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Gerald Bauer
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939 and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. ++ Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, most of Albania's post-communist elections have been marred by claims of electoral fraud. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and in June 2014 became a candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, it has slowed, and the country is still one of the poorest in Europe. A large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure remain obstacles."
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"text": "Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939 and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. ++ Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. Most of Albania's post-communist elections were marred by claims of electoral fraud; however, international observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and in June 2014 became a candidate for EU accession. Albania in November 2016 received a European Commission recommendation to open EU accession negotiations conditioned upon implementation of a judicial reform package passed the same year. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, it has slowed, and the country is still one of the poorest in Europe. A large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure remain obstacles."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
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"text": "6.3% (2009)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "3.54% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "3.5% of GDP (2013)"
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},
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"Literacy": {
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"definition": {
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@ -384,7 +384,12 @@
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"text": "Independence Day, 28 November (1912) also known as Flag Day"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "several previous; latest approved by the Assembly 21 October 1998, adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
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"history": {
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"text": "several previous; latest approved by the Assembly 21 October 1998, adopted by referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998; amended several times, last in 2012"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Assembly members; approval required by at least two-thirds vote of members; referendum required only if approved by two-thirds of Assembly; amendments approved by referendum effective upon declaration by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the \"Code of Leke\" prevails"
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@ -439,7 +444,7 @@
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court(s)": {
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"text": "highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 150 judges organized into 4 divisions: civil and commercial; social security and labor; criminal; and administrative; Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members including the court president); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts"
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"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 150 judges organized into 4 divisions: civil and commercial; social security and labor; criminal; and administrative; Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members including the court president); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years; chairman elected by the People's Assembly for a single 3-year term; Court of Cassation judges, including the chairman, appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms)"
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@ -525,55 +530,55 @@
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"text": "Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, more recently, the negative effects of the crisis have caused a significant economic slowdown. Close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone. ++ ++ Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.7% of GDP in 2014, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. ++ ++ Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. Technical and non-technical losses in electricity - including theft and non-payment - continue to undermine the financial viability of the entire system, although the government has taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth. ++ ++ Inward FDI has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s IMF program may be at risk, however, because the government has not collected sufficient tax revenue needed to reduce the budget deficit. The country continues to face increasing public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 73% in 2015."
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},
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"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"text": "$32.65 billion (2015 est.) ++ $31.81 billion (2014 est.) ++ $31.18 billion (2013 est.)",
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"text": "$34.21 billion (2016 est.) ++ $33.09 billion (2015 est.) ++ $32.2 billion (2014 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars ++ unreported output may be as large as 50% of official GDP"
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"text": "data are in 2016 dollars ++ unreported output may be as large as 50% of official GDP"
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}
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},
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"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
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"text": "$11.54 billion (2015 est.)"
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"text": "$12.14 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - real growth rate": {
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"text": "2.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.1% (2013 est.)"
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"text": "3.4% (2016 est.) ++ 2.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.8% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
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"text": "$11,900 (2015 est.) ++ $11,400 (2014 est.) ++ $11,000 (2013 est.)",
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"text": "$11,900 (2016 est.) ++ $11,500 (2015 est.) ++ $11,100 (2014 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
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}
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},
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"Gross national saving": {
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"text": "18.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 14% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 17.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
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"text": "15.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 15% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2014 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - composition, by end use": {
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"household consumption": {
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"text": "85.8%"
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"text": "85.7%"
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},
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"government consumption": {
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"text": "10.6%"
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"text": "10.4%"
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},
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"investment in fixed capital": {
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"text": "27.7%"
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"text": "27.6%"
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},
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"investment in inventories": {
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"text": "1.7%"
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"text": "1.5%"
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},
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"exports of goods and services": {
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"text": "36.7%"
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"text": "37.1%"
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},
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"imports of goods and services": {
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"text": "-62.5% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-62.3% (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
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"agriculture": {
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"text": "21.9%"
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"text": "21.6%"
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},
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"industry": {
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"text": "14.9%"
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},
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"services": {
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"text": "63.3% ++ (2015 est.)"
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"text": "63.5% ++ (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Agriculture - products": {
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@ -583,10 +588,10 @@
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"text": "food and tobacco products; textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower"
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},
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"Industrial production growth rate": {
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"text": "2.3% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.9% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Labor force": {
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"text": "1.122 million (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.179 million (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Labor force - by occupation": {
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"agriculture": {
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@ -621,50 +626,50 @@
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},
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"Budget": {
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"revenues": {
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"text": "$3.019 billion"
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"text": "$3.203 billion"
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},
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"expenditures": {
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"text": "$3.472 billion (2015 est.)"
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"text": "$3.546 billion (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Taxes and other revenues": {
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"text": "26.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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"text": "26.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
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"text": "-3.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-2.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Public debt": {
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"text": "71.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 69.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
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"text": "71% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 71.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Fiscal year": {
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"text": "calendar year"
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},
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"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
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"text": "1.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "1.2% (2016 est.) ++ 1.9% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Central bank discount rate": {
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"text": "2.25% (31 December 2014) ++ 3% (31 December 2013)"
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},
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"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
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"text": "8.7% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.66% (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "9.1% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 8.7% (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of narrow money": {
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"text": "$3.054 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.066 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$3.01 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.054 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of broad money": {
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"text": "$5.72 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.269 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$5.588 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.756 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of domestic credit": {
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"text": "$7.18 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.231 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$7.008 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.18 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
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"text": "$NA"
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},
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"Current account balance": {
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"text": "-$1.311 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.71 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "-$1.612 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$1.281 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports": {
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"text": "$854.7 million (2015 est.) ++ $1.241 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$810.5 million (2016 est.) ++ $854.7 million (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports - commodities": {
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"text": "textiles, footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco"
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"text": "Italy 43.4%, Kosovo 9.8%, US 7.7%, China 6.2%, Greece 5.3%, Spain 4.8% (2015)"
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},
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"Imports": {
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"text": "$3.402 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.17 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$3.613 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.402 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Imports - commodities": {
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"text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals"
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"text": "Italy 33.5%, China 10.1%, Greece 9%, Turkey 6.7%, Germany 5.2% (2015)"
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},
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"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
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"text": "$3.139 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.665 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$3.213 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.139 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Debt - external": {
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"text": "$7.716 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$7.797 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.716 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
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"text": "$5.557 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $4.994 billion (31 December 2012)"
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},
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"Exchange rates": {
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"text": "leke (ALL) per US dollar - ++ 125.96 (2015 est.) ++ 105.48 (2014 est.) ++ 105.48 (2013 est.) ++ 108.19 (2012 est.) ++ 100.9 (2011 est.)"
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"text": "leke (ALL) per US dollar - ++ 127.4 (2016 est.) ++ 125.96 (2015 est.) ++ 125.96 (2014 est.) ++ 105.48 (2013 est.) ++ 108.19 (2012 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Energy": {
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"Electricity access": {
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"electrification - total population": {
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"text": "100% (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Electricity - production": {
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"text": "4.7 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
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},
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"text": "despite new investment in fixed lines, teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective"
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},
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"domestic": {
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"text": "offsetting the shortage of fixed-line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011, multiple companies were providing mobile services, and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005, but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital"
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"text": "offsetting the shortage of fixed-line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011, multiple companies were providing mobile services, and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services in"
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},
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"international": {
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"text": "country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2015)"
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"text": "country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international t (2015)"
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}
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},
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"Broadcast media": {
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"text": "3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010)"
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"text": "3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is (2010)"
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},
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"Internet country code": {
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"text": ".al"
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