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europe/al.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939 and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. ++ Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, most of Albania's post-communist elections have been marred by claims of electoral fraud. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and in June 2014 became a candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, it has slowed, and the country is still one of the poorest in Europe. A large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure remain obstacles."
"text": "Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939 and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. ++ Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. Most of Albania's post-communist elections were marred by claims of electoral fraud; however, international observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and in June 2014 became a candidate for EU accession. Albania in November 2016 received a European Commission recommendation to open EU accession negotiations conditioned upon implementation of a judicial reform package passed the same year. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, it has slowed, and the country is still one of the poorest in Europe. A large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure remain obstacles."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
"text": "6.3% (2009)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.54% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "3.5% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -384,7 +384,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 28 November (1912) also known as Flag Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest approved by the Assembly 21 October 1998, adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest approved by the Assembly 21 October 1998, adopted by referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998; amended several times, last in 2012"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Assembly members; approval required by at least two-thirds vote of members; referendum required only if approved by two-thirds of Assembly; amendments approved by referendum effective upon declaration by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the \"Code of Leke\" prevails"
@ -439,7 +444,7 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 150 judges organized into 4 divisions: civil and commercial; social security and labor; criminal; and administrative; Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members including the court president); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts"
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 150 judges organized into 4 divisions: civil and commercial; social security and labor; criminal; and administrative; Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members including the court president); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years; chairman elected by the People's Assembly for a single 3-year term; Court of Cassation judges, including the chairman, appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms)"
@ -525,55 +530,55 @@
"text": "Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, more recently, the negative effects of the crisis have caused a significant economic slowdown. Close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone. ++ ++ Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.7% of GDP in 2014, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. ++ ++ Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. Technical and non-technical losses in electricity - including theft and non-payment - continue to undermine the financial viability of the entire system, although the government has taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth. ++ ++ Inward FDI has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s IMF program may be at risk, however, because the government has not collected sufficient tax revenue needed to reduce the budget deficit. The country continues to face increasing public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 73% in 2015."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$32.65 billion (2015 est.) ++ $31.81 billion (2014 est.) ++ $31.18 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$34.21 billion (2016 est.) ++ $33.09 billion (2015 est.) ++ $32.2 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars ++ unreported output may be as large as 50% of official GDP"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars ++ unreported output may be as large as 50% of official GDP"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$11.54 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$12.14 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.4% (2016 est.) ++ 2.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$11,900 (2015 est.) ++ $11,400 (2014 est.) ++ $11,000 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$11,900 (2016 est.) ++ $11,500 (2015 est.) ++ $11,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "18.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 14% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 17.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "15.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 15% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "85.8%"
"text": "85.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "10.6%"
"text": "10.4%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "27.7%"
"text": "27.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.7%"
"text": "1.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "36.7%"
"text": "37.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-62.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-62.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "21.9%"
"text": "21.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "14.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "63.3% ++ (2015 est.)"
"text": "63.5% ++ (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -583,10 +588,10 @@
"text": "food and tobacco products; textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.9% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.122 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.179 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -621,50 +626,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$3.019 billion"
"text": "$3.203 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$3.472 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$3.546 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "26.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "26.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "71.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 69.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "71% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 71.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.2% (2016 est.) ++ 1.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "2.25% (31 December 2014) ++ 3% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "8.7% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.66% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "9.1% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 8.7% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$3.054 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.066 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.01 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.054 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$5.72 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.269 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.588 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.756 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$7.18 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.231 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.008 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.18 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.311 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.71 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$1.612 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$1.281 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$854.7 million (2015 est.) ++ $1.241 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$810.5 million (2016 est.) ++ $854.7 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "textiles, footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco"
@ -673,7 +678,7 @@
"text": "Italy 43.4%, Kosovo 9.8%, US 7.7%, China 6.2%, Greece 5.3%, Spain 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$3.402 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.17 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.613 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.402 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals"
@ -682,24 +687,19 @@
"text": "Italy 33.5%, China 10.1%, Greece 9%, Turkey 6.7%, Germany 5.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$3.139 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.665 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.213 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.139 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$7.716 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.797 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.716 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$5.557 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $4.994 billion (31 December 2012)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "leke (ALL) per US dollar - ++ 125.96 (2015 est.) ++ 105.48 (2014 est.) ++ 105.48 (2013 est.) ++ 108.19 (2012 est.) ++ 100.9 (2011 est.)"
"text": "leke (ALL) per US dollar - ++ 127.4 (2016 est.) ++ 125.96 (2015 est.) ++ 125.96 (2014 est.) ++ 105.48 (2013 est.) ++ 108.19 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "4.7 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -792,14 +792,14 @@
"text": "despite new investment in fixed lines, teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "offsetting the shortage of fixed-line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011, multiple companies were providing mobile services, and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005, but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital"
"text": "offsetting the shortage of fixed-line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011, multiple companies were providing mobile services, and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services in"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2015)"
"text": "country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international t (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010)"
"text": "3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is (2010)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".al"

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europe/an.json
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@ -303,7 +303,12 @@
"text": "Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "drafted 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "drafted 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the coprinces jointly or by the General Council; approval required by two-thirds majority vote of the General Council, by ratification in a referendum, and by the sanctioning of the coprinces (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil and customary law with the influence of canon law"
@ -330,7 +335,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "French Coprince Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012); represented by Thierry LATASTE (since 5 January 2015) and Spanish Coprince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAUN (since 20 July 2012)"
"text": "French Coprince Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012); represented by Jean-Pierre HUGUES (since 15 June 2016) and Spanish Coprince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAUN (since 20 July 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Head of Government (or Cap de Govern) Antoni MARTI PETIT (since 12 May 2011)"
@ -368,7 +373,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Citizens' Initiative or IC [Sergi RICART] (including PS, VA, IC, and independents) ++ Democrats for Andorra or DA [Antoni MARTI PETIT] ++ Greens of Andorra or VA [Isabel LOZANO MUNOZ, Juli FERNANDEZ BLASI] ++ Liberal Party or PLA [Josep PINTAT FORNE] ++ Social Democratic Party or PS [Vincenc ALAY FERRER] ++ Social Democratic Progress Party or SDP [Victor NAUDI ZAMORA]",
"text": "Citizens' Initiative or IC [Sergi RICART] (including PS, VA, IC, and independents) ++ Democrats for Andorra or DA [Antoni MARTI PETIT] ++ Greens of Andorra or VA [Isabel LOZANO MUNOZ, Juli FERNANDEZ BLASI] ++ Liberal Party or PLA [Jordi GALLARDO] ++ Social Democratic Party or PS [Vincenc ALAY FERRER] ++ Social Democratic Progress Party or SDP [Victor NAUDI ZAMORA]",
"note": {
"text": "there are also several smaller parties at the parish level (one is Lauredian Union)"
}
@ -520,15 +525,10 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "91.24 million kWh (2011)"
},
@ -583,7 +583,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "1 public TV station and 2 public radio stations; about 10 commercial radio stations; good reception of radio and TV broadcasts from stations in France and Spain; upgraded to terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in 2007; roughly 25 international TV channels available (2012)"
"text": "1 public TV station and 2 public radio stations; about 10 commercial radio stations; good reception of radio and TV broadcasts from stations in France and Spain; upgraded to terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in 2007; roughly 25 international TV channels (2012)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ad"

98
europe/au.json
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@ -351,7 +351,12 @@
"text": "National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the passage of the law on permanent neutrality"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934 (authoritarian-corporate constitution), replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation; latest reinstated 1 May 1945 (1920 constitution with 1929 revisions); amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934 (authoritarian corporate state), replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation, reinstated 1 May 1945"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed through laws designated “constitutional laws” or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least two-thirds majority vote of the National Assembly if one-half of the members are present; a referendum is required only if requested by one-third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court"
@ -378,7 +383,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Acting Presidents Doris BURES (SPOe), Karlheinz KOPF (OeVP), Norbert HOFER (FPOe) (since 8 July 2016)"
"text": "Presidents Doris BURES (SPOe), Karlheinz KOPF (OeVP), Norbert HOFER (FPOe) (since 8 July 2016); note - until Alexander VAN DER BELLEN is sworn into office on 26 January 2017"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chancellor Christian KERN (SPOe) (since 17 May 2016); Vice Chancellor Reinhold MITTERLEHNER (OeVP) (since 1 September 2014)"
@ -387,10 +392,10 @@
"text": "Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 24 April 2016 (first round) and 22 May 2016 (second round), the latter was ruled invalid and a re-vote will be held 4 December 2016; next presidential elections to be held in April 2022; chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 24 April 2016 (first round), 22 May 2016 (second round, which was annulled), and 4 December 2016 (second round re-vote); next presidential elections to be held in April 2022; chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote: first-round results - Norbet HOFER (FPOe) 35.1%, Alexander van der BELLIEN (independent, allied with the Greens) 21.3%, Irmgard GRISS (independent) 18.9%, Rudolf HUNDSTORFER (SPOe) 11.3%, Andreas KHOL (OeVP) 11.1%, Richard LUGNER (independent) 2.3%; second round results - Alexander van der BELLIEN 50.3%, Norbet HOFER 49.7%; on 1 July 2016, the Constitutional Court ordered a rerun of the 22 May 2016 runoff election to be held 2 October 2016; former President Heinz FISCHER's term ended July 8; his functions were replaced by the three Presidents of the National Council Doris BURES (SPOe), Karlheinz KOPF (OeVP), and Norbert HOFER (FPOe)"
"text": "percent of vote: first-round results - Norbet HOFER (FPOe) 35.1%, Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (independent, allied with the Greens) 21.3%, Irmgard GRISS (independent) 18.9%, Rudolf HUNDSTORFER (SPOe) 11.3%, Andreas KHOL (OeVP) 11.1%, Richard LUGNER (independent) 2.3%; second round results - Alexander VAN DER BELLEN 53.8%, Norbet HOFER 46.2%; note - Alexander VAN DER BELLEN will probably be sworn into office 26 January 2017"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -416,7 +421,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Reinhold MITTERLEHNER] ++ Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER] ++ Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE] ++ The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG] ++ NEOS - The New Austria [Matthias STROLZ] ++ Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Christian KERN] ++ \"Team Stronach\" [Frank STRONACH]"
"text": "Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Reinhold MITTERLEHNER] ++ Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER] ++ Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz-Christian STRACHE] ++ The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG] ++ NEOS - The New Austria [Matthias STROLZ] ++ Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Christian KERN] ++ \"Team Stronach\" [Frank STRONACH]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic) ++ Federal Agriculture Chamber (OeVP-dominated) ++ Federal Economic Chamber (OeVP-dominated) ++ Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank) ++ OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV ++ Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action",
@ -487,44 +492,44 @@
"text": "Austria, with its well-developed market economy, skilled labor force, and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's. Its economy features a large service sector, a relatively sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector. ++ ++ Economic growth has been relatively weak in recent years, approaching 0.9% in 2015. Austria's 5.8% unemployment rate, while low by European standards, is at its highest rate since the end of World War II, driven by an increased number of refugees and EU migrants entering the labor market. Without extensive vocational training programs and generous early retirement, the unemployment rate would be even higher. ++ ++ Although Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries, it faces several external risks, such as unexpectedly weak world economic growth threatening the export market, Austrian banks' continued exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, repercussions from the Hypo Alpe Adria bank collapse, political and economic uncertainties caused by the European sovereign debt crisis, the current refugee crisis, and continued unrest in Russia/Ukraine. Early signs point towards a slight improvement in 2016, driven by low interest rates on government debt. Currently, the budget deficit stands at 2.7% of GDP and public debt has reached a post-war high of 84.2% of the GDP."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$404.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $400.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $399.4 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$415.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $410.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $406.9 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$374.1 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$387.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.) ++ 0.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2016 est.) ++ 0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$47,300 (2015 est.) ++ $47,100 (2014 est.) ++ $47,300 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$47,900 (2016 est.) ++ $47,600 (2015 est.) ++ $47,600 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "25.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 25% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 25.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "25.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 25% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "52.6%"
"text": "52.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.9%"
"text": "20%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "22.6%"
"text": "22.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "53%"
"text": "53.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-48.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-49% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -532,10 +537,10 @@
"text": "1.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "28.3%"
"text": "28.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "70.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "70.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -545,10 +550,10 @@
"text": "construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "3.889 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.944 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -562,7 +567,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.7% (2015 est.) ++ 5.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.1% (2016 est.) ++ 5.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "4% (2014 est.)"
@ -580,53 +585,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$189.1 billion"
"text": "$187.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$193.1 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$192.6 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "50.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "48.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "86.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 84.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "85.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 86.2% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices"
"text": "this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95):"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.9% (2016 est.) ++ 0.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.15% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "1.8% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$193.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $191.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$203.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $193.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$428.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $439.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$319.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $317.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$462.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $507.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$467 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $462.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$106 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $82.37 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $67.68 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$96.08 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $96.79 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $117.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$13.46 billion (2015 est.) ++ $8.437 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$10.19 billion (2016 est.) ++ $9.583 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$142.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $166 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$141.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $142.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs"
@ -635,7 +640,7 @@
"text": "Germany 29.4%, US 6.4%, Italy 6.1%, Switzerland 5.7%, France 4.4%, Slovakia 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$140 billion (2015 est.) ++ $164 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$138.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $140 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products, natural gas; foodstuffs"
@ -647,24 +652,19 @@
"text": "$22.24 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $24.94 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$675 billion (30 September 2015 est.) ++ $740.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$689.1 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $679.3 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$294.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $321 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$304.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $294.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$349.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $367.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$363.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $349.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "59 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -757,14 +757,14 @@
"text": "highly developed and efficient"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line subscribership has been in decline since the mid-1990s with mobile-cellular subscribership eclipsing it by the late 1990s; the fiber-optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are available; broadband is available in major cities"
"text": "fixed-line subscribership has been in decline since the mid-1990s with mobile-cellular subscribership eclipsing it by the late 1990s; the fiber-optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are available; broadband is avail"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 43; earth stations available in the Intelsat, Eutelsat satellite systems (2016)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "worldwide cable and satellite TV are available; the public incumbent ORF competes with three other major, several regional domestic, and up to 400 international TV stations; TV coverage is in principle 100%, but only 90% use broadcast media; Internet streaming not only complements, but increasingly replaces regular TV stations (2016)"
"text": "worldwide cable and satellite TV are available; the public incumbent ORF competes with three other major, several regional domestic, and up to 400 international TV stations; TV coverage is in principle 100%, but only 90% use broadcast media; Internet stre (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".at"

94
europe/be.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Political divisions between the Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. Its capital, Brussels, is home to numerous international organizations including the EU and NATO."
"text": "Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Political divisions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. Its capital, Brussels, is home to numerous international organizations including the EU and NATO."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -365,7 +365,12 @@
"text": "21 July (1831) Ascension Day (ascension to the throne of King LEOPOLD I)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state); amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state)"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "\"revisions\" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament; amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the French Civil Code; note - Belgian law continues to be modified in conformance with the legislative norms mandated by the European Union; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -406,7 +411,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (71 seats; 40 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 31 indirectly elected by Community Parliaments; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (60 seats; 50 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 10 indirectly elected by Community Parliaments; members serve 5-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"note": {
"text": "the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform"
@ -503,44 +508,44 @@
"text": "This modern, open, and private-enterprise-based economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the more heavily-populated region of Flanders in the north. With few natural resources, Belgium imports substantial quantities of raw materials and exports a large volume of manufactures, making its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly with Belgium’s EU trade partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries. ++ ++ In 2015, Belgian GDP grew by 1.4%, the unemployment rate stabilized at 8.6%, and the budget deficit was 2.7% of GDP. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to reduce Belgium's high public debt, which remains above 100% of GDP, but such efforts could also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and high unemployment promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption. ++ ++ The government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to tax policy, labor market rules, and welfare benefits. These changes risk worsening tensions with trade unions and triggering extended strikes."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$494.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $487.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $481 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$508.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $501.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $494.6 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$454.7 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$470.2 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.) ++ 0% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2016 est.) ++ 1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$43,600 (2015 est.) ++ $43,500 (2014 est.) ++ $43,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$44,900 (2016 est.) ++ $44,700 (2015 est.) ++ $44,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "22.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "23.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 22.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "51.5%"
"text": "51.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "24.2%"
"text": "24%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.7%"
"text": "-0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "84.4%"
"text": "83.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-82.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-82.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -548,10 +553,10 @@
"text": "0.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "21.9%"
"text": "21.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "77.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "77.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -561,10 +566,10 @@
"text": "engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.247 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.272 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -578,7 +583,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "8.5% (2015 est.) ++ 8.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.4% (2016 est.) ++ 8.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "15.1% (2013 est.)"
@ -596,29 +601,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$233.4 billion"
"text": "$232.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$245.2 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$245 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "51.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "49.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "106.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 106.6% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "106.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 106.1% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.6% (2015 est.) ++ 0.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2016 est.) ++ 0.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
@ -627,28 +632,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.46% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.23% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "2.5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2.46% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$181.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $182.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$193 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $181.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$606.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $630.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$660.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $750.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$646.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $660.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$300.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $229.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $269.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$414.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $378.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $374.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$2.359 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.147 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$585 million (2016 est.) ++ -$155 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$259.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $320.2 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$250.8 billion (2016 est.) ++ $259.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "chemicals, machinery and equipment, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, foodstuffs"
@ -657,7 +662,7 @@
"text": "Germany 16.9%, France 15.5%, Netherlands 11.4%, UK 8.8%, US 6%, Italy 5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$259.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $325.2 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$251.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $259.6 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products"
@ -669,24 +674,19 @@
"text": "$24.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$1.312 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.285 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.281 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $1.214 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$1.034 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.055 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.045 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.034 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.01 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.024 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.01 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.01 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "68 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -786,7 +786,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected to cable and can access broadcasts of TV stations from neighboring countries; each community has a public radio network coexisting with private broadcasters (2007)"
"text": "a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".be"
@ -888,7 +888,7 @@
"text": "15 (Denmark 4, France 7, Russia 1, UK 2, US 1)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "107 (Bahamas 6, Cambodia 1, Cyprus 3, France 7, Gibraltar 1, Greece 17, Hong Kong 26, Liberia 1, Luxembourg 11, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 1, Mozambique 2, North Korea 1, Panama 1, Portugal 8, Russia 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7, Singapore 1, Vanuatu 1) (2010)"
"text": "107 (Bahamas 6, Cambodia 1, Cyprus 3, France 7, Gibraltar 1, Greece 17, Hong Kong 26, Liberia 1, Luxembourg 11, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 1, Mozambique 2, North Korea 1, Panama 1, Portugal 8, Russia 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {
@ -914,7 +914,7 @@
"text": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 1994 (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.97% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.01% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.08% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "0.85% of GDP (2016) ++ 0.91% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.97% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.01% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

