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Gerald Bauer
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Political divisions between the Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. Its capital, Brussels, is home to numerous international organizations including the EU and NATO."
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"text": "Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Political divisions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. Its capital, Brussels, is home to numerous international organizations including the EU and NATO."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -365,7 +365,12 @@
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"text": "21 July (1831) Ascension Day (ascension to the throne of King LEOPOLD I)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state); amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
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"history": {
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"text": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state)"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "\"revisions\" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament; amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law system based on the French Civil Code; note - Belgian law continues to be modified in conformance with the legislative norms mandated by the European Union; judicial review of legislative acts"
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@ -406,7 +411,7 @@
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (71 seats; 40 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 31 indirectly elected by Community Parliaments; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
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"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (60 seats; 50 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 10 indirectly elected by Community Parliaments; members serve 5-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform"
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@ -503,44 +508,44 @@
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"text": "This modern, open, and private-enterprise-based economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the more heavily-populated region of Flanders in the north. With few natural resources, Belgium imports substantial quantities of raw materials and exports a large volume of manufactures, making its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly with Belgium’s EU trade partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries. ++ ++ In 2015, Belgian GDP grew by 1.4%, the unemployment rate stabilized at 8.6%, and the budget deficit was 2.7% of GDP. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to reduce Belgium's high public debt, which remains above 100% of GDP, but such efforts could also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and high unemployment promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption. ++ ++ The government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to tax policy, labor market rules, and welfare benefits. These changes risk worsening tensions with trade unions and triggering extended strikes."
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},
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"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"text": "$494.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $487.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $481 billion (2013 est.)",
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"text": "$508.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $501.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $494.6 billion (2014 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
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}
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},
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"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
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"text": "$454.7 billion (2015 est.)"
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"text": "$470.2 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - real growth rate": {
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"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.) ++ 0% (2013 est.)"
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"text": "1.4% (2016 est.) ++ 1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
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"text": "$43,600 (2015 est.) ++ $43,500 (2014 est.) ++ $43,100 (2013 est.)",
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"text": "$44,900 (2016 est.) ++ $44,700 (2015 est.) ++ $44,100 (2014 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
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}
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},
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"Gross national saving": {
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"text": "22.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
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"text": "23.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 22.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - composition, by end use": {
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"household consumption": {
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"text": "51.5%"
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"text": "51.8%"
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},
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"government consumption": {
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"text": "24.2%"
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"text": "24%"
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},
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"investment in fixed capital": {
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"text": "23.3%"
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},
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"investment in inventories": {
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"text": "-0.7%"
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"text": "-0.1%"
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},
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"exports of goods and services": {
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"text": "84.4%"
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"text": "83.1%"
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},
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"imports of goods and services": {
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"text": "-82.7% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-82.1% (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
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@ -548,10 +553,10 @@
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"text": "0.6%"
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},
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"industry": {
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"text": "21.9%"
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"text": "21.8%"
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},
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"services": {
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"text": "77.4% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "77.6% (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Agriculture - products": {
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@ -561,10 +566,10 @@
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"text": "engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum"
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},
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"Industrial production growth rate": {
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"text": "0.9% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.5% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Labor force": {
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"text": "5.247 million (2015 est.)"
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"text": "5.272 million (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Labor force - by occupation": {
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"agriculture": {
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@ -578,7 +583,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Unemployment rate": {
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"text": "8.5% (2015 est.) ++ 8.6% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "8.4% (2016 est.) ++ 8.5% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Population below poverty line": {
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"text": "15.1% (2013 est.)"
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@ -596,29 +601,29 @@
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},
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"Budget": {
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"revenues": {
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"text": "$233.4 billion"
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"text": "$232.3 billion"
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},
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"expenditures": {
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"text": "$245.2 billion (2015 est.)"
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"text": "$245 billion (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Taxes and other revenues": {
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"text": "51.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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"text": "49.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
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"text": "-2.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-2.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Public debt": {
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"text": "106.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 106.6% of GDP (2014 est.)",
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"text": "106.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 106.1% of GDP (2015 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds"
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"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
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}
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},
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"Fiscal year": {
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"text": "calendar year"
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},
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"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
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"text": "0.6% (2015 est.) ++ 0.5% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "1.6% (2016 est.) ++ 0.6% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Central bank discount rate": {
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"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
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@ -627,28 +632,28 @@
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}
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},
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"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
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"text": "2.46% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.23% (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "2.5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2.46% (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of narrow money": {
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"text": "$181.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $182.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
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"text": "$193 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $181.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
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"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
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}
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},
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"Stock of broad money": {
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"text": "$606.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $630.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of domestic credit": {
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"text": "$660.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $750.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$646.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $660.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
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"text": "$300.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $229.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $269.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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"text": "$414.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $378.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $374.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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},
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"Current account balance": {
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"text": "$2.359 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.147 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$585 million (2016 est.) ++ -$155 million (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports": {
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"text": "$259.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $320.2 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$250.8 billion (2016 est.) ++ $259.9 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports - commodities": {
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"text": "chemicals, machinery and equipment, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, foodstuffs"
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"text": "Germany 16.9%, France 15.5%, Netherlands 11.4%, UK 8.8%, US 6%, Italy 5% (2015)"
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},
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"Imports": {
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"text": "$259.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $325.2 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$251.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $259.6 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Imports - commodities": {
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"text": "raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products"
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@ -669,24 +674,19 @@
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"text": "$24.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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},
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"Debt - external": {
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"text": "$1.312 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.285 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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"text": "$1.281 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $1.214 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
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"text": "$1.034 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.055 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$1.045 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.034 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
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"text": "$1.01 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.024 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$1.01 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.01 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exchange rates": {
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"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
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"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Energy": {
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"Electricity access": {
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"electrification - total population": {
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"text": "100% (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Electricity - production": {
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"text": "68 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
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},
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}
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},
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"Broadcast media": {
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"text": "a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected to cable and can access broadcasts of TV stations from neighboring countries; each community has a public radio network coexisting with private broadcasters (2007)"
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"text": "a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected (2007)"
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},
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"Internet country code": {
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"text": ".be"
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"text": "15 (Denmark 4, France 7, Russia 1, UK 2, US 1)"
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},
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"registered in other countries": {
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"text": "107 (Bahamas 6, Cambodia 1, Cyprus 3, France 7, Gibraltar 1, Greece 17, Hong Kong 26, Liberia 1, Luxembourg 11, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 1, Mozambique 2, North Korea 1, Panama 1, Portugal 8, Russia 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7, Singapore 1, Vanuatu 1) (2010)"
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"text": "107 (Bahamas 6, Cambodia 1, Cyprus 3, France 7, Gibraltar 1, Greece 17, Hong Kong 26, Liberia 1, Luxembourg 11, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 1, Mozambique 2, North Korea 1, Panama 1, Portugal 8, Russia 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2010)"
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}
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},
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"Ports and terminals": {
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"text": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 1994 (2012)"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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"text": "0.97% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.01% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.08% of GDP (2010)"
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"text": "0.85% of GDP (2016) ++ 0.91% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.97% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.01% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2012)"
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}
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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