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Gerald Bauer
parent
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239 changed files with 8200 additions and 10061 deletions
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@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
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"text": "21% (2014)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "8.5% of GDP (2011)"
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"text": "8.6% of GDP (2013)"
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},
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"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
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"total": {
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@ -374,7 +374,12 @@
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"text": "none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is generally viewed as National Day"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession) (2016)"
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"history": {
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"text": "several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed by the Folketing with consent of the government; passage requires approval by the next Folketing following a general election, approval by simple majority vote of at least 40 percent of voters in a referendum, and assent by the chief of state; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession) (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law; judicial review of legislative acts"
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@ -507,44 +512,44 @@
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"text": "This thoroughly modern market economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, advanced industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is a net exporter of food, oil, and gas and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus, but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector. Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. An aging population will be a major long-term issue. ++ ++ Denmark is a member of the EU; Danish legislation and regulations conform to EU standards on almost all issues. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union, Denmark has negotiated an opt-out with the EU and is not required to adopt the euro. Within the EU, Denmark is among the strongest supporters of trade liberalization. ++ ++ After a long consumption-driven upswing, Denmark's economy began slowing in 2007 with the end of a housing boom. Housing prices dropped markedly in 2008-09 but, with significant regional differences, have since recovered. Household indebtedness is still relatively high at more than 305% of net disposable income in 2014, while household net worth - from private pension schemes and other assets - amounted to 546% of net disposable income. ++ ++ The global financial crisis exacerbated this cyclical slowdown by increasing domestic borrowing costs and lowering foreign demand for Danish exports. Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the budget balance swung into deficit in 2009. The structural budget deficit has remained below 1% and is estimated at -0.4% in 2016. Denmark is experiencing a lackluster economic recovery, having still not regained the GDP level of 2008. GDP contracted in 2012 and 2013, followed by real growth of 1.3% in 2014, and 1.2% in 2015. The government projects 1.9% growth in 2016, while private sector estimates are about 1% growth. A historically low level of unemployment rose with the economic downturn but the labor market has strengthened since 2013, and unemployment stood at about 4.5% in early 2016, based on the national measure. Productivity growth was significantly below the OECD average in 2012–2014."
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},
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"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"text": "$258.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $255.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $252.5 billion (2013 est.)",
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"text": "$264.8 billion (2016 est.) ++ $262.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $259.6 billion (2014 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
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}
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},
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"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
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"text": "$295 billion (2015 est.)"
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"text": "$302.6 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - real growth rate": {
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"text": "1.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.) ++ -0.2% (2013 est.)"
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"text": "1% (2016 est.) ++ 1% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
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"text": "$45,700 (2015 est.) ++ $45,400 (2014 est.) ++ $45,100 (2013 est.)",
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"text": "$46,600 (2016 est.) ++ $46,300 (2015 est.) ++ $46,100 (2014 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
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}
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},
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"Gross national saving": {
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"text": "26.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 25.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.4% of GDP (2013 est.)"
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"text": "26.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 26.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - composition, by end use": {
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"household consumption": {
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"text": "48%"
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"text": "47.5%"
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},
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"government consumption": {
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"text": "26.1%"
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"text": "25.6%"
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},
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"investment in fixed capital": {
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"text": "19%"
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"text": "18.9%"
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},
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"investment in inventories": {
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"text": "0.5%"
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"text": "0.3%"
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},
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"exports of goods and services": {
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"text": "53.4%"
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"text": "50.8%"
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},
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"imports of goods and services": {
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"text": "-47.2% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-43.1% (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
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@ -552,23 +557,23 @@
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"text": "1.1%"
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},
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"industry": {
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"text": "23.3%"
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"text": "23.4%"
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},
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"services": {
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"text": "75.7% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "75.5% (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Agriculture - products": {
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"text": "barley, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets; pork, dairy products; fish"
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},
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"Industries": {
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"text": "iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment"
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"text": "iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical eq"
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},
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"Industrial production growth rate": {
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"text": "1.3% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.8% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Labor force": {
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"text": "2.801 million (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.825 million (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Labor force - by occupation": {
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"agriculture": {
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@ -582,7 +587,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Unemployment rate": {
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"text": "4.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "4.2% (2016 est.) ++ 4.6% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Population below poverty line": {
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"text": "13.4% (2011 est.)"
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@ -600,53 +605,53 @@
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},
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"Budget": {
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"revenues": {
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"text": "$159.3 billion"
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"text": "$156.9 billion"
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},
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"expenditures": {
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"text": "$164.4 billion (2015 est.)"