82
europe/bk.json
View file

@ -385,7 +385,12 @@
}
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); amended several times, last in 2009; note - each of the entities has its own constitution (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009 "
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
@ -412,7 +417,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Chairman of the Presidency Bakir IZETBEGOVIC (chairman since 17 March 2016, presidency member since 10 November 2010 - Bosniak); Dragan COVIC (presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Croat); Mladen IVANIC (presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Serb)"
"text": "Chairman of the Presidency Mladen IVANIC (chairman since 17 November 2016, presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Serb); Dragan COVIC (presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Croat); Bakir IZETBEGOVIC (presidency member since 10 November 2010 - Bosniak)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chairman of the Council of Ministers Denis ZVIZDIC (since 11 February 2015)"
@ -453,7 +458,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC] ++ Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK] ++ Alternative Party for Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC] ++ Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilovic or BPS-Sefer Halilovic [Sefer HALILOVIC] ++ Croat Peasants' Party or HSS [Mario KARAMATIC] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA] ++ Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC] ++ Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [acting president Ilija CVITANOVIC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights or HSP BiH [Stanko PRIMORAC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights of Herceg-Bosne or HSP HB [Vesna PINJUH] ++ Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats or HNS [Ivan VRDOLJAK] ++ Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC] ++ Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC] ++ Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC] ++ People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] ++ Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC]"
"text": "Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC] ++ Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK] ++ Alternative Party for Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC] ++ Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilovic or BPS-Sefer Halilovic [Sefer HALILOVIC] ++ Croat Peasants' Party or HSS [Mario KARAMATIC] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA] ++ Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC] ++ Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [acting president Ilija CVITANOVIC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights or HSP BiH [Stanko PRIMORAC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights of Herceg-Bosne or HSP HB [Vesna PINJUH] ++ Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats or HNS [Ivan VRDOLJAK] ++ Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC] ++ Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC] ++ Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC] ++ People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] ++ Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Vukota GOVEDARICA] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -485,7 +490,7 @@
"text": "Ambassador Maureen CORMACK (since 16 January 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo"
"text": "1 Roberta C. Frasurea Street, 71000 Sarajevo"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "use embassy street address"
@ -526,25 +531,25 @@
"text": "Bosnia has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has remained stable. ++ ++ Interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar, but the economy made progress until 2008, when the global economic crisis caused a downturn. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. ++ ++ Bosnia's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment has dropped sharply since 2007. Government spending - including transfer payments - remains high, at roughly 40% of GDP, because of redundant government offices at the national, sub-national, and municipal level. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. ++ ++ Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$40.53 billion (2015 est.) ++ $39.43 billion (2014 est.) ++ $39.01 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$42.53 billion (2016 est.) ++ $41.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $40.03 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$15.79 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$16.53 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 2.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3% (2016 est.) ++ 3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$10,500 (2015 est.) ++ $10,200 (2014 est.) ++ $10,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$11,000 (2016 est.) ++ $10,700 (2015 est.) ++ $10,300 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "10.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "12% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 10.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
@ -557,24 +562,24 @@
"text": "18.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.3%"
"text": "0%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "32.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-55.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-55.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "7.9%"
"text": "7.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.5%"
"text": "26.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "65.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "65.4% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -584,10 +589,10 @@
"text": "steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "4% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.47 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.48 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -601,7 +606,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "43.2% (2015 est.) ++ 43.9% (2014 est.)",
"text": "43.2% (2015 est.) ++ 43.2% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy"
}
@ -622,50 +627,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$7.606 billion"
"text": "$7.681 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$7.933 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$7.975 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "48.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "46.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "46.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 44.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "46.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 46.1% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-1% (2015 est.) ++ -0.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.8% (2016 est.) ++ -1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.79% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.64% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 5.79% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$4.554 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.538 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.008 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.554 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$9.223 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$9.389 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.23 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$9.367 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $9.389 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.078 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.45 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$847 million (2016 est.) ++ -$901 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$3.95 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.489 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.93 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.95 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "metals, clothing, wood products"
@ -674,7 +679,7 @@
"text": "Slovenia 16.5%, Italy 15.9%, Germany 12.1%, Croatia 11.5%, Austria 11.1%, Turkey 5.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$8.173 billion (2015 est.) ++ $9.982 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.765 billion (2016 est.) ++ $8.173 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs"
@ -683,10 +688,10 @@
"text": "Croatia 19.3%, Germany 13.9%, Slovenia 13.8%, Italy 10.9%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$4.791 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.858 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.791 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$9.597 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$9.768 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $9.597 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$7.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $7.721 billion (2013 est.)"
@ -695,15 +700,10 @@
"text": "$0 (2014)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - ++ 1.7626 (2015 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4718 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.) ++ 1.407 (2011 est.)"
"text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - ++ 1.806 (2016 est.) ++ 1.7626 (2015 est.) ++ 1.7626 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4718 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "15 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -803,7 +803,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)"
"text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV bro (2010)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ba"

96
europe/bo.json
View file

@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
"text": "1.3% (2005)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5% of GDP (2014)"
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2015)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -376,7 +376,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994; amended 1996, 2004 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by at least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds vote of members in both chambers or by simple majority of eligible voters in a referendum (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family, and labor) have been revised and came into force in 1999 or 2000"
@ -406,7 +411,7 @@
"text": "president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "prime minister Andrey KABYAKOV (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)"
"text": "prime minister Andrey KOBYAKOV (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
@ -420,13 +425,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly"
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held in 2020); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won virtually every seat with only the UCP member and one independent forming opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous elections, on 28 September 2008 and 23 September 2012, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat"
"text": "House of Representatives - last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held in 2020); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won virtually every seat with only the UCP member and one independent forming opposition representation in the House; international observers determined that the previous elections, on 28 September 2008 and 23 September 2012, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 8, Belarusian Patriotic Party 3, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 3, LDP 1, UCP 1, independents 104"
"text": "Council of the Republic - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 8, Belarusian Patriotic Party 3, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 3, LDP 1, UCP 1, independents 104"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -434,7 +439,7 @@
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and organized into several specialized panels including economic and military; number of judges set by the president of the republic and the court chairman); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 including the court chairman appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Chamber of Representatives; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70"
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 including the court chairman appointed by the president and 6 elected by the House of Representatives; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "provincial (including Minsk city) courts; first instance (district) courts; economic courts; military courts"
@ -473,7 +478,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant; left in 2008 upon insistence of Belarusian Government); Charge d'Affaires Scott RAULAND (since 30 June 2014)"
"text": "Ambassador (vacant; left in 2008 upon insistence of Belarusian Government); Charge d'Affaires Robert RILEY (since 22 August 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002"
@ -511,55 +516,55 @@
"text": "As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed, though aging industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is largely inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of smaller state enterprises and some service sector businesses, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector. ++ ++ Economic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s due to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010, when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. In 2015, Belarus continued to import Russian crude oil at a discounted price. However, the plunge in global oil prices heavily reduced revenues. ++ ++ Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. Receiving part of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of Beltransgaz to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as the rate of inflation reached new highs in 2011 and 2012, before calming in 2013. In December 2013, Russia announced a new loan for Belarus of up to $2 billion for 2014. Notwithstanding foreign assistance, the Belarusian economy continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, structural economic shortcomings were aggravated by the devaluation of the Russian ruble and triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. Belarus entered 2015 with stagnant economic growth and reduced hard currency reserves, with under one month of import cover."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$167.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $174.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $171.8 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$165.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $170.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $177.4 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$54.61 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$48.13 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-3.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-3% (2016 est.) ++ -3.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$17,700 (2015 est.) ++ $18,400 (2014 est.) ++ $18,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$17,500 (2016 est.) ++ $17,900 (2015 est.) ++ $18,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 28.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "21.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 30.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50.3%"
"text": "54.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "14.9%"
"text": "15.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "28.6%"
"text": "30.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "6%"
"text": "2.6%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "60%"
"text": "57.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-59.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-60.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "8.9%"
"text": "9.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "41.3%"
"text": "40.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "49.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "49.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -569,7 +574,7 @@
"text": "metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-6.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.546 million (2013 est.)"
@ -607,50 +612,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$22.97 billion"
"text": "$21.21 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$22.17 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$20.92 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "48.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 34.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "60.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 48.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "13.6% (2015 est.) ++ 18.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "14% (2016 est.) ++ 13.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "20% (13 August 2014) ++ 10.5% (31 December 2010)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "18.08% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 18.74% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "18% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 18.08% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$2.301 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.524 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.232 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.301 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$5.651 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.608 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$22.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $27.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$24.09 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $22.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.064 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$5.197 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$2.379 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$2.074 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$26.19 billion (2015 est.) ++ $35.42 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$22.65 billion (2016 est.) ++ $26.19 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs"
@ -659,7 +664,7 @@
"text": "Russia 39%, UK 11.2%, Ukraine 9.5%, Netherlands 4.3%, Germany 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$28.33 billion (2015 est.) ++ $38.06 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$25.44 billion (2016 est.) ++ $28.33 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals"
@ -668,10 +673,10 @@
"text": "Russia 56.6%, China 7.9%, Germany 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$4.176 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.059 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.206 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.176 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$34.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $40.01 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$34.75 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $34.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$10.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
@ -680,15 +685,10 @@
"text": "$6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - ++ 15,926 (2015 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2014 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2013 est.) ++ 8,336.9 (2012 est.) ++ 4,974.6 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - ++ 18,500 (2016 est.) ++ 15,926 (2015 est.) ++ 15,926 (2014 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2013 est.) ++ 8,336.9 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "33 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -781,10 +781,10 @@
"text": "Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; modernization of the network progressing with roughly two-thirds of switching equipment now digital"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now approaching 120 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cell"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2015)"
"text": "country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwi (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
@ -905,7 +905,7 @@
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.27% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.27% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

106
europe/bu.json
View file

@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
"text": "25.6% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.5% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -373,7 +373,12 @@
"text": "Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1990 and early 1991, adopted 12 July 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1990 and early 1991, adopted 13 July 1991"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly or by the president of the republic; passage requires three-fourths majority vote of National Assembly members in three ballots; signed by the National Assembly chairperson; note - under special circumstances, a \"Grand National Assembly\" is elected with the authority to write a new constitution and amend certain articles of the constitution, including those affecting basic civil rights and national sovereignty; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in each of several readings; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law"
@ -409,10 +414,10 @@
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president and vice president elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 and 30 October 2011 (next to be held 6 November 2016); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly"
"text": "president and vice president elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 and 13 November 2016 (next to be held fall 2021); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Rosen PLEVNELIEV elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Rosen PLEVNELIEV (independent) 52.6%, Ivailo KALFIN (BSP) 47.4%"
"text": "Rumen RADEV elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Rumen RADEV (independent) 59.4%, Tsetska TSACHEVA (GERB) 36.2%, 4.5% neither; note - Rumen RADEV will assume office on 22 January 2017"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -438,7 +443,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alternative for Bulgarian Revival or ABV [Georgi PARVANOV] ++ Attack (Ataka) [Volen Nikolov SIDEROV] ++ Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Mihail MIKOV] ++ Bulgaria of the Citizens or DBG [Meglena KUNEVA] ++ Bulgaria Without Censorship or BBTs [Nikolay BAREKOV] ++ Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISOV] ++ Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB [Mikhail MIKOV] (coalition dominated by BSP) ++ Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Radan KANEV] ++ IMRO - Bulgarian National Movement or IMRO-BNM [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV] ++ Movement for Rights and Freedoms or DPS [Lyutvi MESTAN] ++ National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria or NFSB [Valeri SIMEONOV] ++ National Movement for Stability and Progress or NDSV [Hristina HRISTOVA] (formerly National Movement Simeon II or NMS2) ++ Patriotic Front or PF (alliance of IMRO-BNM and NFSB) ++ Union of Democratic Forces or SDS [Bozhidar LUKARSKI] ++ Reformist Bloc or RB (a five-party alliance including the DSB, DBG, and SDS)"
"text": "Alternative for Bulgarian Revival or ABV [Georgi PARVANOV] ++ Attack (Ataka) [Volen Nikolov SIDEROV] ++ Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Mihail MIKOV] ++ Bulgaria of the Citizens or DBG [Meglena KUNEVA] ++ Bulgaria Without Censorship or BBTs [Nikolay BAREKOV] ++ Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISOV] ++ Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB [Mikhail MIKOV] (coalition dominated by BSP) ++ Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Radan KANEV] ++ IMRO - Bulgarian National Movement or IMRO-BNM [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV] ++ Movement for Rights and Freedoms or DPS [Lyutvi MESTAN] ++ National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria or NFSB [Valeri SIMEONOV] ++ National Movement for Stability and Progress or NDSV [Hristina HRISTOVA] (formerly National Movement Simeon II or NMS2) ++ United Patriots Front (alliance of IMRO-BNM, NFSB, and Attack) ++ Union of Democratic Forces or SDS [Bozhidar LUKARSKI] ++ Reformist Bloc or RB (a five-party alliance including the DSB, DBG, and SDS)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB ++ Podkrepa Labor Confederation",
@ -471,7 +476,7 @@
"text": "Ambassador Eric RUBIN (since February 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1408"
"text": "16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1407"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "American Embassy Sofia, US Department of State, 5740 Sofia Place, Washington, DC 20521-5740"
@ -509,44 +514,44 @@
"text": "Bulgaria, a former communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, averaged more than 6% annual growth from 2004 to 2008, driven by significant amounts of bank lending, consumption, and foreign direct investment. ++ ++ Successive governments have demonstrated a commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but the global downturn sharply reduced domestic demand, exports, capital inflows, and industrial production. GDP contracted by 5.5% in 2009, and has been slow to recover in the years since. ++ ++ Despite a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$133.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $130.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $128.2 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$143.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $138.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $134.9 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$47.17 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$50.45 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2015 est.) ++ 1.5% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3% (2016 est.) ++ 3% (2015 est.) ++ 1.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$19,100 (2015 est.) ++ $18,500 (2014 est.) ++ $18,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$20,100 (2016 est.) ++ $19,400 (2015 est.) ++ $18,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "22.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "22.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 22.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "60.9%"
"text": "60.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.3%"
"text": "15.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "21.2%"
"text": "20.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.2%"
"text": "0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "66.5%"
"text": "69.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-65% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-66.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -554,10 +559,10 @@
"text": "5.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27.6%"
"text": "27.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "67.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "67.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -567,12 +572,12 @@
"text": "electricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.552 million",
"text": "2.525 million",
"note": {
"text": "number of employed persons (2015 est.)"
"text": "number of employed persons (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -587,7 +592,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.1% (2015 est.) ++ 11.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.9% (2016 est.) ++ 10.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "21.8% (2014 est.)"
@ -605,29 +610,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$18.25 billion"
"text": "$18.44 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$19.12 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$19.18 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "38.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "36.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "26.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "26.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 26.7% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding f"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.1% (2015 est.) ++ -1.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.7% (2016 est.) ++ -0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.01% (31 December 2015) ++ 0.03% (31 December 2014)",
@ -636,25 +641,25 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.48% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.28% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "6.6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 7.48% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$20.09 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $19.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$20.38 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $20.09 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$41.32 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $37.99 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$41.19 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $41.28 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$29.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.47 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$28.96 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $29.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$4.797 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.45 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.666 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$1.043 billion (2015 est.) ++ $658 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$400 million (2016 est.) ++ $676 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$24.62 billion (2015 est.) ++ $27.94 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$26.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $24.62 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels"
@ -663,7 +668,7 @@
"text": "Germany 12.5%, Italy 9.2%, Turkey 8.5%, Romania 8.2%, Greece 6.5%, France 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$26.74 billion (2015 est.) ++ $31.63 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$28.47 billion (2016 est.) ++ $26.74 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials"
@ -672,27 +677,22 @@
"text": "Germany 12.9%, Russia 12%, Italy 7.6%, Romania 6.8%, Turkey 5.7%, Greece 4.8%, Spain 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$22.09 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$25.12 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $22.09 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$42.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $48.74 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$42.42 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $42.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$44.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $51.78 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$46.39 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $44.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$4.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.354 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.79 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "leva (BGN) per US dollar - ++ 1.7644 (2015 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.) ++ 1.4053 (2011 est.)"
"text": "leva (BGN) per US dollar - ++ 1.802 (2016 est.) ++ 1.7644 (2015 est.) ++ 1.7644 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "44 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -782,17 +782,17 @@
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "inherited an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network from the Soviet era; quality has improved with a modern digital trunk line now connecting switching centers in most of the regions; remaining areas are connected by digital microwave radio relay"
"text": "inherited an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network from the Soviet era; quality has improved with a modern digital trunk line now connecting switching centers in most of the regions; remaining areas are connected by digital microwave radio r"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 in an effort to upgrade fixed-line services; mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple service providers, is over 125 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2015)"
"text": "country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "4 national terrestrial TV stations with 1 state-owned and 3 privately owned; a vast array of TV stations are available from cable and satellite TV providers; state-owned national radio broadcasts over 3 networks; large number of private radio stations broadcasting, especially in urban areas (2010)"
"text": "4 national terrestrial TV stations with 1 state-owned and 3 privately owned; a vast array of TV stations are available from cable and satellite TV providers; state-owned national radio broadcasts over 3 networks; large number of private radio stations bro (2010)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".bg"
@ -932,7 +932,7 @@
"text": "67 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "45,474 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)"
"text": "46,457 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {

