787,14 +793,14 @@
"text": "comprehensive telecommunications network undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially in mobile-cellular services"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 105 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication bet"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2015)"
"text": "country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth sta (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and up to 300 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; more than 1,000 private radio broadcast stations (2009)"
"text": "Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and up to 300 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions a (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".tr"
@ -902,7 +908,7 @@
"text": "1 (Italy 1)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "645 (Albania 1, Antigua and Barbuda 7, Azerbaijan 1, Bahamas 3, Barbados 1, Belize 16, Brazil 1, Cambodia 15, Comoros 8, Cook Islands 4, Curacao 5, Cyprus 1, Dominica 1, Georgia 14, Italy 4, Kazakhstan 1, Liberia 16, Malta 233, Marshall Islands 70, Moldova 18, Panama 62, Russia 101, Saint Kitts and Nevis 18, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13, Sierra Leone 9, Slovakia 1, Tanzania 13, Togo 4, Tuvalu 1, unknown 3) (2010)"
"text": "645 (Albania 1, Antigua and Barbuda 7, Azerbaijan 1, Bahamas 3, Barbados 1, Belize 16, Brazil 1, Cambodia 15, Comoros 8, Cook Islands 4, Curacao 5, Cyprus 1, Dominica 1, Georgia 14, Italy 4, Kazakhstan 1, Liberia 16, Malta 233, Marshall Islands 70, Moldova 18 (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {
@ -925,7 +931,7 @@
"text": "21-41 years of age for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary service; 12-month conscript obligation for non-university graduates, 6-12 months for university graduates (graduates of higher education may perform 6 months of military service as short-term privates, or 12 months as reserve officers); conscripts are called to register at age 20, for service at 21; women serve in the Turkish Armed Forces only as officers; reserve obligation to age 41; Turkish citizens with a residence or work permit who have worked abroad for at least 3 years (1095 days) can be exempt from military service in exchange for 6,000 EUR or its equivalent in foreign currencies; a law passed in December 2014 introduced a one-time payment scheme which exempted Turkish citizens 27 and older from conscription in exchange for a payment of $8,150 (2013)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "2.29% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 2.36% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.39% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.31% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.28% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2015) ++ 2.36% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.39% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.31% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.28% of GDP (2011)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has actively pursued the goal of asserting civilian control over the military since first taking power in 2002; the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security has been significantly reduced; the TSK leadership continues to be an influential institution within Turkey, but plays a much smaller role in politics; the Turkish military remains focused on the threats emanating from the Syrian civil war, Russia's actions in Ukraine, and the PKK insurgency; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region in Iraq; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the \"Force 2014\" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities including in Afghanistan; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an \"Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept\" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system; Turkey is a NATO ally and hosts NATO's Land Forces Command in Izmir, as well as the AN/TPY-2 radar as part of NATO Missile Defense (2014)"
@ -937,7 +943,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "at least 103,000 (Iraq) (2014); 2,764,500 (Syria) (2016)"
"text": "at least 103,000 (Iraq) (2014); 2,814,631 (Syria) (2016)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "954,000 (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2015)"

51
middle-east/we.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "From the early 16th century through 1917, the area now known as the West Bank fell under Ottoman rule. Following World War I, the Allied powers (France, UK, Russia) allocated the area to the British Mandate of Palestine. After World War II, the UN passed a resolution to establish two states within the Mandate, and designated a territory including what is now known as the West Bank as part of the proposed Arab state. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the area was captured by Transjordan (later renamed Jordan). Jordan annexed the West Bank in 1950. In June 1967, Israel captured the West Bank and East Jerusalem during the 1967 Six-Day War. With the exception of East Jerusalem, roughly 60% of the West Bank remains under Israeli military control. Israel transferred security and civilian responsibility for a number of Palestinian-populated areas of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the Palestinian Authority (PA) under a series of agreements signed between 1994 and 1999, the so-called “Oslo Accords.” Negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip stalled after the outbreak of an intifada in mid-2000. In early 2003, the \"Quartet\" of the US, EU, UN, and Russia, presented a roadmap to a final peace settlement by 2005, calling for two states - Israel and a democratic Palestine. ++ ++ Following Palestinian leader Yassir ARAFAT's death in late 2004 and the subsequent election of Mahmoud ABBAS (head of the Fatah political faction) as PA president, Israel and the Palestinians agreed to move the peace process forward. Israel in late 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip and redeployed its military from several West Bank settlements but continues to control maritime, airspace, and other access. In early 2006, the Islamic Resistance Movement, HAMAS, won the Palestinian Legislative Council election and took control of the PA government. Attempts to form a unity government failed, and violent clashes between Fatah and HAMAS supporters ensued, culminating in HAMAS's violent seizure of all military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip. Fatah and HAMAS have made several attempts at reconciliation, but the factions have been unable to implement details on governance and security. In an attempt to reenergize peace talks between the Israelis and Palestinians, France in June 2016 hosted a ministerial meeting that included participants from 29 countries, although not Israel or the Palestinians, to lay the groundwork for an envisioned \"multilateral peace conference\" later in the year."