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"text": "$164.5 billion (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Taxes and other revenues": {
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"text": "54% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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"text": "51.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
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"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-2.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Public debt": {
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"text": "40.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 44.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
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"text": "39.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 40.2% of GDP (2015 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
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"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
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}
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},
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"Fiscal year": {
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"text": "calendar year"
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},
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"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
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"text": "0.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "0.4% (2016 est.) ++ 0.5% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Central bank discount rate": {
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"text": "0.75% (31 December 2011) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2010)"
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},
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"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
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"text": "3.42% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.62% (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "3.7% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 3.42% (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of narrow money": {
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"text": "$151.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $153.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$148.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $151.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of broad money": {
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"text": "$181.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $189.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of domestic credit": {
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"text": "$632.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $702.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$619.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $632.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
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"text": "$224.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $179.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $231.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
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},
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"Current account balance": {
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"text": "$20.28 billion (2015 est.) ++ $26.71 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$20.34 billion (2016 est.) ++ $20.75 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports": {
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"text": "$95.97 billion (2015 est.) ++ $111.4 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$93.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $95.97 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports - commodities": {
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"text": "machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, pharmaceuticals, furniture, windmills"
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@ -655,7 +660,7 @@
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"text": "Germany 17.8%, Sweden 11.6%, US 8.4%, Norway 6.3%, UK 6.3%, Netherlands 4.4%, China 4.2% (2015)"
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},
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"Imports": {
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"text": "$85.02 billion (2015 est.) ++ $101.3 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$82.29 billion (2016 est.) ++ $85.02 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Imports - commodities": {
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"text": "machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods"
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@ -664,27 +669,22 @@
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"text": "Germany 20.4%, Sweden 12.3%, Netherlands 8.1%, China 7.3%, Norway 6.1%, UK 4.4% (2015)"
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},
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"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
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"text": "$65.19 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $75.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$61.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $65.19 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Debt - external": {
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"text": "$534.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $609.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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"text": "$484.8 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $519.8 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
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"text": "$133.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $145.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$135.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $133.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
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"text": "$239.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $250 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$242.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $239.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exchange rates": {
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"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 6.7236 (2015 est.) ++ 5.6183 (2014 est.) ++ 5.6125 (2013 est.) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3687 (2011 est.)"
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"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 6.865 (2016 est.) ++ 6.7236 (2015 est.) ++ 6.7236 (2014 est.) ++ 5.6125 (2013 est.) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Energy": {
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"Electricity access": {
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"electrification - total population": {
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"text": "100% (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Electricity - production": {
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"text": "31 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
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},
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"text": "buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network; multiple mobile-cellular communications systems"
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},
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"international": {
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"text": "country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2015)"
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"text": "country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaava (2015)"
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}
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},
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"Broadcast media": {
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"text": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 6 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half-dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nationwide FM radio stations, 10 digital audio broadcasting stations, and 14 web-based radio stations; in 2010, there were 140 commercial and 187 community (non-commercial) radio stations"
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"text": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 6 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half-dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nat"
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},
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"Internet country code": {
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"text": ".dk"
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"text": "27 (Germany 9, Greenland 1, Norway 2, Sweden 15)"
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},
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"registered in other countries": {
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"text": "582 (Antigua and Barbuda 20, Bahamas 69, Belgium 4, Brazil 3, Curacao 1, Cyprus 6, Egypt 1, France 11, Gibraltar 7, Hong Kong 42, Isle of Man 30, Italy 4, Jamaica 1, Liberia 8, Lithuania 8, Luxembourg 1, Malaysia 1, Malta 34, Marshall Islands 7, Moldova 1, Netherlands 27, Norway 7, Panama 41, Philippines 2, Portugal 4, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9, Singapore 149, Sweden 4, UK 43, Uruguay 1, US 31, Venezuela 1, unknown 4) (2010)"
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"text": "582 (Antigua and Barbuda 20, Bahamas 69, Belgium 4, Brazil 3, Curacao 1, Cyprus 6, Egypt 1, France 11, Gibraltar 7, Hong Kong 42, Isle of Man 30, Italy 4, Jamaica 1, Liberia 8, Lithuania 8, Luxembourg 1, Malaysia 1, Malta 34, Marshall Islands 7, Moldova 1, Ne (2010)"
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}
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},
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"Ports and terminals": {
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