471
europe/cy.json
View file

@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
"text": "24.5% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.6% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "604% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -415,10 +415,10 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Nicos ANASTASIADES (since 28 February 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; vice president (vacant); note - vice presidency reserved for Turkish Cypriot"
"text": "President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; vice president (vacant); note - vice presidency reserved for Turkish Cypriot"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "President Nicos ANASTASIADES (since 28 February 2013)"
"text": "President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - under the 1960 constitution, 3 of the ministerial posts reserved for Turkish Cypriots, appointed by the vice president; positions currently filled by Greek Cypriots"
@ -427,10 +427,10 @@
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 17 and 24 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Nicos ANASTASIADES elected president; percent of vote in first round - Nicos ANASTASIADES (DISY) 45.5%, Stavros MALAS (AKEL) 26.9%, Giorgos LILLIKAS (SP) 24.9%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Nicos ANASTASIADES 57.5%, Savros MALAS 42.5%"
"text": "Nikos ANASTASIADIS elected president; percent of vote in first round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS (DISY) 45.5%, Stavros MALAS (AKEL) 26.9%, Giorgos LILLIKAS (SP) 24.9%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS 57.5%, Savros MALAS 42.5%"
},
"note": {
"text": "Mustafa AKINCI elected \"president\" of the \"TRNC\" on 30 April 2015; percent of vote in first round (19 April 2015) - Dervis EROGLU (UBP) 28.2%, Mustafa AKINCI (TDP) 26.9%, other 44.9%; percent of vote in runoff (26 April 2015) - AKINCI 60.5%, EROGLU 39.5%; Huseyin OZGURGUN is \"TRNC prime minister\" since 8 April 2016"
"text": "Mustafa AKINCI assumed office as \"president\" of the \"TRNC\" on 30 April 2015; percent of vote in first round (19 April 2015) - Dervis EROGLU (UBP) 28.2%, Mustafa AKINCI (TDP) 26.9%, other 44.9%; percent of vote in runoff (26 April 2015) - AKINCI 60.5%, EROGLU 39.5%; Huseyin OZGURGUN is \"TRNC prime minister\" since 8 April 2016"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"area under government control": {
"text": " ++ Citizens' Alliance or SP [Giorgos LILLIKAS] ++ Democratic Party or DIKO [Nikolas PAPADOPOULOS] ++ Democratic Rally or DISY [Averof NEOPHYTOU (of Neofytou)] ++ Ecological and Environmental Movement or KOP (Green Party) [Giorgos PERDIKIS] ++ European Party or EVROKO [Dimitris SYLLOURIS] ++ Movement of Social Democrats or KS-EDEK [Marinos SIZOPOULOS] ++ National Popular Front or ELAM [Christos CHRISTOU] ++ Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Andros KYPRIANOU] ++ Solidarity Movement [Eleni THEOCHAROUS] ++ United Democrats or EDI [Praxoula ANTONIADOU]"
"text": " ++ Citizens' Alliance or SP [Giorgos LILLIKAS] ++ Democratic Party or DIKO [Nikolas PAPADOPOULOS] ++ Democratic Rally or DISY [Averof NEOPHYTOU (of Neofytou)] ++ Ecological and Environmental Movement or KOP (Green Party) [Giorgos PERDIKIS] ++ European Party or EVROKO [Dimitris SYLLOURIS] ++ Movement of Social Democrats-United Democratic Center Union or KS-EDEK [Marinos SIZOPOULOS] ++ National Popular Front or ELAM [Christos CHRISTOU] ++ Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist party) [Andros KYPRIANOU] ++ Solidarity Movement [Eleni THEOCHAROUS] ++ United Democrats or EDI [Praxoula ANTONIADOU]"
},
"area administered by Turkish Cypriots": {
"text": " ++ Communal Democracy Party or TDP [Cemal OZYIGIT] ++ Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Mehmet BIRINCI] ++ Democrat Party- National Forces or DP-UG [Serdar DENKTAS] ++ National Justice Party or UAP [Fatma SOLMAZ] ++ National Unity Party or UBP [Huseyin OZGURGUN] ++ New Cyprus Party or YKP [Murat KANATLI] ++ People's Party or HP [Kudret OZERSAY] ++ Republican Turkish Party-United Forces or CTP-BG [Mehmet Ali TALAT] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Tozun TUNALI] ++ United Cyprus Party or BKP [Izzet IZCAN]"
@ -537,229 +537,6 @@
"text": "Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU \"acquis communautaire\" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. The market-based economy of the \"TRNC\" is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. In 2012 - the latest year for which data are available - the services sector, which includes the public sector, trade, tourism, and education, contributed 58.7% to economic output. In the same year, light manufacturing and agriculture contributed 2.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. The “TRNC” maintains few economic ties with the Republic of Cyprus outside of trade in construction materials. Since its creation, the \"TRNC\" has heavily relied on financial assistance from Turkey, which supports the \"TRNC\" defense, telecommunications, water and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions. The \"TRNC\" remains vulnerable to the Turkish market and monetary policy because of its use of the Turkish Lira. The \"TRNC\" weathered the European financial crisis relatively unscathed - compared to the Republic of Cyprus - because of the lack of financial sector development, the health of the Turkish economy, and its separation from the rest of the island. The \"TRNC\" economy experienced growth estimated at 2.8% in 2013 and 2.3% in 2014 and is projected to grow 3.8% in 2015. "
}
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$28.06 billion (2015 est.) ++ $27.62 billion (2014 est.) ++ $28.33 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.829 billion (2007 est.)"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$19.33 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ -2.5% (2014 est.) ++ -5.9% (2013 est.)",
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.3% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$32,800 (2015 est.) ++ $32,600 (2014 est.) ++ $33,000 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "11.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 8.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 8.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "70.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "15.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "13.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "59.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-61.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "10.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "87.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "citrus, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, vegetables; poultry, pork, lamb; dairy, cheese",
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "citrus fruit, dairy, potatoes, grapes, olives, poultry, lamb"
}
},
"Industries": {
"text": "tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone and clay products",
"Industries": {
"text": "foodstuffs, textiles, clothing, ship repair, clay, gypsum, copper, furniture"
}
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.)",
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-0.3% (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "424,400 (2015 est.)",
"Labor force": {
"text": "95,030 (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "15.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "81% (2014 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"text": "agriculture: 14.5%, industry: 29%, services: 56.5% (2004)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "14.9% (2015 est.) ++ 16.2% (2014 est.)",
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.4% (2005 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%",
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "%NA"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "3.3%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "28.8% (2014)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "34.8 (2014 est.) ++ 32.4 (2013 est.)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$7.547 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$7.747 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget": {
"text": "revenues: $2.5 billion, expenditures: $2.5 billion (2006)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "39% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "108.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 108.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-2.1% (2015 est.) ++ -1.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.69% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.88% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$4.031 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.343 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$43.41 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $47.99 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$59.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $65.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.996 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.853 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.834 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$992 million (2015 est.) ++ -$1.052 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.759 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.751 billion (2014 est.)",
"Exports": {
"text": "$68.1 million, f.o.b. (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothing"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Greece 10.9%, Ireland 10.2%, UK 7.2%, Israel 6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$6.286 billion (2015 est.) ++ $7.473 billion (2014 est.)",
"Imports": {
"text": "$1.2 billion, f.o.b. (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, machinery, transport equipment"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Greece 25.7%, UK 9.1%, Italy 8%, Germany 7.5%, Israel 5.5%, China 4.8%, Netherlands 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$807.6 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $890.9 million (31 December 2014 est.)",
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$NA"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$95.28 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $103.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)",
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$NA"
}
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$140.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $151 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$135.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $140.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)",
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Turkish new lira per US dollar: 1.9 (2013) 1.8 (2012) 1.668 (2011) 1.5026 (2010) 1.55 (2009)"
}
},
"Economy of the area administered by Turkish Cypriots": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU \"acquis communautaire\" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. The market-based economy of the \"TRNC\" is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. In 2012 - the latest year for which data are available - the services sector, which includes the public sector, trade, tourism, and education, contributed 58.7% to economic output. In the same year, light manufacturing and agriculture contributed 2.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. The “TRNC” maintains few economic ties with the Republic of Cyprus outside of trade in construction materials. Since its creation, the \"TRNC\" has heavily relied on financial assistance from Turkey, which supports the \"TRNC\" defense, telecommunications, water and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions. The \"TRNC\" remains vulnerable to the Turkish market and monetary policy because of its use of the Turkish Lira. The \"TRNC\" weathered the European financial crisis relatively unscathed - compared to the Republic of Cyprus - because of the lack of financial sector development, the health of the Turkish economy, and its separation from the rest of the island. The \"TRNC\" economy experienced growth estimated at 2.8% in 2013 and 2.3% in 2014 and is projected to grow 3.8% in 2015. "
@ -837,16 +614,234 @@
"text": "Turkish new lira (YTL)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Turkish new lira per US dollar: 1.9 (2013) 1.8 (2012) 1.668 (2011) 1.5026 (2010) 1.55 (2009)"
"text": "Turkish new lira per US dollar: 1.9 (2013) 1.8 (2012) 1.67 (2011) 1.5 (2010) 1.55 (2009)"
}
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$29.26 billion (2016 est.) ++ $28.47 billion (2015 est.) ++ $28.05 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.829 billion (2007 est.)"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$19.93 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.8% (2016 est.) ++ 1.5% (2015 est.) ++ -2.5% (2014 est.)",
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.3% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$34,400 (2016 est.) ++ $33,600 (2015 est.) ++ $32,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "9.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 11.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 8.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "69.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "15.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "11.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.9%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "60.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-58.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "10.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "87.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "citrus, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, vegetables; poultry, pork, lamb; dairy, cheese",
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "citrus fruit, dairy, potatoes, grapes, olives, poultry, lamb"
}
},
"Industries": {
"text": "tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone and clay products",
"Industries": {
"text": "foodstuffs, textiles, clothing, ship repair, clay, gypsum, copper, furniture"
}
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.)",
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-0.3% (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "415,100 (2016 est.)",
"Labor force": {
"text": "95,030 (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "15.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "81% (2014 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"text": "agriculture: 14.5%, industry: 29%, services: 56.5% (2004)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "11.8% (2016 est.) ++ 14.9% (2015 est.)",
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.4% (2005 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%",
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "%NA"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "3.3%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "28.8% (2014)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "34.8 (2014 est.) ++ 32.4 (2013 est.)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$7.588 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$7.809 billion (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget": {
"text": "revenues: $2.5 billion, expenditures: $2.5 billion (2006)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "38.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "104.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 108.9% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.3% (2016 est.) ++ -2.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.69% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$3.975 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.031 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$43.41 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $47.99 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$57.96 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $59.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$2.692 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.031 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.105 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$184 million (2016 est.) ++ -$704 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.635 billion (2016 est.) ++ $2.759 billion (2015 est.)",
"Exports": {
"text": "$68.1 million, f.o.b. (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothing"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Greece 10.9%, Ireland 10.2%, UK 7.2%, Israel 6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$6.042 billion (2016 est.) ++ $6.286 billion (2015 est.)",
"Imports": {
"text": "$1.2 billion, f.o.b. (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, machinery, transport equipment"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Greece 25.7%, UK 9.1%, Italy 8%, Germany 7.5%, Israel 5.5%, China 4.8%, Netherlands 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$776.8 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $807.6 million (31 December 2015 est.)",
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$NA"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$95.28 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $103.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)",
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$NA"
}
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$142.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $140.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$136.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $135.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)",
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Turkish new lira per US dollar: 1.9 (2013) 1.8 (2012) 1.67 (2011) 1.5 (2010) 1.55 (2009)"
}
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "4.1 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -942,11 +937,11 @@
"text": "open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 357 (area administered by Turkish Cypriots uses the country code of Turkey - 90); a number of submarine cables, including the SEA-ME-WE-3, combine to provide connectivity to Western Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 8 (3 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat)"
"text": "country code - 357 (area administered by Turkish Cypriots uses the country code of Turkey - 90); a number of submarine cables, including the SEA-ME-WE-3, combine to provide connectivity to Western Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; tropospheric scatter; s"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "mixture of state and privately run TV and radio services; the public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels and 4 radio stations; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey, and a number of private radio stations are available; in areas administered by Turkish Cypriots, there are 2 public TV stations, 4 public radio stations, and privately owned TV and radio broadcast stations (2007)"
"text": "mixture of state and privately run TV and radio services; the public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels and 4 radio stations; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey, and a number of private ra (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".cy"
@ -1034,7 +1029,7 @@
"text": "bulk carrier 278, cargo 163, chemical tanker 77, container 201, liquefied gas 11, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 62, refrigerated cargo 5, roll on/roll off 9, vehicle carrier 4"
},
"foreign-owned": {
"text": "622 (Angola 1, Austria 1, Belgium 3, Bermuda 1, Canada 2, China 6, Denmark 6, Estonia 6, France 16, Germany 192, Greece 201, Hong Kong 2, India 4, Iran 10, Ireland 3, Italy 6, Japan 16, Netherlands 23, Norway 14, Philippines 1, Poland 24, Portugal 2, Russia 46, Singapore 1, Slovenia 5, Spain 6, Sweden 5, Turkey 1, UAE 3, UK 7, Ukraine 3, US 5)"
"text": "622 (Angola 1, Austria 1, Belgium 3, Bermuda 1, Canada 2, China 6, Denmark 6, Estonia 6, France 16, Germany 192, Greece 201, Hong Kong 2, India 4, Iran 10, Ireland 3, Italy 6, Japan 16, Netherlands 23, Norway 14, Philippines 1, Poland 24, Portugal 2, Russia 4"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "152 (Bahamas 23, Cambodia 4, Comoros 2, Finland 1, Gibraltar 1, Greece 3, Hong Kong 3, Liberia 9, Malta 32, Marshall Islands 40, Norway 1, Panama 5, Russia 13, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Sierra Leone 2, Singapore 6, unknown 4) (2010)"

94
europe/da.json
View file

@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
"text": "21% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "8.5% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "8.6% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -374,7 +374,12 @@
"text": "none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is generally viewed as National Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession) (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the Folketing with consent of the government; passage requires approval by the next Folketing following a general election, approval by simple majority vote of at least 40 percent of voters in a referendum, and assent by the chief of state; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession) (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -507,44 +512,44 @@
"text": "This thoroughly modern market economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, advanced industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is a net exporter of food, oil, and gas and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus, but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector. Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. An aging population will be a major long-term issue. ++ ++ Denmark is a member of the EU; Danish legislation and regulations conform to EU standards on almost all issues. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union, Denmark has negotiated an opt-out with the EU and is not required to adopt the euro. Within the EU, Denmark is among the strongest supporters of trade liberalization. ++ ++ After a long consumption-driven upswing, Denmark's economy began slowing in 2007 with the end of a housing boom. Housing prices dropped markedly in 2008-09 but, with significant regional differences, have since recovered. Household indebtedness is still relatively high at more than 305% of net disposable income in 2014, while household net worth - from private pension schemes and other assets - amounted to 546% of net disposable income. ++ ++ The global financial crisis exacerbated this cyclical slowdown by increasing domestic borrowing costs and lowering foreign demand for Danish exports. Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the budget balance swung into deficit in 2009. The structural budget deficit has remained below 1% and is estimated at -0.4% in 2016. Denmark is experiencing a lackluster economic recovery, having still not regained the GDP level of 2008. GDP contracted in 2012 and 2013, followed by real growth of 1.3% in 2014, and 1.2% in 2015. The government projects 1.9% growth in 2016, while private sector estimates are about 1% growth. A historically low level of unemployment rose with the economic downturn but the labor market has strengthened since 2013, and unemployment stood at about 4.5% in early 2016, based on the national measure. Productivity growth was significantly below the OECD average in 2012–2014."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$258.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $255.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $252.5 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$264.8 billion (2016 est.) ++ $262.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $259.6 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$295 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$302.6 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.) ++ -0.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1% (2016 est.) ++ 1% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$45,700 (2015 est.) ++ $45,400 (2014 est.) ++ $45,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$46,600 (2016 est.) ++ $46,300 (2015 est.) ++ $46,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 25.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.4% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "26.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 26.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "48%"
"text": "47.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "26.1%"
"text": "25.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19%"
"text": "18.9%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.5%"
"text": "0.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "53.4%"
"text": "50.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-47.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-43.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -552,23 +557,23 @@
"text": "1.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "23.3%"
"text": "23.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "75.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "75.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "barley, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets; pork, dairy products; fish"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment"
"text": "iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical eq"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.801 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.825 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -582,7 +587,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "4.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.2% (2016 est.) ++ 4.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "13.4% (2011 est.)"
@ -600,53 +605,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$159.3 billion"
"text": "$156.9 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$164.4 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$164.5 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "54% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "51.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "40.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 44.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "39.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 40.2% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.4% (2016 est.) ++ 0.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2011) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2010)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.42% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.62% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "3.7% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 3.42% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$151.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $153.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$148.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $151.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$181.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $189.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$632.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $702.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$619.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $632.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$224.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $179.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $231.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$20.28 billion (2015 est.) ++ $26.71 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$20.34 billion (2016 est.) ++ $20.75 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$95.97 billion (2015 est.) ++ $111.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$93.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $95.97 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, pharmaceuticals, furniture, windmills"
@ -655,7 +660,7 @@
"text": "Germany 17.8%, Sweden 11.6%, US 8.4%, Norway 6.3%, UK 6.3%, Netherlands 4.4%, China 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$85.02 billion (2015 est.) ++ $101.3 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$82.29 billion (2016 est.) ++ $85.02 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods"
@ -664,27 +669,22 @@
"text": "Germany 20.4%, Sweden 12.3%, Netherlands 8.1%, China 7.3%, Norway 6.1%, UK 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$65.19 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $75.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$61.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $65.19 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$534.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $609.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$484.8 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $519.8 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$133.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $145.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$135.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $133.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$239.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $250 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$242.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $239.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 6.7236 (2015 est.) ++ 5.6183 (2014 est.) ++ 5.6125 (2013 est.) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3687 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 6.865 (2016 est.) ++ 6.7236 (2015 est.) ++ 6.7236 (2014 est.) ++ 5.6125 (2013 est.) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "31 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -780,11 +780,11 @@
"text": "buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network; multiple mobile-cellular communications systems"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2015)"
"text": "country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaava (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 6 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half-dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nationwide FM radio stations, 10 digital audio broadcasting stations, and 14 web-based radio stations; in 2010, there were 140 commercial and 187 community (non-commercial) radio stations"
"text": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 6 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half-dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nat"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".dk"
@ -883,7 +883,7 @@
"text": "27 (Germany 9, Greenland 1, Norway 2, Sweden 15)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "582 (Antigua and Barbuda 20, Bahamas 69, Belgium 4, Brazil 3, Curacao 1, Cyprus 6, Egypt 1, France 11, Gibraltar 7, Hong Kong 42, Isle of Man 30, Italy 4, Jamaica 1, Liberia 8, Lithuania 8, Luxembourg 1, Malaysia 1, Malta 34, Marshall Islands 7, Moldova 1, Netherlands 27, Norway 7, Panama 41, Philippines 2, Portugal 4, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9, Singapore 149, Sweden 4, UK 43, Uruguay 1, US 31, Venezuela 1, unknown 4) (2010)"
"text": "582 (Antigua and Barbuda 20, Bahamas 69, Belgium 4, Brazil 3, Curacao 1, Cyprus 6, Egypt 1, France 11, Gibraltar 7, Hong Kong 42, Isle of Man 30, Italy 4, Jamaica 1, Liberia 8, Lithuania 8, Luxembourg 1, Malaysia 1, Malta 34, Marshall Islands 7, Moldova 1, Ne (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