"text": "From the early 16th century through 1917, the area now known as the West Bank fell under Ottoman rule. Following World War I, the Allied powers (France, UK, Russia) allocated the area to the British Mandate of Palestine. After World War II, the UN passed a resolution to establish two states within the Mandate, and designated a territory including what is now known as the West Bank as part of the proposed Arab state. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the area was captured by Transjordan (later renamed Jordan). Jordan annexed the West Bank in 1950. In June 1967, Israel captured the West Bank and East Jerusalem during the 1967 Six-Day War. With the exception of East Jerusalem, roughly 60% of the West Bank remains under Israeli military control. Israel transferred security and civilian responsibility for a number of Palestinian-populated areas of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the Palestinian Authority (PA) under a series of agreements signed between 1993 and 1999, the so-called “Oslo Accords.” Negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip stalled after the outbreak of an intifada in mid-2000. In early 2003, the \"Quartet\" of the US, EU, UN, and Russia, presented a roadmap to a final peace settlement by 2005, calling for two states - Israel and a democratic Palestine. ++ Following Palestinian leader Yassir ARAFAT's death in late 2004 and the subsequent election of Mahmud ABBAS (head of the Fatah political faction) as PA president, Israel and the Palestinians agreed to move the peace process forward. Israel in late 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers, dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip, and redeployed its military from several West Bank settlements, but it continues to control maritime, airspace, and other access. In early 2006, the Islamic Resistance Movement, HAMAS, won the Palestinian Legislative Council election and took control of the PA government. Attempts to form a unity government failed, and violent clashes between Fatah and HAMAS supporters ensued, culminating in HAMAS's violent seizure of all military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip. Fatah and HAMAS have made several attempts at reconciliation, but the factions have been unable to implement details on governance and security. In an attempt to reenergize peace talks between the Israelis and Palestinians, France in June 2016 hosted a ministerial meeting that included participants from 29 countries, although not Israel or the Palestinians, to lay the groundwork for an envisioned \"multilateral peace conference\" later in the year."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -79,6 +79,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "240 sq km; note - includes Gaza Strip (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "Palestinian settlements are primarily located in the central to western half of the territory; Jewish colonies are found in pockets throughout, particularly in the northeast, north-central, and around Jerusalem"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "droughts"
},
@ -93,7 +96,7 @@
"Population": {
"text": "2,697,687 (represents Palestinian population only) (July 2016 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "approximately 371,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank; approximately 211,640 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2014)"
"text": "approximately 385,900 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank; approximately 201,200 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2014)"
}
},
"Nationality": {
@ -173,6 +176,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-4.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "Palestinian settlements are primarily located in the central to western half of the territory; Jewish colonies are found in pockets throughout, particularly in the northeast, north-central, and around Jerusalem"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "75.3% of total population (2015)"
@ -278,6 +284,12 @@
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP",
"note": {
"text": "includes Gaza Strip (2015)"
}
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
"text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
@ -354,7 +366,7 @@
}
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "5.3% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.) ++ 6% (2012 est.)",
"text": "5.3% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (` est.) ++ 6% (2012 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "excludes Gaza Strip"
}
@ -496,19 +508,19 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "6.8% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.41% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "7% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 6.8% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$265.5 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $234.8 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$317.7 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $265.5 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$2.399 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.16 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.424 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.273 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.418 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.147 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.551 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.418 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$2.634 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.532 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.45 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.339 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.187 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.247 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$2.149 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$2.383 billion (2013 est.)"