55
europe/ee.json
View file

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
"text": "The evolution of what is today the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization of 28 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the norm in Europe; on a few occasions even country-level unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples. But for such a large number of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching entity is unique. ++ Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners. ++ Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a separate entity in The World Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this description is placed after the regular country entries."
},
"Background": {
"text": "Following the two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century, a number of far-sighted European leaders in the late 1940s sought a response to the overwhelming desire for peace and reconciliation on the continent. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed pooling the production of coal and steel in Western Europe and setting up an organization for that purpose that would bring France and the Federal Republic of Germany together and would be open to other countries as well. The following year, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members - Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands - signed the Treaty of Paris. ++ The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to integrate other elements of the countries' economies. In 1957, envisioning an \"ever closer union,\" the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the body known today as the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and have been held every five years since. ++ In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign and defense policy, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the European Union (EU), at the time standing alongside the EC. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU/EC, raising the membership total to 15. ++ A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it became the unit of exchange for all EU member states except Denmark, Sweden, and the UK. In 2002, citizens of those 12 countries began using euro banknotes and coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 and Croatia in 2013, bringing the current membership to 28. (Seven of these new countries - Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia - have now adopted the euro, bringing total euro-zone membership to 19.) ++ In an effort to ensure that the EU could function efficiently with an expanded membership, the Treaty of Nice (concluded in 2000; entered into force in 2003) set forth rules to streamline the size and procedures of EU institutions. An effort to establish a \"Constitution for Europe,\" growing out of a Convention held in 2002-2003, foundered when it was rejected in referenda in France and the Netherlands in 2005. A subsequent effort in 2007 incorporated many of the features of the rejected draft Constitutional Treaty while also making a number of substantive and symbolic changes. The new treaty, referred to as the Treaty of Lisbon, sought to amend existing treaties rather than replace them. The treaty was approved at the EU intergovernmental conference of the then 27 member states held in Lisbon in December 2007, after which the process of national ratifications began. In October 2009, an Irish referendum approved the Lisbon Treaty (overturning a previous rejection) and cleared the way for an ultimate unanimous endorsement. Poland and the Czech Republic ratified soon after. The Lisbon Treaty came into force on 1 December 2009 and the EU officially replaced and succeeded the EC. The Treaty's provisions are part of the basic consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union (TUE) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFUE) now governing what remains a very specific integration project. ++ Frustrated by a remote bureaucracy in Brussels and massive migration into the country, UK citizens on 23 June 2016 narrowly voted to leave the EU. The so-called “Brexit” will take years to carry out, but could be the signal for referenda in other EU countries where skepticism of EU membership benefits is strong."
"text": "Following the two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century, a number of far-sighted European leaders in the late 1940s sought a response to the overwhelming desire for peace and reconciliation on the continent. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed pooling the production of coal and steel in Western Europe and setting up an organization for that purpose that would bring France and the Federal Republic of Germany together and would be open to other countries as well. The following year, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members - Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands - signed the Treaty of Paris. ++ The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to integrate other elements of the countries' economies. In 1957, envisioning an \"ever closer union,\" the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the body known today as the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and have been held every five years since. ++ In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign and defense policy, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the European Union (EU), at the time standing alongside the EC. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU/EC, raising the membership total to 15. ++ A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it became the unit of exchange for all EU member states except Denmark, Sweden, and the UK. In 2002, citizens of those 12 countries began using euro banknotes and coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 and Croatia in 2013, bringing the current membership to 28. (Seven of these new countries - Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia - have now adopted the euro, bringing total euro-zone membership to 19.) ++ In an effort to ensure that the EU could function efficiently with an expanded membership, the Treaty of Nice (concluded in 2000; entered into force in 2003) set forth rules to streamline the size and procedures of EU institutions. An effort to establish a \"Constitution for Europe,\" growing out of a Convention held in 2002-2003, foundered when it was rejected in referenda in France and the Netherlands in 2005. A subsequent effort in 2007 incorporated many of the features of the rejected draft Constitutional Treaty while also making a number of substantive and symbolic changes. The new treaty, referred to as the Treaty of Lisbon, sought to amend existing treaties rather than replace them. The treaty was approved at the EU intergovernmental conference of the then 27 member states held in Lisbon in December 2007, after which the process of national ratifications began. In October 2009, an Irish referendum approved the Lisbon Treaty (overturning a previous rejection) and cleared the way for an ultimate unanimous endorsement. Poland and the Czech Republic ratified soon after. The Lisbon Treaty came into force on 1 December 2009 and the EU officially replaced and succeeded the EC. The Treaty's provisions are part of the basic consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) now governing what remains a very specific integration project. ++ Frustrated by a remote bureaucracy in Brussels and massive migration into the country, UK citizens on 23 June 2016 narrowly voted to leave the EU. The so-called “Brexit” will take years to carry out, but could embolden skeptics of EU membership in other member states."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -218,7 +218,7 @@
}
},
"Member states": {
"text": "28 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; note - candidate countries: Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey",
"text": "28 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; note - candidate countries: Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey",
"note": {
"text": "there are non-European overseas countries and territories (OCTs) having special relations with Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and the UK (list is annexed to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union), that are associated with the Union to promote their economic and social development; member states apply to their trade with OCTs the same treatment as they accord each other pursuant to the treaties; OCT nationals are in principle EU citizens, but these countries are neither part of the EU, nor subject to the EU ++ there are 25 OCTs (1 with Denmark [Greenland], 6 with France [French Polynesia; French Southern and Antarctic Lands; New Caledonia; Saint Barthelemy; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Wallis and Futuna], 6 with the Netherlands [Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten], and 12 with the UK [Anguilla; Bermuda; British Antarctic Territory; British Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Montserrat; Pitcairn Islands; Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Turks and Caicos Islands]), of which 22 have joined the Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA); the 3 OCTs that are not part of OCTA (British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) do not have a permanent population"
}
@ -233,7 +233,12 @@
"text": "Europe Day (also known as Schuman Day) 9 May (1950); note - the day in 1950 that Robert SCHUMAN proposed the creation of what became the European Coal and Steel Community, the progenitor of today's European Union, with the aim of achieving a united Europe"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "none; note - the EU legal order relies primarily on two consolidated texts encompassing all provisions as amended from a series of past treaties: the Treaty on European Union (TEU), as modified by the Lisbon Treaty, states in Article 1 that \"the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES establish among themselves a EUROPEAN UNION ... on which the Member States confer competences to attain objectives they have in common\"; Article 1 of the TEU states further that the EU is \"founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as 'the Treaties'),\" both possessing the same legal value; Article 6 of the TEU provides that a separately adopted Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union \"shall have the same legal value as the Treaties\" (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "none; note - the EU legal order relies primarily on two consolidated texts encompassing all provisions as amended from a series of past treaties: the Treaty on European Union (TEU), as modified by the Lisbon Treaty states in Article 1 that \"the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES establish among themselves a EUROPEAN UNION ... on which the Member States confer competences to attain objectives they have in common\"; Article 1 of the TEU states further that the EU is \"founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as 'the Treaties'),\" both possessing the same legal value; Article 6 of the TEU provides that a separately adopted Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union \"shall have the same legal value as the Treaties\""
},
"amendments": {
"text": "European Union treaties can be amended in several ways: 1) Ordinary Revision Procedure (for key amendments to the treaties); initiated by an EU country’s government, by the EU Parliament, or by the EU Commission; following adoption of the proposal by the European Council, a convention is formed of national government representatives to review the proposal and subsequently a conference of government representatives also reviews the proposal; passage requires ratification by all EU countries; 2) Simplified Revision Procedure (for amendment of EU internal policies and actions); passage of a proposal requires unanimous European Council vote following European Council consultation with the EU Commission, the European Council, and the European Parliament, and requires ratification by all EU countries; 3) Passerelle Clause (allows the alteration of a legislative procedure without a formal amendment of the treaties); 4) Flexibility Clause (permits the EU to decide in subject areas not covered by the EU treaties); note - the Treaty of Lisbon (signed in December 2007 and effective in December 2009) amended the two treaties that formed the EU - the Maastricht Treaty (1993) and the Treaty of Rome (1958), known in updated form as the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2007) (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "unique supranational law system in which, according to an interpretive declaration of member-state governments appended to the Treaty of Lisbon, \"the Treaties and the law adopted by the Union on the basis of the Treaties have primacy over the law of Member States\" under conditions laid down in the case law of the Court of Justice; key principles of EU law include fundamental rights as guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and as resulting from constitutional traditions common to the EU's states; EU law is divided into 'primary' and 'secondary' legislation; primary legislation is derived from the consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) and are the basis for all EU action; secondary legislation - which includes directives, regulations, and decisions - is derived from the principles and objectives set out in the treaties"
@ -247,7 +252,7 @@
"text": "brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; the Treaty of Lisbon established the position of \"permanent\" (full-time) president of the European Council; leaders of the EU member states appoint the president for a 2 1/2 year term, renewable once; the president's responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity; the current president is Donald TUSK (Poland), since 1 December 2014, succeeding Herman VAN ROMPUY (Belgian; 2009-14)"
},
"the Council of the European Union": {
"text": "consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Represntative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy"
"text": "consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy"
},
"the European Commission": {
"text": "headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members (one from each member country) including the president; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's main responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and security/defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as \"guardian of the Treaties\" by monitoring the application of EU law, implementing/executing the EU budget, managing programs, negotiating on the EU's behalf in core policy areas such as trade, and ensuring the Union's external representation in some policy areas; its current president is Jean-Claude JUNCKER (Luxembourg) elected on 15 July 2014 (took office on 1 November 2014); the president of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and formally \"elected\" by the European Parliament; the Commission president allocates specific responsibilities among the members of the College (appointed by common accord of the member state governments in consultation with the president-elect); the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a 5-year term; President JUNCKER reorganized the structure of the College around clusters or project teams coordinated by 7 vice presidents in line with the current Commission's main political priorities and appointed Frans TIMMERMANS (Netherlands) to act as his first vice president; the confirmation process for the next Commission expected be held in the fall of 2019"
@ -258,7 +263,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "two legislative bodies consisting of the Council of the European Union (28 seats; ministers representing the 28 member states and the European Parliament (751 seats; seats allocated among member states roughly in proportion to population size; members elected by proportional representation to serve 5-year terms); note - the European Parliament President, currently Martin SCHULZ (German Socialist) is elected by a majority of fellow members (MEPs) of the European Parliament and represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally; the Council of the EU and the MEPs share responsibilities for adopting the bulk of EU legislation, normally acting in co-decision on Commission proposals (but not in the area of Common Foreign and Security Policy, which is governed by consensus of the EU member state governments)"
"text": "two legislative bodies consisting of the Council of the European Union (28 seats; ministers representing the 28 member states) and the European Parliament (751 seats; seats allocated among member states roughly in proportion to population size; members elected by proportional representation to serve 5-year terms); note - the European Parliament President, currently Martin SCHULZ (German Socialist) is elected by a majority of fellow members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally; the Council of the EU and the MEPs share responsibilities for adopting the bulk of EU legislation, normally acting in co-decision on Commission proposals (but not in the area of Common Foreign and Security Policy, which is governed by consensus of the EU member state governments)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 22-25 May 2014 (next to be held May-June 2019)"
@ -269,7 +274,7 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"note": {
"text": "the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU, resolves disputed issues among the EU institutions and with member states, issues opinions on questions of EU law referred by member state courts"
"text": "the European Court of Justice (ECJ) is the judicial authority in matters of European Union law; the ECJ ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU, resolves disputed issues among the EU institutions and with member states, issues opinions on questions of EU law referred by member state courts"
},
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "European Court of Justice (consists of 28 judges - 1 from each member state); the court may sit as a full court, in a \"Grand Chamber\" of 13 judges in special cases, but usually in chambers of 3 to 5 judges"
@ -282,14 +287,14 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "European United Left-Nordic Green Left or GUE/NGL [Gabriele ZIMMER] ++ Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy or EFD [Nigel FARAGE and David BORRELLI] ++ European Conservatives and Reformists or ECR [Syed KAMALL] ++ European Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Rebecca HARMS and Philippe LAMBERTS] ++ Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Guy VERHOFSTADT] ++ Group of the European People's Party or EPP [Manfred WEBER] ++ Group of the Alliance of Socialists and Democrats or S&D [Gianni PITELLA]"
"text": "Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Guy VERHOFSTADT] ++ European United Left-Nordic Green Left or GUE/NGL [Gabriele ZIMMER] ++ Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy or EFDD [Nigel FARAGE and David BORRELLI] ++ Europe of Nations and Freedom or ENF [Marine LE PEN and Marcel DE GRAAFF] ++ European Conservatives and Reformists or ECR [Syed KAMALL] ++ European Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Rebecca HARMS and Philippe LAMBERTS] ++ European People's Party or EPP [Manfred WEBER] ++ Group of the Alliance of Socialists and Democrats or S&D [Gianni PITELLA]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ARF, ASEAN (dialogue member), Australian Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CERN, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-8, G-10, G-20, IDA, IEA, IGAD (partners), LAIA (observer), NSG (observer), OAS (observer), OECD, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), UN (observer), UNRWA (observer), WCO, WTO, ZC (observer)"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador David O'SULLIVAN (since 18 November 2014)"
"text": "Ambassador David O'SULLIVAN (since 19 November 2014)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2175 K Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20037"
@ -326,13 +331,13 @@
},
"National anthem": {
"name": {
"text": "\"Ode to Joy\"\""
"text": "\"Ode to Joy\""
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "no lyrics/Ludwig VON BEETHOVEN, arranged by Herbert VON KARAJAN"
"text": "no lyrics/Ludwig VAN BEETHOVEN, arranged by Herbert VON KARAJAN"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 1972; official EU anthem since 1985; the song is meant to represent all of Europe rather than just the organization, conveying ideas of peace, freedom, and unity; the song also serves as the anthem for the Council of Europe"
"text": "official EU anthem since 1985; the music is meant to represent all of Europe rather than just the organization, conveying ideas of peace, freedom, and unity"
}
}
},
@ -341,21 +346,21 @@
"text": "Internally, the 28 EU member states have adopted the framework of a single market with free movement of goods, services and capital. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster Europe's trade position and its political and economic weight. ++ ++ Despite great differences in per capita income among member states (from $13,000 to $82,000) and in national attitudes toward issues like inflation, debt, and foreign trade, the EU has achieved a high degree of coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. A common currency – the euro – circulates among 19 of the member states, under the auspices of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Eleven member states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 January 1999 (Greece did so two years later). Since 2004, 13 states acceded to the EU. Of the 13, Slovenia (2007), Cyprus and Malta (2008), Slovakia (2009), Estonia (2011), Latvia (2014), and Lithuania (2015) have adopted the euro; 7 other member states - not including the UK nor Denmark, which have formal opt-outs - are required by EU treaties to adopt the common currency upon meeting fiscal and monetary convergence criteria. ++ ++ The EU economy is slowly recovering from the 2008-09 global economic crisis and the ensuing sovereign debt crisis in the euro zone in 2011. The bloc posted moderate GDP growth in 2014 and 2015, but the recovery has been uneven. Some EU member states (Czech Republic, Ireland and Spain) have recorded strong growth while others (Finland, Greece) are struggling to shake off recession. The recovery has been buoyed by lower commodities prices and accommodative monetary policy, which has lowered interest rates and the euro’s foreign exchange value. Despite EU/IMF rescue programs in Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Cyprus, significant drags on growth remain, including high public and private debt loads, low domestic demand that discourages investment, aging populations, onerous regulations, and high unemployment. These factors - in combination with low oil prices - have subdued inflation in the euro zone despite the European Central Bank’s (ECB) efforts to spur more lending and investment through its asset-buying program and negative interest rates. The ECB in December 2015 stated it would widen its asset-buying program and extend it until March 2017 to fend off deflation and improve borrowing conditions in the euro zone. ++ ++ Beyond the risk of deflation, the EU economy is vulnerable to a slowdown of global trade that would shrink the EU’s ample external trade surplus. Another round of financial market turmoil because of disagreements between bailed-out Greece and its euro-zone creditor could also be detrimental to a stronger EU recovery if it hurts consumer and investor confidence. To bolster economic growth and create jobs, EU leaders have moved forward with plans to use $28 (€21) billion in public money as seed capital to attract private investors to fund $421 [€315] billion in infrastructure projects from 2015 to 2017, focusing on energy, broadband, transport, education, and research and innovation. They also are forging ahead on creating a capital markets union to ease the burdens of cross-border investment in the bloc. Externally, the EU continues to negotiate an ambitious and comprehensive free trade agreement with the US, the goal of which is to expand already large trade and investment flows."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$19.18 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $18.64 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $18.08 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$19.18 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $18.64 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $18.08 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$16.27 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.4% (2014 est.) ++ 0.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.9% (2016 est.) ++ 2.3% (2014 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$37,800 (2015 est.) ++ $36,900 (2014 est.) ++ $35,900 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$37,800 (2016 est.) ++ $36,900 (2015 est.) ++ $35,900 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
@ -386,23 +391,23 @@
"text": "1.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "24.6%"
"text": "25.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "70.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "73.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "wheat, barley, oilseeds, sugar beets, wine, grapes; dairy products, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry; fish"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced regions, the EU industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and beverages, furniture, paper, textiles"
"text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced regions, the EU industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportat"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "232.2 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "232.9 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -416,7 +421,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.5% (2015 est.) ++ 9.8% (2014)"
"text": "9.5% (2015 est.) ++ 9.4% (2015)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "9.8% note - see individual country entries of member states"
@ -459,7 +464,7 @@
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$7.165 trillion (31 December 2013) ++ $7.422 trillion (31 December 2012)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the quantity of money, M1, for the euro area, converted into US dollars at the exchange rate for the date indicated; it excludes the stock of money carried by non-euro-area members of the European Union, e.g., UK pounds, Danish kroner, and Czech koruny"
"text": "this is the quantity of money, M1, for the euro area, converted into US dollars at the exchange rate for the date indicated; it excludes the stock of money carried by non-euro-area members of the European Union, e.g., UK pounds, Danish kroner, and Czech k"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
@ -475,7 +480,7 @@
}
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$10.4 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $9.36 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $10.56 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$7.185 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.932 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $10.4 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$351.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $88.12 billion (2014 est.)"
@ -520,7 +525,7 @@
"text": "$9.121 trillion (2012) ++ $8.721 trillion (2011)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {

132
europe/ei.json
View file

@ -286,7 +286,7 @@
"text": "27% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -356,7 +356,12 @@
"text": "Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1922; latest drafted 14 June 1937, adopted by plebiscite 1 July 1937, effective 29 December 1937; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1922; latest drafted 14 June 1937, adopted by plebiscite 1 July 1937, effective 29 December 1937"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed as bills in Parliament; passage requires majority vote by both the Senate and House of Representatives, majority vote in a referendum, and presidental signature; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "common law system based on the English model but substantially modified by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts by Supreme Court"
@ -386,7 +391,7 @@
"text": "President Michael D. HIGGINS (since 11 November 2011)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Enda KENNY (since 9 March 2011); KENNY resigns 9 March 2016; reelected prime minister on 6 May 2016"
"text": "Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Enda KENNY (since 9 March 2011); reelected prime minister on 6 May 2016"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president, approved by the Dali Eireann (lower house of Parliament)"
@ -400,13 +405,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad Eireann (60 seats; 43 members indirectly elected by panels of various vocational interests, 11 appointed by the prime minister, and 6 elected by graduates of the University of Dublin and the National University of Ireland; members serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dail Eireann (166 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad Eireann (60 seats; 43 members indirectly elected by panels of various vocational interests, 11 appointed by the prime minister, and 6 elected by graduates of the University of Dublin and the National University of Ireland; members serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dail Eireann (158 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Senate - last held in 27 April 2011 (next to be held probably in 2016); House of Representatives - last held on 26 February 2016 (next to be held probably in 2021)"
"text": "Senate - last held in April and May 2016 (next to be held no later than 2021); House of Representatives - last held on 26 February 2016 (next to be held no later than 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Fine Gael 19, Fianna Fail 14, Labor Party 12, Sinn Fein 3, independent 12; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Fine Gael 25.5%, Fianna Fail 24.4%, Sinn Fein 13.8%, Labor Party 6.6%, AAA-PBD 4.0%, Social Democrats 3.0%, Green Party 2.7%, Renua Irland 2.2% independents 17.8%; seats by party - Fine Gael 50, Fianna Fail 44, Sinn Fein 23, Labor Party 7, AAA-PBP 6, Social Democrats 3, Green Party 2, independent 23"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Fine Gael 19, Fianna Fail 14, Sinn Fein 7, Labor Party 5, Sinn Fein 3, Green Party 1, independent 14; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Fine Gael 25.5%, Fianna Fail 24.4%, Sinn Fein 13.8%, Labor Party 6.6%, AAA-PBD 4.0%, Social Democrats 3.0%, Green Party 2.7%, Renua Ireland 2.2% independents 17.8%; seats by party - Fine Gael 50, Fianna Fail 44, Sinn Fein 23, Labor Party 7, AAA-PBP 6, Social Democrats 3, Green Party 2, independent 23"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -421,7 +426,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Anti-Austerity Alliance-People Before Profit or AAA-PBP [collective leadership] ++ Fianna Fail [Micheal MARTIN] ++ Fine Gael [Enda KENNY] ++ Green Party [Eamon RYAN] ++ Labor (Labour) Party [Joan BURTON] ++ Renua Ireland [Lucinda CREIGHTON] ++ Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS] ++ Social Democratic Party [Stephen DONNELLY, Catherine MURPHY, Roisin SHORTALL] ++ Socialist Party [collective leadership] ++ The Workers' Party [Michael DONNELLY]"
"text": "Anti-Austerity Alliance-People Before Profit or AAA-PBP [collective leadership] ++ Fianna Fail [Micheal MARTIN] ++ Fine Gael [Enda KENNY] ++ Green Party [Eamon RYAN] ++ Labor (Labour) Party [Brendan HOWLIN] ++ Renua Ireland [John LEAHY] ++ Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS] ++ Social Democratic Party [Stephen DONNELLY, Catherine MURPHY, Roisin SHORTALL] ++ Socialist Party [collective leadership] ++ The Workers' Party [Michael DONNELLY]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Continuity IRA (terrorist group) ++ Families Acting for Innocent Relatives or FAIR [Brian MCCONNELL] (seek compensation for victims of violence) ++ Iona Institute [David QUINN] (a conservative Catholic think tank) ++ Irish Anti-War Movement [Richard BOYD BARRETT] (campaigns against wars around the world) ++ Keep Ireland Open (environmental group) ++ Oglaigh na hEireann (terrorist group) ++ Midland Railway Action Group or MRAG [Willie ALLEN] (transportation promoters) ++ New Irish Republican Army (terrorist group combining elements of the former Real IRA and Republican Action Against Drugs) ++ Peace and Neutrality Alliance [Roger COLE] (campaigns to protect Irish neutrality) ++ Rail Users Ireland (formerly the Platform 11 - transportation promoters) ++ 32 Country Sovereignty Movement or 32CSM (supports unifying Northern Ireland with the rest of the island under Irish government sovereignty)"
@ -489,55 +494,55 @@
"text": "Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy. Ireland was among the initial group of 12 EU nations that began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002. ++ ++ GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity dropped sharply during the world financial crisis and the subsequent collapse of its domestic property market and construction industry. Faced with sharply reduced revenues and a burgeoning budget deficit from efforts to stabilize its fragile banking sector, the Irish Government introduced the first in a series of draconian budgets in 2009. These measures were not sufficient to stabilize Ireland’s public finances. In 2010, the budget deficit reached 32.4% of GDP - the world's largest deficit, as a percentage of GDP. In late 2010, the former COWEN government agreed to a $92 billion loan package from the EU and IMF to help Dublin recapitalize Ireland’s banking sector and avoid defaulting on its sovereign debt. In March 2011, the KENNY government intensified austerity measures to meet the deficit targets under Ireland's EU-IMF bailout program. ++ ++ In late 2013, Ireland formally exited its EU-IMF bailout program, benefiting from its strict adherence to deficit-reduction targets and success in refinancing a large amount of banking-related debt. In 2014, the economy rapidly picked up and GDP grew by 5.2%. The recovering economy assisted lowering the deficit to 2.5% of GDP. In late 2014, the government introduced a fiscally neutral budget, marking the end of the austerity program. Continued growth of tax receipts has allowed the government to lower some taxes and increase public spending while keeping to its deficit-reduction targets. In 2015, GDP growth reached 7.8%, the highest growth in the EU for the second consecutive year. ++ ++ In the wake of the collapse of the construction sector and the downturn in consumer spending and business investment, the export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, has become an even more important component of Ireland's economy. Ireland’s low corporation tax of 12.5% and a talented pool of high-tech laborers have been key factors in encouraging business investment. Loose tax residency requirements made Ireland a common destination for international firms seeking to avoid taxation. Amid growing international pressure, the government announced it would phase in more stringent tax laws, effectively closing a loophole."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$257.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $238.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $227 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$324.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $309 billion (2015 est.) ++ $244.7 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$238 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$307.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "7.8% (2015 est.) ++ 5.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.9% (2016 est.) ++ 26.3% (2015 est.) ++ 8.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$55,500 (2015 est.) ++ $51,800 (2014 est.) ++ $49,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$69,400 (2016 est.) ++ $66,700 (2015 est.) ++ $53,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "27.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 23.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "31.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 31.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 23.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "47%"
"text": "36.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "13.2%"
"text": "10.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.3%"
"text": "20.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.9%"
"text": "0.6%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "113.5%"
"text": "124.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-94.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-92.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.5%"
"text": "1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "24.9%"
"text": "41.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "57.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -547,10 +552,10 @@
"text": "pharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer hardware and software, food products, beverages and brewing; medical devices"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.171 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.181 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -564,7 +569,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.4% (2015 est.) ++ 11.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "8% (2016 est.) ++ 9.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "8.2% (2013 est.)"
@ -582,29 +587,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$78.42 billion"
"text": "$78.47 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$84.07 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$80.86 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "32.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "25.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "101.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 107.6% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "77.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 78.7% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0% (2015 est.) ++ 0.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.2% (2016 est.) ++ 0% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2015) ++ 0.15% (31 August 2014)",
@ -613,28 +618,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.4% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.41% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 3.36% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$140.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $143.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$144.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $146.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$255.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $267.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$340.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $380.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$285.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $305 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$138.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $165.7 billion (31 December 2014) ++ $171.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$128 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $143.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $170.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$10.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $9.08 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$29.11 billion (2016 est.) ++ $29.02 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$125.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $123.1 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$160.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $160.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals, medical devices, pharmaceuticals; foodstuffs, animal products"
@ -643,7 +648,7 @@
"text": "US 23.7%, UK 13.8%, Belgium 13.2%, Germany 6.6%, Switzerland 5.5%, Netherlands 4.4%, France 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$75.73 billion (2015 est.) ++ $80.88 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$88.01 billion (2016 est.) ++ $87.79 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing"
@ -652,41 +657,36 @@
"text": "UK 32.5%, US 14%, France 10.2%, Germany 9.3%, Netherlands 4.9%, China 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$1.748 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.635 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.203 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.748 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$1.96 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.078 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.47 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $2.35 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$878.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $831.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.057 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $963.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$961.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $939.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.435 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.321 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "25 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "25 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "25 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "25 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "700 million kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "700 million kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "2.9 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.9 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "9.1 million kW (2013 est.)"
"text": "9.1 million kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "72.3% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
@ -704,25 +704,25 @@
"text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - imports": {
"text": "74,690 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "74,690 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2015 es)"
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2016 es)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "68,050 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "68,050 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
"text": "147,800 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
"text": "147,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
"text": "34,200 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "34,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
"text": "115,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "115,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "152 million cu m (2014 est.)"
@ -737,10 +737,10 @@
"text": "4.246 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "9.911 billion cu m (1 January 2014 es)"
"text": "9.911 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "34 million Mt (2012 est.)"
"text": "34 million Mt (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
@ -772,7 +772,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "publicly owned broadcaster Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) operates 2 TV stations; commercial TV stations are available; about 75% of households utilize multi-channel satellite and TV services that provide access to a wide range of stations; RTE operates 4 national radio stations and has launched digital audio broadcasts on several stations; a number of commercial broadcast stations operate at the national, regional, and local levels (2014)"
"text": "publicly owned broadcaster Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) operates 2 TV stations; commercial TV stations are available; about 75% of households utilize multi-channel satellite and TV services that provide access to a wide range of stations; RTE operates 4 na (2014)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ie"

92
europe/en.json
View file

@ -297,7 +297,7 @@
"text": "24.5% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -387,7 +387,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Parliament members or by the president of the republic; passage requires three readings of the proposed amendment and a simple majority vote in two successive memberships of Parliament; passage of amendments to the “General Provisions” and “Amendment of the Constitution” chapters requires three-fifths majority vote of Parliament for a referendum and majority vote in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -417,7 +422,7 @@
"text": "President Kersti KALJULAID (since 10 October 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Taavi ROIVAS (since 26 March 2014)"
"text": "Juri RATAS (since 23 November 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament"
@ -514,44 +519,44 @@
"text": "Estonia, a member of the EU since 2004 and the euro zone since 2011, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda, and sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. ++ ++ The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, and Germany. After two years of robust recovery in 2011 and 2012, the Estonian economy faltered in 2013 with only 1.6% GDP growth, mainly due to continuing recession in much of the EU. GDP growth in 2014 was 2.9% but dropped to 1.2% in 2015 due to lower demand in key Scandinavian export markets. GDP growth is expected to be about 2.2% in 2016. ++ ++ Estonia is challenged by a shortage of labor, both skilled and unskilled, although the government has amended its immigration law to allow easier hiring of highly qualified foreign workers."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$37.55 billion (2015 est.) ++ $37.15 billion (2014 est.) ++ $36.1 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$38.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $38.12 billion (2015 est.) ++ $37.72 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$22.7 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$23.48 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.) ++ 1.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.) ++ 1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$28,600 (2015 est.) ++ $28,200 (2014 est.) ++ $27,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$29,500 (2016 est.) ++ $29,000 (2015 est.) ++ $28,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 27.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "24.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 26.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50.3%"
"text": "51.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.9%"
"text": "20.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "24.2%"
"text": "24.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.5%"
"text": "-1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "79.8%"
"text": "79.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-75.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-74.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -559,10 +564,10 @@
"text": "3.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27.7%"
"text": "28.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "68.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "68.4% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -572,10 +577,10 @@
"text": "food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "683,200 (2015 est.)"
"text": "651,200 (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -589,7 +594,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.2% (2015 est.) ++ 7.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.5% (2016 est.) ++ 6.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "21.6% (2014 est.)"
@ -607,20 +612,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$9.076 billion"
"text": "$9.559 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$8.975 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$9.596 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "40.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 9.7% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
@ -629,34 +634,34 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.5% (2015 est.) ++ -0.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.3% (2016 est.) ++ -0.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.48% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.76% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "4.8% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.48% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$10.96 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$12.85 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $10.96 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$14.71 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $14.05 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$19.88 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $19.68 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$21.29 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $19.88 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$2.034 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.591 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $2.332 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$437 million (2015 est.) ++ $272 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$136 million (2016 est.) ++ $487 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$12.24 billion (2015 est.) ++ $15.18 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.27 billion (2016 est.) ++ $12.24 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 34%, food products and beverages 9%, mineral fuels 9%, wood and wood products 10%, metals 7%, furniture 9%, vehicles and parts 6%, chemicals 5% (2015 est.)"
@ -665,7 +670,7 @@
"text": "Sweden 18.8%, Finland 16%, Latvia 10.4%, Russia 6.7%, Lithuania 5.9%, Germany 5.2%, Norway 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$13.19 billion (2015 est.) ++ $16.51 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$13.46 billion (2016 est.) ++ $13.19 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 28 %, mineral fuels 11%, food and food products 10%, vehicles 9%, chemical products 8%, metals 8% (2015 est.)"
@ -674,27 +679,22 @@
"text": "Finland 14.5%, Germany 11%, Lithuania 9%, Sweden 8.5%, Latvia 8.3%, Poland 7.4%, Russia 6.1%, Netherlands 5.5%, China 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$414.8 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $436.8 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$475.5 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $414.8 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$18.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$19.05 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $18.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$22.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $23.92 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$22.86 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $22.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$9.164 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$9.414 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $9.164 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "kroon (EEK) per US dollar - ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 0.72 (2011 est.)"
"text": "kroon (EEK) per US dollar - ++ 0.8985 (2016 est.) ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.9012 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "12 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -787,14 +787,14 @@
"text": "foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high-quality voice, data, and Internet services available"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income tax returns online, and online voting - in local and parliamentary elections - has climbed steadily since first introduced in 2005"
"text": "substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income tax returns on"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 2 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; high penetration rate for cable TV services with more than half of Estonian households connected (2008)"
"text": "the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 2 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ee"