@ -532,33 +544,16 @@
"text": "food, consumer goods, construction materials, petroleum, chemicals"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$1.089 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.191 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.662 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $1.467 billion (31 March 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data include the Gaza Strip"
}
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - ++ 3.8869 (2015 est.) ++ 3.578 (2014 est.) ++ 3.578 (2013 est.) ++ 3.86 (2012 est.) ++ 3.5781 (2011 est.)"
"text": "new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - ++ 3.89 (2015 est.) ++ 3.89 (2014 est.) ++ 3.578 (2014 est.) ++ 3.578 (2013 est.) ++ 3.86 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "80,930"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "99%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93%"
},
"note": {
"text": "data for West Bank and Gaza Strip combined (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "300 million kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -654,7 +649,7 @@
"text": "continuing political and economic instability has impeded significant liberalization of the telecommunications industry"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for fixed-line services; PALTEL plans to establish a fiber-optic connection to Jordan to route domestic mobile calls; the Palestinian JAWWAL company and WATANIYA PALESTINE provide cellular services"
"text": "Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for fixed-line services; PALTEL plans to establish a fiber-optic connection to Jordan to route domestic mobile calls; the Palestinian JAWWAL company and WATANIYA PALESTINE provide ce"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 970; 1 international switch in Ramallah (2010)"

92
middle-east/ym.json
View file

@ -87,6 +87,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "6,800 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the vast majority of the population is found in the southern Sarawat Mountains, located in the far western region of the country"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "sandstorms and dust storms in summer",
"volcanism": {
@ -186,6 +189,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the vast majority of the population is found in the southern Sarawat Mountains, located in the far western region of the country"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "34.6% of total population (2015)"
@ -431,7 +437,7 @@
"text": "President Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI (since 21 February 2012); Vice President Mohsin al-AHMAR, Gen. (since 3 April 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Obaid bin DAGHR (since 3 April 2016)"
"text": "Prime Minister Ahmad Obaid bin DAGHIR (since 3 April 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "appointed by the president"
@ -537,55 +543,55 @@
"text": "Yemen is a low-income country that faces difficult long-term challenges to stabilizing and growing its economy, and the current conflict has only exacerbated those issues. The ongoing war has halted Yemen’s exports, pressured the currency’s exchange rate, accelerated inflation, severely limited food and fuel imports, and caused widespread damage to infrastructure. At least 82% of the population is in need of humanitarian assistance. ++ ++ Prior to the start of the conflict in 2014, Yemen was highly dependent on declining oil resources for revenue. Oil and gas earnings accounted for roughly 25% of GDP and 65% of government revenue. The Yemeni Government regularly faced annual budget shortfalls and has tried to diversify the Yemeni economy through a reform program designed to bolster non-oil sectors of the economy and foreign investment. As part of these reform efforts, Yemen exported its first liquefied natural gas in October 2009. The international community supported Yemen’s efforts toward economic and political reform in part by establishing the Friends of Yemen group. In 2012, the Friends of Yemen pledged nearly $7 billion in assistance to Yemen. In July 2014, the government continued reform efforts by eliminating some fuel subsidies and in August 2014, the IMF approved a three-year, $570 million Extended Credit Facility for Yemen. ++ ++ However, the conflict that began in 2014 stalled these reform efforts. Rebel Huthi groups have interfered with Ministry of Finance and Central Bank operations and diverted funds for their own use. Yemen’s Central Bank reserves, which stood at $5.2 billion prior to the conflict, currently stand at $1.5 billion. The Central Bank is exposed to approximately $7 billion in overdraft, more than three times the legal limit, directly linked to the Huthis withdrawing $116 million on a monthly basis. The private sector is hemorrhaging, with almost all businesses making substantial layoffs. The Port of Hudaydah, which handles 60% of Yemen’s commercial traffic, was damaged in August 2015 as a result of the conflict and is only operating at 50% capacity. Access to food and other critical commodities such as medical equipment is limited across the country due to security issues on the ground. The Social Welfare Fund, a cash transfer program for Yemen’s neediest, is no longer operational and has not made any disbursements since late 2014. ++ ++ Yemen will require significant international assistance during and after the protracted conflict to stabilize its economy. Long-term challenges include a high population growth rate, high unemployment, declining water resources, and severe food scarcity."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$75.54 billion (2015 est.) ++ $105.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $105.3 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$73.45 billion (2016 est.) ++ $76.68 billion (2015 est.) ++ $106.6 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$36.85 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$31.33 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-28.1% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 4.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-4.2% (2016 est.) ++ -28.1% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$2,700 (2015 est.) ++ $3,800 (2014 est.) ++ $3,900 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$2,500 (2016 est.) ++ $2,700 (2015 est.) ++ $3,900 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "-1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 12.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "-2.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ -3.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 6.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "98.5%"