90
europe/ez.json
View file

@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
"text": "29.1% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -365,7 +365,12 @@
"text": "Czechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "passage requires three-fifths concurrence by members present in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 - based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory - and reintroducing former Czech legal terminology"
@ -503,44 +508,44 @@
"text": "Czechia is a stable and prosperous market economy that is closely integrated with the EU, especially since the country's EU accession in 2004. The auto industry is the largest single industry, and, together with its upstream suppliers, accounts for nearly 24% of Czech manufacturing. Czechia produced more than a million cars for the first time in 2010, over 80% of which were exported. ++ ++ While the conservative, inward-looking Czech financial system has remained relatively healthy, the small, open, export-driven Czech economy remains sensitive to changes in the economic performance of its main export markets, especially Germany. When Western Europe and Germany fell into recession in late 2008, demand for Czech goods plunged, leading to double digit drops in industrial production and exports. As a result, real GDP fell sharply in 2009. The economy slowly recovered in the second half of 2009 and registered weak growth in the next two years. In 2012 and 2013, however, the economy fell into a recession again, due both to a slump in external demand in the EU and to the government’s austerity measures, returning to weak growth in 2014, and stronger growth in 2015. ++ ++ Foreign and domestic businesses alike voice concerns about corruption, especially in public procurement. Other long term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$332.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $319 billion (2014 est.) ++ $312.8 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$350.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $342.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $327.6 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$181.9 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$193.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4.2% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.) ++ -0.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.5% (2016 est.) ++ 4.5% (2015 est.) ++ 2.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$31,600 (2015 est.) ++ $30,300 (2014 est.) ++ $29,700 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$33,200 (2016 est.) ++ $32,500 (2015 est.) ++ $31,200 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "28.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 25.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "27.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 28.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "47%"
"text": "47.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.5%"
"text": "19.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "26.3%"
"text": "25.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1%"
"text": "0%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "83%"
"text": "81.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-76.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-74.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -548,10 +553,10 @@
"text": "2.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "37.3%"
"text": "37.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "60.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "60% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -561,10 +566,10 @@
"text": "motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.517 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.494 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -578,7 +583,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 7.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.6% (2016 est.) ++ 6.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "8.6% (2012 est.)"
@ -596,26 +601,26 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$76.68 billion"
"text": "$73.74 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$77.44 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$74.75 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "38.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-0.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "41.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 42.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "40.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 41.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.3% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.5% (2016 est.) ++ 0.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.05% (31 December 2012)",
@ -624,25 +629,25 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.28% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.64% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "4.2% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.28% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$124.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $122.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$137.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $124.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$152.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $155.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$155.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $144.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$127.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $137.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$129.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $127.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$54.92 billion (30 December 3013 est.) ++ $59.88 billion (28 December 2012 est.) ++ $53.2 billion (30 December 2011 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$1.648 billion (2015 est.) ++ $366 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.976 billion (2016 est.) ++ $1.682 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$131 billion (2015 est.) ++ $146.6 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$141.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $131 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, raw materials, fuel, chemicals"
@ -651,7 +656,7 @@
"text": "Germany 32.4%, Slovakia 9%, Poland 5.8%, UK 5.3%, France 5.1%, Austria 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$122.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $135.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$132.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $122.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and fuels, chemicals"
@ -660,27 +665,22 @@
"text": "Germany 30%, Poland 9%, China 8.3%, Slovakia 6.6%, Netherlands 5%, Austria 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$64.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $54.49 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$78.62 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $64.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$126.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $129.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$128.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $126.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$136.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $146 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$139.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $136.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$41.48 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $42.98 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$45.28 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $41.48 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "koruny (CZK) per US dollar - ++ 24.599 (2015 est.) ++ 20.758 (2014 est.) ++ 20.758 (2013 est.) ++ 19.59 (2012 est.) ++ 17.696 (2011 est.)"
"text": "koruny (CZK) per US dollar - ++ 25.02 (2016 est.) ++ 24.599 (2015 est.) ++ 24.599 (2014 est.) ++ 20.758 (2013 est.) ++ 19.59 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "80 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -773,14 +773,14 @@
"text": "good telephone and Internet service; competition among the three major mobile phone services has driven down prices"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "access to the fixed-line telephone network expanded throughout the 1990s, but the number of fixed line connections has been dropping since then; mobile telephone usage increased sharply beginning in the mid-1990s, and the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now greatly exceeds the population"
"text": "access to the fixed-line telephone network expanded throughout the 1990s, but the number of fixed line connections has been dropping since then; mobile telephone usage increased sharply beginning in the mid-1990s, and the number of cellular telephone subs"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 6 (2 Intersputnik - Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions, 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "roughly 130 TV broadcasters operating some 350 channels with 4 publicly operated and the remainder in private hands; 16 TV stations have national coverage with 4 being publicly operated; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; 63 radio broadcasters are registered operating roughly 80 radio stations with 15 stations publicly operated; 10 radio stations provide national coverage with the remainder local or regional (2008)"
"text": "roughly 130 TV broadcasters operating some 350 channels with 4 publicly operated and the remainder in private hands; 16 TV stations have national coverage with 4 being publicly operated; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; 63 radio (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".cz"

90
europe/fi.json
View file

@ -356,7 +356,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 6 December (1917)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared “urgent” by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the Swedish model"
@ -483,44 +488,44 @@
"text": "Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, or Sweden. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. ++ ++ Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology for mobile phones as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. ++ ++ Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012-14. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. ++ ++ Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth. The depreciating ruble and Russia’s general economic slowdown will dampen exports to Russia."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$225 billion (2015 est.) ++ $224 billion (2014 est.) ++ $225.6 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$230 billion (2016 est.) ++ $227.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $227.4 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$229.7 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$239.2 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2015 est.) ++ -0.7% (2014 est.) ++ -0.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.9% (2016 est.) ++ 0.2% (2015 est.) ++ -0.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$41,100 (2015 est.) ++ $41,100 (2014 est.) ++ $41,600 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$41,800 (2016 est.) ++ $41,600 (2015 est.) ++ $41,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "21.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "21.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 20.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "55.3%"
"text": "55.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "24.4%"
"text": "24.2%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.4%"
"text": "20.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.3%"
"text": "-0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "36.6%"
"text": "35.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-37.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-34.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -528,10 +533,10 @@
"text": "2.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.8%"
"text": "26.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "70.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "70.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -541,10 +546,10 @@
"text": "metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.689 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.675 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture and forestry": {
@ -570,7 +575,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.3% (2015 est.) ++ 8.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "9.1% (2016 est.) ++ 9.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -591,29 +596,29 @@
"text": "$127.6 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$134 billion"
"text": "$132.7 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "Central Government Budget (2015 est.)"
"text": "Central Government Budget (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "55.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "53.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "62.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 59.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "64.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 62.5% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.4% (2016 est.) ++ -0.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
@ -622,28 +627,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.2% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "1.8% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$121.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $118.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$130.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $121.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$179.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $195.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$357.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $410.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$355.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $357.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$158.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $143.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $118.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$272 million (2015 est.) ++ -$2.566 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$199 million (2016 est.) ++ $316 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$61.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $75.6 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$57.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $61.29 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber"
@ -652,7 +657,7 @@
"text": "Germany 13.9%, Sweden 10.1%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.6%, Russia 5.9%, UK 5.2%, China 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$58.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $74.43 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$53.5 billion (2016 est.) ++ $58.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains"
@ -661,27 +666,22 @@
"text": "Germany 17%, Sweden 16%, Russia 11%, Netherlands 9.1%, Denmark 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$10.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$10.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $10.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$547.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $571.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$544.7 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $524.7 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$135.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $131.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$153.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $135.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$141.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $155.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$140.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $141.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "66 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -777,11 +777,11 @@
"text": "digital fiber-optic, fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2015)"
"text": "country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the I (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mix of publicly operated TV stations and privately owned TV stations; in 2008, the 2 publicly owned TV stations expanded services and the largest private TV station has introduced several special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals have been broadcast digitally since September 2007; analog broadcasts via cable networks were terminated in February 2008; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters (2008)"
"text": "a mix of publicly operated TV stations and privately owned TV stations; in 2008, the 2 publicly owned TV stations expanded services and the largest private TV station has introduced several special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-chann (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".fi; note - Aland Islands assigned .ax"

18
europe/fo.json
View file

@ -278,7 +278,12 @@
"text": "Olaifest (Olavsoka), 29 July"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "5 June 1953 (Danish Constitution), 23 March 1948 (Home Rule Act), and 24 June 2005 (Takeover Act) serve as the Faroe Islands constitutional position in the Unity of the Realm (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "5 June 1953 (Danish Constitution), 23 March 1948 (Home Rule Act), and 24 June 2005 (Takeover Act) serve as the Faroe Islands constitutional position in the Unity of the Realm"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "see entry for Denmark (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of Denmark, where applicable, apply"
@ -435,7 +440,7 @@
"text": "$1.301 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "Denmark supplies the Faroe Islands with almost one-third of their public funds (2010)"
"text": "Denmark supplies the Faroe Islands with almost one-third of their public funds (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
@ -472,15 +477,10 @@
"text": "$888.8 million (2010) ++ $68.1 million (2006)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 5.79 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3687 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 6.865 (2016 est.) ++ 6.7236 (2015 est.) ++ 5.6183 (2014 est.) ++ 5.6125 (2013 est.) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "300 million kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -580,7 +580,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "1 publicly owned TV station; the Faroese telecommunications company distributes local and international channels through its digital terrestrial network; publicly owned radio station supplemented by 3 privately owned stations broadcasting over multiple frequencies (2015)"
"text": "1 publicly owned TV station; the Faroese telecommunications company distributes local and international channels through its digital terrestrial network; publicly owned radio station supplemented by 3 privately owned stations broadcasting over multiple fr (2015)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".fo"

100
europe/fr.json
View file

@ -415,7 +415,7 @@
"text": "25.7% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -497,7 +497,12 @@
"text": "Fete de la Federation, 14 July (1790); note - although often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration actually commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille (on 14 July 1789) and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are Fete Nationale (National Holiday) and quatorze juillet (14th of July)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958; amended many times, last in 2008 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic (upon recommendation of the prime minister and Parliament) or by members of Parliament; proposals submitted by Parliament members require passage by both houses followed by approval in a referendum; passage of proposals submitted by the government can bypass a referendum if submitted by the president to Parliament and passed by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament’s National Assembly; amended many times, last in 2008 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts"
@ -527,7 +532,7 @@
"text": "President Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Manuel VALLS (since 31 March 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Bernard CAZENEUVE (since 6 December 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister"
@ -562,10 +567,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Europe Ecology - The Greens or EELV [Emmanuelle COSSE] ++ French Communist Party or PCF [Pierre LAURENT] ++ Left Front Coalition or FDG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON] ++ Left Party or PG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON and Martine BILLARD] ++ Left Radical Party or PRG [Jean-Michel BAYLET] (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) ++ Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DE VILLIERS] ++ National Front or FN [Marine LE PEN] ++ New Anticapitalist Party or NPA [collective leadership; main spokesperson Christine POUPIN] ++ New Center or NC [Herve MORIN] ++ Radical Party [Jean-Louis BORLOO] ++ Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA] ++ Republican and Citizen Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Haerlem DESIR] ++ The Republicans (formerly Union for a Popular Movement or UMP) [Nicolas SARKOZY] ++ Union des Democrates et Independants or UDI [Jean-Louis BORLOO] and Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU] (previously Union for French Democracy or UDF); together known as UDI-Modem ++ United Republic or RS [Dominique DE VILLEPIN] ++ Worker's Struggle (Lutte Ouvriere) or LO [collective leadership; spokespersons Nathalie ARTHAUD and Arlette LAQUILLER]"
"text": "Europe Ecology - The Greens or EELV [David CORMAND] ++ French Communist Party or PCF [Pierre LAURENT] ++ Left Front Coalition or FDG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON] ++ Left Party or PG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON and Martine BILLARD] ++ Left Radical Party or PRG [Sylvia PINEL] (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) ++ Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DE VILLIERS] ++ National Front or FN [Marine LE PEN] ++ New Anticapitalist Party or NPA [collective leadership; main spokesperson Christine POUPIN] ++ New Center or NC [Herve MORIN] ++ Radical Party [Jean-Louis BORLOO] ++ Rally for France or RPF [Igor KUREK] ++ Republican and Citizen Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Jean-Christophe CAMBADELIS] ++ The Republicans (formerly Union for a Popular Movement or UMP) [Francois FILLON] ++ Union des Democrates et Independants or UDI [Jean-Christohe LAGARDE] and Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU] (previously Union for French Democracy or UDF); together known as UDI-Modem ++ United Republic or RS [Dominique DE VILLEPIN] ++ Worker's Struggle (Lutte Ouvriere) or LO [collective leadership; spokespersons Nathalie ARTHAUD and Arlette LAQUILLER]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres (French Confederation of Management - General Confederation of Executives) or CFE-CGC [Carole COUVERT, president] (independent white-collar union with 140,000 members) ++ Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail (French Democratic Confederation of Labor) or CFDT [Laurent BERGER, secretary general] (left-leaning labor union with approximately 875,000 members) ++ Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens (French Confederation of Christian Workers) or CFTC [Philippe LOUIS, president] (independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 142,000 members) ++ Confederation generale du travail (General Confederation of Labor) or CGT [Bernard THIBAULT, secretary general] (historically communist labor union with approximately 710,000 members) ++ Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere (General Confederation of Labor - Worker's Force) or FO [Jean-Claude MAILLY, secretary general] (independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members) ++ Mouvement des entreprises de France or MEDEF [Pierre GATTAZ, president] (employers' union with claimed 750,000 companies as members) ++ ",
"text": "Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres (French Confederation of Management - General Confederation of Executives) or CFE-CGC [Francois HOMMERIL, president] (independent white-collar union with 140,000 members) ++ Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail (French Democratic Confederation of Labor) or CFDT [Laurent BERGER, secretary general] (left-leaning labor union with approximately 875,000 members) ++ Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens (French Confederation of Christian Workers) or CFTC [Philippe LOUIS, president] (independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 142,000 members) ++ Confederation generale du travail (General Confederation of Labor) or CGT [Philippe MARTINEZ, secretary general] (historically communist labor union with approximately 710,000 members) ++ Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere (General Confederation of Labor - Worker's Force) or FO [Jean-Claude MAILLY, secretary general] (independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members) ++ Mouvement des entreprises de France or MEDEF [Pierre GATTAZ, president] (employers' union with claimed 750,000 companies as members) ++ ",
"French Guiana": {
"text": " ++ conservationists; gold mining pressure groups; hunting pressure groups ++ "
},
@ -645,44 +650,44 @@
"text": "The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. With more than 84 million foreign tourists per year, France is the most visited country in the world and maintains the third largest income in the world from tourism. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality. ++ ++ France's real GDP increased by 1.1% in 2015. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 9.9% in the fourth quarter of 2014. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from a high of 25.4% in the fourth quarter of 2012 to 24.3% in the fourth quarter of 2014. ++ ++ Lower-than-expected growth and high spending have strained France's public finances. The budget deficit rose sharply from 3.3% of GDP in 2008 to 7.5% of GDP in 2009 before improving to 4% of GDP in 2014 and 2015, while France's public debt rose from 68% of GDP to more than 98% in 2015, and may hit 100% in 2016. ++ ++ Elected on a conventionally leftist platform, President Francois HOLLANDE surprised and angered many supporters with a January 2014 speech announcing a sharp change in his economic policy, recasting himself as a liberalizing reformer. The government's budget for 2014 shifted the balance of fiscal consolidation from taxes to a total of $24 billion in spending cuts. In December 2014, HOLLANDE announced additional reforms, including a plan to extend commercial business hours, liberalize professional services, and sell off $6.2-12.4 billion in state owned assets. France’s tax burden remains well above the EU average and income tax cuts over the past decade are being partly reversed, particularly for higher earners. The top rate of income tax is 41%. The government is allowing a 75% payroll tax on salaries over $1.24 million to lapse."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$2.647 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.617 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.612 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$2.737 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $2.701 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.667 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.422 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$2.488 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 0.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.3% (2016 est.) ++ 1.3% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$41,200 (2015 est.) ++ $40,900 (2014 est.) ++ $41,000 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$42,400 (2016 est.) ++ $42,000 (2015 est.) ++ $41,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "22.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "21.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 22.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "55.1%"
"text": "54.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "23.9%"
"text": "23.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "21.5%"
"text": "21.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.8%"
"text": "0.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "30%"
"text": "29.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-31.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-31% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -690,10 +695,10 @@
"text": "1.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "19.5%"
"text": "19.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "78.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "78.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -703,10 +708,10 @@
"text": "machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "30.41 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "30.48 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -720,7 +725,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.1% (2015 est.) ++ 9.9% (2014 est.)",
"text": "9.7% (2016 est.) ++ 10.1% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "includes overseas territories"
}
@ -741,29 +746,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.294 trillion"
"text": "$1.288 trillion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.38 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$1.369 trillion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "53.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "51.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "96.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 95.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "96.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 96.2% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.3% (2016 est.) ++ 0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.25% (31 December 2013)",
@ -772,28 +777,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "1.93% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "2% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 1.93% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.079 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.08 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$1.144 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.079 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$2.541 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.771 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$3.528 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.831 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.64 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.528 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.762 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.538 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.983 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.088 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.086 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.301 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$3.041 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$26.24 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$11.52 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$4.832 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$510.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $584.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$505.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $510.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages"
@ -802,7 +807,7 @@
"text": "Germany 15.9%, Spain 7.3%, US 7.2%, Italy 7.1%, UK 7.1%, Belgium 6.8% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$537.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $631.1 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$525.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $537.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals"
@ -814,24 +819,19 @@
"text": "$138.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $143.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$5.496 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.549 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.36 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $5.25 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$773.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $729.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$796.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $773.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.316 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.279 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.339 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.316 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "534 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -927,14 +927,14 @@
"text": "extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive use of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 33; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - more than 3 (2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries"
"text": "country code - 33; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - more than 3 (2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsa"
},
"overseas departments": {
"text": "country codes: French Guiana - 594; Guadeloupe - 590; Martinique - 596; Mayotte - 262; Reunion - 262 (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France television stations operate 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and international channels; a large number of privately owned regional and local TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7 national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio France Internationale, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial networks (2008)"
"text": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France television stations operate 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and internationa (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": "metropolitan France - .fr; French Guiana - .gf; Guadeloupe - .gp; Martinique - .mq; Mayotte - .yt; Reunion - .re"
@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@
"text": "50 (Belgium 7, Bermuda 5, Denmark 11, French Polynesia 11, Germany 1, New Caledonia 3, Singapore 3, Sweden 4, Switzerland 5)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "151 (Bahamas 15, Belgium 7, Bermuda 1, Canada 1, Cyprus 16, Egypt 1, Hong Kong 4, Indonesia 1, Ireland 2, Italy 2, Luxembourg 15, Malta 8, Marshall Islands 7, Mexico 1, Morocco 3, Netherlands 2, Norway 5, Panama 7, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, Singapore 3, South Korea 2, Taiwan 2, UK 39, US 4, unknown 1) (2010)"
"text": "151 (Bahamas 15, Belgium 7, Bermuda 1, Canada 1, Cyprus 16, Egypt 1, Hong Kong 4, Indonesia 1, Ireland 2, Italy 2, Luxembourg 15, Malta 8, Marshall Islands 7, Mexico 1, Morocco 3, Netherlands 2, Norway 5, Panama 7, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, Singapor (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

11
europe/gi.json
View file

@ -260,7 +260,12 @@
"text": "National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or join Spain"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by Parliament and require prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires three-quarters majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply"
@ -279,7 +284,7 @@
"text": "Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of the Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister"
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor"
@ -443,7 +448,7 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.64 (2012) ++ 0.624 (2011)"
"text": "Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.64 (2012)"
}
},
"Energy": {

30
europe/gk.json
View file

@ -264,7 +264,12 @@
"text": "Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "unwritten; includes royal charters, statutes, and common law and practice"
"history": {
"text": "unwritten; includes royal charters, statutes, and common law and practice"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "new laws or changes to existing laws are initiated by the States of Deliberation; passage requires majority vote (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "customary legal system based on Norman customary law, and includes elements of the French civil code and English common law"
@ -277,19 +282,19 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Vice Admiral Ian CORDER sworn in on 14 March 2016"
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Vice Admiral Ian CORDER (since 14 March 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chief Minister Jonathan LE TOCQ (since 12 March 2014); Bailiff Sir Richard COLLAS (since 23 March 2012)"
"text": "Chief Minister Gavin ST.PIER (since 6 May 2016); Bailiff Sir Richard COLLAS (since 23 March 2012); note - Chief Minister is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee and is the de facto head of government; The Policy and Resources Committee, elected by the States of Deliberation, functions as the executive; the five members all have equal voting rights"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "none; note - the Policy Council, elected by the States of Deliberation, functions mainly as policy coordination body"
"text": "none"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by States of Deliberation; last held on 27 April 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by States of Deliberation; last held on 6 May 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Jonathan LE TOCQ (independent) elected chief minister; States of Deliberation vote - 22 of 42 votes"
"text": "Gavin ST.PIER (independent) elected as president of the Policy and Resources Committee and Chief Minister"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -318,7 +323,7 @@
"text": "none; all independents"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "No More Masts [Colin FALLAIZE] ++ Stop Traffic Endangering Pedestrian Safety or STEPS"
"text": "Stop Traffic Endangering Pedestrian Safety or STEPS"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "UPU"
@ -405,7 +410,7 @@
"text": "$563.6 million"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$530.9 million (2005 est.)"
"text": "$530.9 million (2005)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
@ -436,14 +441,7 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Guernsey pound per US dollar ++ 0.6542 (2015) ++ 0.607 (2014) ++ 0.607 (2013) ++ 0.63 (2012) ++ 0.624 (2011)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
"text": "Guernsey pound per US dollar ++ 0.7391 (2016 est.) ++ 0.6542 (2015 est.) ++ 0.6542 (2014) ++ 0.607 (2013) ++ 0.63 (2012)"
}
},
"Communications": {

102
europe/gm.json
View file

@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
"text": "1.1% (2006)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -368,7 +368,12 @@
"text": "Unity Day, 3 October (1990)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10 to 23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949; amended many times, last in 2012 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10 to 23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2012 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -404,7 +409,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention consisting of the 630-member Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and 630 delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; election last held on 19 February 2012 (next to be held by June 2017); chancellor indirectly elected by absolute majority by the Federal Parliament for a 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 17 December 2013 (next to be held following the general election, no later than autumn 2017)"
"text": "president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention consisting of the 630-member Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and 630 delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; election last held on 19 February 2012 (next to be held 12 February 2017); chancellor indirectly elected by absolute majority by the Federal Parliament for a 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 17 December 2013 (next to be held following the general election, no later than autumn 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Joachim GAUCK elected president; Federal Convention vote count - Joachim GAUCK (independent) 991, Beate KLARSFELD (independent) 126, Olaf ROSE (National People's Union) 3; Angela MERKEL (CDU) reelected chancellor; Federal Parliament vote - 462 for, 150 against, 49 abstentions"
@ -433,7 +438,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Cem OEZDEMIR and Simone PETER] ++ Alternative for Germany or AfD [Frauke PETRY and Jorg MEUTHEN] ++ Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL] ++ Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER] ++ Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER] ++ Left Party or Die Linke [Katia KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER] ++ Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL]"
"text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Cem OEZDEMIR and Simone PETER] ++ Alternative for Germany or AfD [Frauke PETRY and Joerg MEUTHEN] ++ Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL] ++ Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER] ++ Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER] ++ Left Party or Die Linke [Katja KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER] ++ Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -503,44 +508,44 @@
"text": "The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment and benefits from a highly skilled labor force. Like its Western European neighbors, Germany faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and a large increase in net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms. ++ ++ Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II. The new German Government introduced a minimum wage of about $11.60 (8.50 euros) per hour that took effect in 2015. ++ ++ Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2015 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.9%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016, though the target was already reached in 2012. ++ ++ The German economy suffers from low levels of investment, and a government plan to invest 15 billion euros during 2016-18, largely in infrastructure, is intended to spur needed private investment. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuclear power largely with renewable energy, which accounted for 27.8% of gross electricity consumption in 2014, up from 9% in 2000. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production. Domestic consumption, bolstered by low energy prices and a weak euro, are likely to drive German GDP growth again in 2016."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$3.841 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $3.786 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $3.727 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$3.979 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $3.911 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $3.854 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$3.358 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$3.495 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.7% (2016 est.) ++ 1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$46,900 (2015 est.) ++ $46,600 (2014 est.) ++ $46,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$48,200 (2016 est.) ++ $47,600 (2015 est.) ++ $47,500 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "27.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "27.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 27.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "54.1%"
"text": "53.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "19.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20%"
"text": "20.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-1.3%"
"text": "-1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "46.9%"
"text": "45.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-39.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-38% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -548,10 +553,10 @@
"text": "0.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30.4%"
"text": "30.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "69.1% ++ (2015 est.)"
"text": "69.1% ++ (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -561,10 +566,10 @@
"text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "45 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "45.3 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -578,7 +583,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "4.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.3% (2016 est.) ++ 4.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "15.5% (2010 est.)"
@ -596,29 +601,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.498 trillion"
"text": "$1.507 trillion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.474 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$1.484 trillion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "71.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 74.6% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "69% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 71.2% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euros using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank"
"text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.4% (2016 est.) ++ 0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
@ -627,28 +632,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "1.84% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.47% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "1.7% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 1.84% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.923 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.891 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$2.049 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.923 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$4.347 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.451 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$4.452 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.976 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.327 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.452 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.486 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.184 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.43 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.716 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.739 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.936 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$285.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $282.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$301.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $284.2 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.309 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.48 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.283 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $1.309 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, rubber and plastic products"
@ -657,7 +662,7 @@
"text": "US 9.6%, France 8.6%, UK 7.5%, Netherlands 6.6%, China 6%, Italy 4.9%, Austria 4.8%, Poland 4.4%, Switzerland 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$1.017 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.18 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$987.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $1.017 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, data processing equipment, vehicles, chemicals, oil and gas, metals, electric equipment, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agricultural products"
@ -666,27 +671,22 @@
"text": "Netherlands 13.7%, France 7.6%, China 7.3%, Belgium 6%, Italy 5.2%, Poland 5%, US 4.7%, Czech Republic 4.5%, UK 4.2%, Austria 4.2%, Switzerland 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$173.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $192.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$173.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $173.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$5.597 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.998 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.326 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $5.21 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$1.36 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.436 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.416 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.36 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.972 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.002 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.08 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.972 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "591 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -776,17 +776,17 @@
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to World War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the western part"
"text": "one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to World War II, has been moderniz"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries"
"text": "extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roa"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 49; Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations including multiple national radio networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio stations (2008)"
"text": "a mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".de"
@ -897,7 +897,7 @@
"text": "6 (Finland 3, Netherlands 1, Switzerland 2)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "3,420 (Antigua and Barbuda 1094, Australia 2, Bahamas 30, Bermuda 14, Brazil 6, Bulgaria 12, Burma 1, Cayman Islands 3, Cook Islands 1, Curacao 25, Cyprus 192, Denmark 9, Dominica 5, Estonia 1, France 1, Gibraltar 123, Hong Kong 10, Isle of Man 56, Jamaica 10, Liberia 1185, Luxembourg 9, Malta 135, Marshall Islands 248, Morocco 1, Netherlands 86, NZ 2, Panama 24, Papua New Guinea 1, Philippines 2, Portugal 14, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Singapore 32, Slovakia 3, Spain 4, Sri Lanka 8, Sweden 3, UK 59, US 5, Venezuela 1) (2010)"
"text": "3,420 (Antigua and Barbuda 1094, Australia 2, Bahamas 30, Bermuda 14, Brazil 6, Bulgaria 12, Burma 1, Cayman Islands 3, Cook Islands 1, Curacao 25, Cyprus 192, Denmark 9, Dominica 5, Estonia 1, France 1, Gibraltar 123, Hong Kong 10, Isle of Man 56, Jamaica 10, (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

115
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97
europe/hr.json
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@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
"text": "25.6% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.6% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -366,7 +366,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad - singular) with special county status; Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska(Bjelovar-Bilogora), Brodsko-Posavska (Brod-Posavina), Dubrovacko-Neretvanska (Dubrovnik-Neretva), Istarska (Istria), Karlovacka (Karlovac), Koprivnicko-Krizevacka (Koprivinica-Krizevci), Krapinsko-Zagorska (Krapina-Zagorje), Licko-Senjska (Lika-Senj), Medimurska (Medimurje), Osjecko-Baranjska (Osijek-Baranja), Pozesko-Slavonska (Pozega-Slavonia), Primorsko-Goranska (Primorje-Gorski Kotar), Sibensko-Kninska (Sibenik-Knin), Sisacko-Moslavacka (Sislak-Moslavina), Splitsko-Dalmatinska (Split-Dalmatia), Varazdinska (Varazdin), Viroviticko-Podravska (Virovitica-Podravina), Vukovarsko-Srijemska (Vukovar-Syrmia), Zadarska (Zadar), Zagreb*, Zagrebacka (Zagreb county)"
"text": "20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad - singular) with special county status; Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska(Bjelovar-Bilogora), Brodsko-Posavska (Brod-Posavina), Dubrovacko-Neretvanska (Dubrovnik-Neretva), Istarska (Istria), Karlovacka (Karlovac), Koprivnicko-Krizevacka (Koprivnica-Krizevci), Krapinsko-Zagorska (Krapina-Zagorje), Licko-Senjska (Lika-Senj), Medimurska (Medimurje), Osjecko-Baranjska (Osijek-Baranja), Pozesko-Slavonska (Pozega-Slavonia), Primorsko-Goranska (Primorje-Gorski Kotar), Sibensko-Kninska (Sibenik-Knin), Sisacko-Moslavacka (Sisak-Moslavina), Splitsko-Dalmatinska (Split-Dalmatia), Varazdinska (Varazdin), Viroviticko-Podravska (Virovitica-Podravina), Vukovarsko-Srijemska (Vukovar-Syrmia), Zadarska (Zadar), Zagreb*, Zagrebacka (Zagreb county)"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)"
@ -375,7 +375,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 8 October (1991) and Statehood Day, 25 June (1991); note - 25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence; following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990; amended several times, last in 2014 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of the members in the Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or by petition of 10 percent of total number of voters; proceedings to amend require majority vote of all Assembly members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of all Assembly members; passage of amendments by petition requires a majority vote in a popular referendum; promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations"
@ -426,6 +431,9 @@
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; number of seats by party/coalition - HDZ coalition 61, People's Coalition 54, Most-NL 13, Only Option 8, minorities 8 (includes SDSS 3), other 7"
},
"note": {
"text": "as of December 2016, seats by party - HDZ 56, SDP 37, MOST-NL 14, HNS 9, HSS 5, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HDS 2, PH 2, Human Blockade 2, other 7"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -440,7 +448,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Bloc of Pensioners Together or BUZ [Milivoj SPIKA] ++ Bridge of Independent Lists or Most-NL [Bozo PETROV] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Party or HDS [Goran DODIG] ++ Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Dragan VULIN] ++ Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC] ++ Croatian Laborists - Labor Party or HL [Tomislav KONCEVSKI] ++ Croatian Party of Rights - dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP AS [Ivan TEPES] ++ Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK] ++ Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA] ++ Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS [Ivan VRDOLJAK] ++ Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Darinko KOSOR] ++ Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance [Ivo JOSIPOVIC] ++ HDZ Coalition [Andrej PLENKOVIC] (includes HDZ, HSLS, HDS) ++ Human Blockade [Ivan SINCIC] ++ Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC] ++ Independent List of Stipe Petrina or NLSP [Stipe PETRINA] ++ Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC] ++ Istrian Democrats [Damir KAJIN] ++ Let's Change Croatia or PH [Ivan LOVRINOVIC] ++ Milan Bandic 365 - Party of Labor and Solidarity or BM365-SRS [Milan BANDIC] ++ Movement for Successful Croatia or HRAST [Ladislav ILCIC] ++ People's Coalition [Zoran MILANOVIC] (includes SDP, HNS, HSU, HSS] ++ People's Party - Reformists Party [Radimir CACIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zoran MILANOVIC] ++ The Only Option Coalition (includes Human Blockade, PH, Always Frankers, Youth Action, Alphabet of Democracy)"
"text": "Bloc of Pensioners Together or BUZ [Milivoj SPIKA] ++ Bridge of Independent Lists or Most-NL [Bozo PETROV] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Party or HDS [Goran DODIG] ++ Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Dragan VULIN] ++ Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC] ++ Croatian Laborists - Labor Party or HL [Tomislav KONCEVSKI] ++ Croatian Party of Rights - dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP AS [Ivan TEPES] ++ Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK] ++ Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA] ++ Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS [Ivan VRDOLJAK] ++ Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Darinko KOSOR] ++ Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance [Ivo JOSIPOVIC] ++ HDZ Coalition [Andrej PLENKOVIC] (includes HDZ, HSLS, HDS) (temporary electoral coalition) ++ Human Blockade [Ivan SINCIC] ++ Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC] ++ Independent List of Stipe Petrina or NLSP [Stipe PETRINA] ++ Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC] ++ Istrian Democrats [Damir KAJIN] ++ Let's Change Croatia or PH [Ivan LOVRINOVIC] ++ Milan Bandic 365 - Party of Labor and Solidarity or BM365-SRS [Milan BANDIC] ++ Movement for Successful Croatia or HRAST [Ladislav ILCIC] ++ People's Coalition [Zoran MILANOVIC] (includes SDP, HNS, HSU, HSS] (temporary electoral coalition) ++ People's Party - Reformists Party [Radimir CACIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zoran MILANOVIC] ++ The Only Option Coalition (includes Human Blockade, PH, Always Frankers, Youth Action, Alphabet of Democracy)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -510,55 +518,55 @@
"text": "Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6% led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. ++ ++ Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008 and has yet to recover; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year since 2009. Difficult problems still remain including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, uneven regional development, and a challenging investment climate. Croatia continues to face reduced foreign investment. ++ ++ On 1 July 2013, Croatia joined the EU, following a decade-long application process. Croatia will be a member of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism until it meets the criteria for joining the Economic and Monetary Union and adopts the euro as its currency. EU accession has increased pressure on the government to reduce Croatia’s relatively high public debt, which triggered the EU’s excessive deficit procedure for fiscal consolidation. Zagreb has cut spending since 2012, and the government also raised additional revenues through more stringent tax collection and by raising the value-added tax. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets, with mixed success."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$91.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $89.62 billion (2014 est.) ++ $89.95 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$94.24 billion (2016 est.) ++ $92.48 billion (2015 est.) ++ $90.98 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$48.85 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$49.86 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ -0.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.9% (2016 est.) ++ 1.6% (2015 est.) ++ -0.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$21,600 (2015 est.) ++ $21,100 (2014 est.) ++ $21,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$22,400 (2016 est.) ++ $21,900 (2015 est.) ++ $21,500 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 20.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "21.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 23.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "59.3%"
"text": "59.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.7%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.8%"
"text": "-0.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "49.4%"
"text": "50.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-46.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-47.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "4.3%"
"text": "4.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.2%"
"text": "26.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "69.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "69.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -568,10 +576,10 @@
"text": "chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.677 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.61 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -585,7 +593,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "17.1% (2015 est.) ++ 19.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "15.8% (2016 est.) ++ 17.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "19.5% (2014 est.)"
@ -603,50 +611,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$21.3 billion"
"text": "$21.47 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$22.86 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$22.72 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "43.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "86.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 86.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "88.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 86.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.5% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1% (2016 est.) ++ -0.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "7% (31 December 2013) ++ 7% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.83% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.28% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "4.8% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 5.83% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$10.11 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$10.85 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $10.11 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$49.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $49.24 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$42.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $41.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$42.41 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $46.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$40.07 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $42.41 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$36.29 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $33.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $33.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$2.143 billion (2015 est.) ++ $380 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.514 billion (2016 est.) ++ $2.551 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$11.91 billion (2015 est.) ++ $12.95 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.41 billion (2016 est.) ++ $11.91 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "transport equipment, machinery, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels"
@ -655,7 +663,7 @@
"text": "Italy 13.4%, Slovenia 12.5%, Germany 11.4%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.9%, Austria 6.6%, Serbia 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$19.28 billion (2015 est.) ++ $21.39 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$19.98 billion (2016 est.) ++ $19.28 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, transport and electrical equipment; chemicals, fuels and lubricants; foodstuffs"
@ -664,27 +672,22 @@
"text": "Germany 15.5%, Italy 13.1%, Slovenia 10.7%, Austria 9.2%, Hungary 7.8% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$14.97 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$14.46 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $14.97 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$50.88 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $56.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$48.11 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $50.88 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$39.74 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $39.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$41.17 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $39.74 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$8.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.077 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$8.484 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $8.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "kuna (HRK) per US dollar - ++ 6.8583 (2015 est.) ++ 5.7482 (2014 est.) ++ 5.7482 (2013 est.) ++ 5.85 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3439 (2011 est.)"
"text": "kuna (HRK) per US dollar - ++ 6.971 (2016 est.) ++ 6.8583 (2015 est.) ++ 6.8583 (2014 est.) ++ 5.7482 (2013 est.) ++ 5.85 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "13 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -780,11 +783,11 @@
"text": "fixed-line teledensity has droped somewhat to about 35 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions now even with the population"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 385; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece (2015)"
"text": "country code - 385; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk lin (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; roughly 25 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 3 national radio networks and 9 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and more than 170 regional, county, city, and community radio stations (2012)"
"text": "the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terre (2012)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".hr"