"text": "101.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11.9%"
"text": "10.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "7.2%"
"text": "7.5%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-5%"
"text": "-5.9%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "6.5%"
"text": "0.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-19.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-15.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "22%"
"text": "23.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "11.3%"
"text": "8.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "66.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "67.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -595,10 +601,10 @@
"text": "crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles, leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; aluminum products; cement; commercial ship repair; natural gas production"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-71.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-27% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "7.324 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.47 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"note": {
@ -624,50 +630,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$3.113 billion"
"text": "$1.766 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$6.729 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$5.628 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "8.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-9.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-12.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "86.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 57.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "92.2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 86.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "28.8% (2015 est.) ++ 8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "31.5% (2016 est.) ++ 28.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "25% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 24% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "27% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 25% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$4.993 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.256 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.31 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.993 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$16.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $14.04 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$10.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.78 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$6.82 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $10.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$2.072 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$715 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$1.92 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$2.065 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.364 billion (2015 est.) ++ $7.601 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$124.3 million (2016 est.) ++ $1.364 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish, liquefied natural gas"
@ -676,7 +682,7 @@
"text": "China 24.5%, UAE 16.5%, South Korea 10%, Saudi Arabia 10%, Kuwait 9.1%, India 8.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$4.793 billion (2015 est.) ++ $10.86 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.624 billion (2016 est.) ++ $4.793 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals"
@ -685,33 +691,19 @@
"text": "UAE 20.9%, China 14.3%, Saudi Arabia 9.9%, Kuwait 7.4%, India 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$1.978 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.665 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$639.6 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.978 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$7.697 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.71 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.661 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.697 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Yemeni rials (YER) per US dollar - ++ 228 (2015 est.) ++ 214.89 (2014 est.) ++ 214.89 (2013 est.) ++ 214.35 (2012 est.) ++ 213.8 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Yemeni rials (YER) per US dollar - ++ 284.9 (2016 est.) ++ 228 (2015 est.) ++ 228 (2014 est.) ++ 214.89 (2013 est.) ++ 214.35 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "13,300,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "48%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "79%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "33% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "7.2 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -807,7 +799,7 @@
"text": "the national network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, GSM and CDMA mobile-cellular telephone systems; fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity remains low by regional standards"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 967; landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti (2010)"
"text": "country code - 967; landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave (2010)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
@ -937,7 +929,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "5,645 (Ethiopia) (2015); 254,633 (Somalia) (2016)"
"text": "5,645 (Ethiopia) (2015); 255,121 (Somalia) (2016)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "2,179,278 (conflict in Sa'ada Governorate; clashes between al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula and government forces) (2016)"