96
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@ -286,7 +286,7 @@
"text": "26% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.6% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -379,7 +379,12 @@
"text": "Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil legal system influenced by the German model"
@ -515,55 +520,55 @@
"text": "Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-28 average. ++ ++ In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and investment, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in a severe economic contraction in 2009. In 2010, the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed \"crisis taxes\" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bailout program lapsed at the end of 2010 and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain a financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Global demand for high yield has since helped Hungary to obtain funds on international markets. ++ ++ Hungary’s progress reducing its deficit to under 3% of GDP led the European Commission in 2013 to permit Hungary for the first time since joining the EU in 2004 to exit the Excessive Deficit Procedure. The government remains committed to keeping the budget deficit in check and lowering public debt by using sectoral taxes, while relying on state interventionist measures to lower utility prices and boost growth and employment."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$258.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $251.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $242.2 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$267.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $262.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $254.9 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$120.6 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$117.1 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2% (2016 est.) ++ 2.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$26,200 (2015 est.) ++ $25,400 (2014 est.) ++ $24,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$27,200 (2016 est.) ++ $26,600 (2015 est.) ++ $25,800 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "25.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 26.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "49.5%"
"text": "50.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.9%"
"text": "20%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "21.3%"
"text": "20.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.6%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "92.1%"
"text": "94.3%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-83.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-85.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.6%"
"text": "3.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "31.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "64.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "64.7% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -573,10 +578,10 @@
"text": "mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.519 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.564 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -586,11 +591,11 @@
"text": "29.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "63.2% (2011 est.)"
"text": "63.2% (2011)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.8% (2015 est.) ++ 7.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.6% (2016 est.) ++ 6.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "14.9% (2015 est.)"
@ -608,56 +613,56 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$58.77 billion"
"text": "$57.32 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$61.21 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$60.08 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "48.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "49% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2% of GDP",
"text": "-2.4% of GDP",
"note": {
"text": "Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the latest EC forecasts project the Hungarian deficit to increase above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening (2015 est.)"
"text": "Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductio (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "75.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 76.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "75.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 75.3% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
"text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities o"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.1% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2016 est.) ++ -0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "1.35% (22 July 2015) ++ 2.1% (23 July 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.9% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.45% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "2.3% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2.9% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$46.14 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$48.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $46.14 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$68.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $66.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$69.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $76.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$68.82 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $69.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$25.69 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $22.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $27.71 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$17.69 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $14.51 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $19.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$6.141 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.13 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.72 billion (2016 est.) ++ $5.291 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$89.44 billion (2015 est.) ++ $99.19 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$91.78 billion (2016 est.) ++ $89.44 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment 53.5%, other manufactures 31.2%, food products 8.7%, raw materials 3.4%, fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012 est.)"
@ -666,7 +671,7 @@
"text": "Germany 28%, Romania 5.4%, Slovakia 5.1%, Austria 5%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.7%, UK 4%, Czech Republic 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$84.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $95.81 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$86.61 billion (2016 est.) ++ $84.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)"
@ -675,27 +680,22 @@
"text": "Germany 25.8%, China 6.7%, Austria 6.6%, Poland 5.5%, Slovakia 5.3%, France 5%, Czech Republic 4.8%, Netherlands 4.6%, Italy 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$33.13 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $42.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$31.62 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $33.13 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$127.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $145.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$131.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $127.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$236.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $237.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$240.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $236.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$165.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $167.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$168.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $165.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "forints (HUF) per US dollar - ++ 279.33 (2015 est.) ++ 232.6 (2014 est.) ++ 232.6 (2013 est.) ++ 225.1 (2012 est.) ++ 201.05 (2011 est.)"
"text": "forints (HUF) per US dollar - ++ 287.7 (2016 est.) ++ 279.33 (2015 est.) ++ 279.33 (2014 est.) ++ 232.6 (2013 est.) ++ 225.1 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "28 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -791,11 +791,11 @@
"text": "competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2015)"
"text": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture termin (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks and 1 major national commercial station; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013 (2016)"
"text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly d (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".hu"
@ -927,7 +927,7 @@
"text": "132 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "410,154 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)"
"text": "410,338 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

90
europe/ic.json
View file

@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
"text": "23.9% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "7% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "7.8% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -348,7 +348,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 17 June (1944)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest ratified 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 (at independence); amended many times, last in 2013 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest ratified 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 (at independence)"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the Althingi; passage requires approval by the Althingi and by the next elected Althingi, and confirmation by the president of the republic; proposed amendments to Article 62 of the constitution – that the Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the state church of Iceland – also require passage by referendum; amended many times, last in 2013 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by the Danish model"
@ -475,55 +480,55 @@
"text": "Iceland's Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Except for a brief period during the 2008 crisis, Iceland has achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. The economy depends heavily on the fishing industry, which provides 40% of merchandise export earnings, more than 12% of GDP, and employs nearly 5% of the work force. It remains sensitive to declining fish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. Since 2010, tourism has become the main pillar of Icelandic economic growth, with the number of tourists expected to reach or exceed 4.5 times the Icelandic population in 2016. ++ ++ Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of tourism, software production, and biotechnology. In fall 2013, the Icelandic Government approved a joint application by Icelandic, Chinese, and Norwegian energy firms to conduct oil exploration off Iceland’s northeast coast, although no exploration has yet taken place. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy, although the financial crisis has put several investment projects on hold. ++ ++ Following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s, domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled more than 10 times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. The country secured over $10 billion in loans from the IMF and other countries to stabilize its currency and financial sector, and to back government guarantees for foreign deposits in Icelandic banks. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have majority ownership by the State, which intends to re-privatize them. ++ ++ Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Iceland’s financial woes prompted an initial increase in public support to join the EU and the euro zone, with accession negotiations beginning in July 2010, but negotiations were suspended under the 2013 center-right government. Most macroeconomic indicators and employment have rebounded to pre-crisis levels, driven primarily by the unprecedented growth in tourism – averaging over 20% annually – following the well publicized volcanic eruption in 2010."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$15.15 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.58 billion (2014 est.) ++ $14.3 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$16.15 billion (2016 est.) ++ $15.38 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.8 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$16.72 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$19.44 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.) ++ 4.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.9% (2016 est.) ++ 4% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$46,100 (2015 est.) ++ $44,700 (2014 est.) ++ $44,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$48,100 (2016 est.) ++ $46,200 (2015 est.) ++ $45,000 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 20.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "23.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 23.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50.1%"
"text": "49.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "23.6%"
"text": "22.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.1%"
"text": "19.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.2%"
"text": "-0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "53.4%"
"text": "52.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-46.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-43.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5.8%"
"text": "5.9%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "20.7%"
"text": "20.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "73.7% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -533,10 +538,10 @@
"text": "tourism, fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production; geothermal power, hydropower, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "191,400 (2015 est.)"
"text": "195,000 (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -550,7 +555,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.7% (2016 est.) ++ 4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%",
@ -571,50 +576,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$7.058 billion"
"text": "$10.35 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$7.139 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$7.911 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "53.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-0.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "67.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 82.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "56.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 67.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.9% (2016 est.) ++ 1.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5.4% (31 January 2012) ++ 5.75% (31 December 2010)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.61% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.74% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "7.6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 7.61% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$3.314 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.213 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.327 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.314 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$8.368 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $8.12 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$18.25 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$18.93 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $18.25 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$2.825 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $2.021 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $1.996 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$710 million (2015 est.) ++ $627 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$567 million (2016 est.) ++ $710 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$4.653 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.861 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $4.653 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "fish and fish products 40%, aluminum, animal products, ferrosilicon, diatomite (2010 est.)"
@ -623,7 +628,7 @@
"text": "Netherlands 26.1%, UK 11.6%, Spain 11.5%, Germany 7.4%, France 5.7%, US 5.7%, Norway 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$4.924 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.961 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.024 billion (2016 est.) ++ $4.924 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles"
@ -632,27 +637,22 @@
"text": "Norway 10.1%, Germany 8.6%, US 7.9%, China 7.9%, Denmark 7.1%, Netherlands 5.9%, Brazil 5.8%, UK 5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$5.041 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.176 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.412 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.041 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$31.04 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $97.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$27.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $31.04 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$16.72 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$17.19 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $16.72 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$15.59 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.84 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$15.44 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $15.59 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - ++ 131.92 (2015 est.) ++ 116.77 (2014 est.) ++ 116.77 (2013 est.) ++ 125.08 (2012 est.) ++ 115.95 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - ++ 129.3 (2016 est.) ++ 131.92 (2015 est.) ++ 131.92 (2014 est.) ++ 116.77 (2013 est.) ++ 125.08 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "18 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -748,11 +748,11 @@
"text": "liberalization of the telecommunications sector beginning in the late 1990s has led to increased competition especially in the mobile services segment of the market"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 354; the CANTAT-3 and FARICE-1 submarine cable systems provide connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, UK, Denmark, and Germany; a planned new section of the Hibernia-Atlantic submarine cable will provide additional connectivity to Canada, US, and Ireland; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) (2015)"
"text": "country code - 354; the CANTAT-3 and FARICE-1 submarine cable systems provide connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, UK, Denmark, and Germany; a planned new section of the Hibernia-Atlantic submarine cable will provide additional connectivity to Canad (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned public TV broadcaster operates 1 TV channel nationally; several privately owned TV stations broadcast nationally and roughly another half-dozen operate locally; about one-half the households utilize multi-channel cable or satellite TV services; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 2 national networks and 4 regional stations; 2 privately owned radio stations operate nationally and another 15 provide more limited coverage (2007)"
"text": "state-owned public TV broadcaster operates 1 TV channel nationally; several privately owned TV stations broadcast nationally and roughly another half-dozen operate locally; about one-half the households utilize multi-channel cable or satellite TV services (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".is"

18
europe/im.json
View file

@ -275,7 +275,12 @@
"text": "Tynwald Day, 5 July (1417); date Tynwald Day was first recorded"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "development of the Isle of Man constitution dates to at least the 14th century; the constitution has been expanded and amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "development of the Isle of Man constitution dates to at least the 14th century"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed as bills in the House of Keys by the “Government,” by a “Member of the House,” or by outside bodies or private individuals through petition to the House or Council; passage normally requires three separate readings and approval of at least 13 House members; following both House and Legislative Council agreement, assent is required by the lieutenant governor acting on behalf of the Crown; the constitution has been expanded and amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply and include Manx statutes"
@ -305,7 +310,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Tynwald or the High Court of Tynwald consists of the Legislative Council (11 seats; includes the President of Tynwald, 2 ex-officio members - the Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man and the attorney general - and 8 members indirectly elected by the House of Keys with renewal of 4 members every 2 years; elected members serve 4-year terms) and the House of Keys (24 seats; members directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Tynwald or the High Court of Tynwald consists of the Legislative Council (11 seats; includes the President of Tynwald, 2 ex-officio members - the Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man and the attorney general (non-voting) - and 8 members indirectly elected by the House of Keys with renewal of 4 members every 2 years; elected members serve 4-year terms) and the House of Keys (24 seats; 2 members directly elected by simple majority vote from 12 constituencies to serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "House of Keys - last held on 22 September 2016 (next to be held in September 2021)"
@ -491,14 +496,7 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - ++ 0.6542 (2015) ++ 0.607 (2014) ++ 0.6472 (2013 est.) ++ 0.6241 (2012 est.) ++ 0.624 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
"text": "Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - ++ 0.7391 (2016 est.) ++ 0.6542 (2015 est.) ++ 0.6542 (2014) ++ 0.6472 (2013 est.) ++ 0.6241 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {

107
europe/it.json
View file

@ -286,7 +286,7 @@
"text": "23.7% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -379,7 +379,12 @@
"text": "Republic Day, 2 June (1946)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1848 (originally for Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948; amended many times, last in 2012; note - a proposed amendment that would significantly alter the parliament is slated for a referendum in October 2016 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1848 (originally for the Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by the Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one-fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by five Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); amended many times, last in 2012; note - a referendum held on 4 December 2016 on constitutional amendments was defeated (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court"
@ -406,10 +411,10 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015); Giorgio NAPOLITANO resigned 14 January 2015"
"text": "President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Matteo RENZI (since 22 February 2014); note - the prime minister title is President of the Council of Ministers"
"text": "Prime Minister Paolo GENTILONI (since 12 December 2016); note - Prime Minister Matteo RENZI (since 22 February 2014) resigned 12 December 2016; the prime minister's official title is President of the Council of Ministers"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and nominated by the president"
@ -418,7 +423,7 @@
"text": "president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 31 January 2015 (next scheduled for 2020); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 1,009 (505-vote threshold); Matteo RENZI (PD) sworn in as prime minister on 22 February 2014"
"text": "Georgio MATTARELLA (PD) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 1,009 (505-vote threshold); Paolo GENTILONI (PD) sworn in as prime minister on 12 December 2016"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -445,13 +450,16 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"Ruling left-center-right coalition": {
"text": " ++ Civic Choice or SC [Enrico ZANETTI] ++ Democratic Centre or CD [Bruno TABACCI] ++ Democratic Party or PD [Matteo RENZI] ++ The New Center-Right or NCD [Angelino ALFANO] ++ Union of the Center or UdC [Pier Fernando CASINI] ++ "
"text": " ++ Civic Choice or SC [Enrico ZANETTI] ++ Democratic Centre or CD [Bruno TABACCI] ++ Democratic Party or PD [Matteo RENZI] ++ The New Center-Right or NCD [Angelino ALFANO] ++ "
},
"Center-right opposition": {
"text": " ++ Brothers of Italy-National Alliance or FdI-AN [Giorgia MELONI, Ignazio LA RUSSA, and Guido CROSETTO] ++ Forza Italia [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly PdL) ++ Northern League or LN [Matteo SALVINI] ++ other minor parties ++ "
},
"Center-left opposition": {
"text": " ++ Left Ecology Freedom [Nichi VENDOLA] ++ "
},
"Other parties": {
"text": " ++ Civil Revolution or RC [Antonio INGROIA] ++ Five Star Movment or M5S [Beppe GRILLO] ++ South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Philipp ACHAMMER]"
"text": " ++ Civil Revolution or RC [Antonio INGROIA] ++ Five Star Movment or M5S [Beppe GRILLO] ++ South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Philipp ACHAMMER] ++ Union of the Center or UdC [Pier Fernando CASINI]"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -544,32 +552,32 @@
"text": "Italy has a diversified economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, where unemployment is higher. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors. ++ ++ Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, topping 135% of GDP in 2015, but investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's longstanding structural impediments to growth, such as labor market inefficiencies and tax evasion. In 2014, economic growth and labor market conditions continued to deteriorate, with overall unemployment rising to 12.7% and youth unemployment around 40%, but Italy began to recover in 2015, with marginal growth and a slight reduction in unemployment."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$2.171 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.155 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.162 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$2.221 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $2.204 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.187 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.816 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$1.852 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.) ++ -0.3% (2014 est.) ++ -1.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.) ++ 0.8% (2015 est.) ++ -0.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$35,700 (2015 est.) ++ $35,400 (2014 est.) ++ $36,200 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$36,300 (2016 est.) ++ $36,300 (2015 est.) ++ $36,000 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "18.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 17.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "18.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 19% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "61.1%"
"text": "60.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19%"
"text": "18.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "16.5%"
@ -578,21 +586,21 @@
"text": "0.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "30.2%"
"text": "29.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-27% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-26.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.3%"
"text": "2.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "23.7%"
"text": "23.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "74% (2015 est.)"
"text": "73.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -602,10 +610,10 @@
"text": "tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "25.5 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "25.6 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -619,7 +627,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "11.9% (2015 est.) ++ 12.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "11.4% (2016 est.) ++ 11.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "29.9% (2012 est.)"
@ -637,29 +645,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$870 billion"
"text": "$842.5 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$917 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$889.8 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "47.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "45.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "132.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 132.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "132.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 132.8% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the central government, state government, local government and social security funds"
"text": "Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.2% (2016 est.) ++ 0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.25% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2012)",
@ -668,28 +676,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.13% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.87% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "3.8% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.13% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.026 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.054 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$1.069 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.026 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$2.134 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.284 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$3.053 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.39 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.97 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.053 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$480.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $431.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $318.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$480.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $587.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $615.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$38.74 billion (2015 est.) ++ $40.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$40.23 billion (2016 est.) ++ $39.91 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$450.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $518.3 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$436.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $450.1 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco; minerals, nonferrous metals"
@ -698,7 +706,7 @@
"text": "Germany 12.3%, France 10.3%, US 8.7%, UK 5.4%, Spain 4.8%, Switzerland 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$391.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $455.2 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$372.2 billion (2016 est.) ++ $391.2 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, tobacco"
@ -710,24 +718,19 @@
"text": "$130.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $142.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$2.459 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.635 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.444 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $2.3 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$463.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $493.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$472.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $463.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$594.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $632.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$610.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $594.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "267 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -823,11 +826,11 @@
"text": "high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat (2015)"
"text": "country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; about 1,300 commercial radio stations (2007)"
"text": "two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".it"
@ -935,7 +938,7 @@
"text": "90 (Denmark 4, France 2, Greece 7, Luxembourg 14, Netherlands 2, Nigeria 1, Norway 6, Singapore 1, Sweden 1, Switzerland 13, Taiwan 10, Turkey 4, UK 2, US 23)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "201 (Bahamas 1, Belize 3, Cayman Islands 7, Cyprus 6, Georgia 2, Gibraltar 4, Greece 5, Liberia 47, Malta 45, Marshall Islands 1, Morocco 1, Netherlands 6, Panama 25, Portugal 12, Russia 14, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Singapore 5, Slovakia 2, Spain 1, Sweden 5, Turkey 1, UK 3, unknown 1) (2010)"
"text": "201 (Bahamas 1, Belize 3, Cayman Islands 7, Cyprus 6, Georgia 2, Gibraltar 4, Greece 5, Liberia 47, Malta 45, Marshall Islands 1, Morocco 1, Netherlands 6, Panama 25, Portugal 12, Russia 14, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Singapore 5, Slovakia 2, Spain 1 (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {
@ -976,7 +979,7 @@
"text": "747 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "313,338 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (2015 - November 2016)"
"text": "327,030 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (2015 - November 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

22
europe/je.json
View file

@ -278,7 +278,12 @@
"text": "Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice"
"history": {
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposals introduced to the Assembly of the States of Jersey by a government minister, by an Assembly member, or by an elected parish head; passage requires several Assembly readings, a majority vote by the Assembly, review by the UK Ministry of Justice, and approval by the British monarch (Royal Assent) (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply; local statutes"
@ -291,10 +296,10 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir John MCCOLL (since 26 September 2011)"
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor (currently vacant); Sir Stephen DALTON will take office in Marach 2017"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chief Minister Ian GORST (since 18 December 2011); Bailiff Michael BIRT (since 9 July 2009)"
"text": "Chief Minister Ian GORST (since 18 November 2011); Bailiff William BAILHACHE (since 29 January 2015)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed individually by the states"
@ -305,7 +310,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Assembly of the States of Jersey (54 seats; 49 voting members directly elected by simple majority vote include 8 senators to serve 6-year terms, and 29 deputies and 12 constables or heads of parishes to serve 3-year terms; 5 non-voting members appointed by the monarch include the bailiff, lieutenant governor, dean of Jersey, attorney general, and the solicitor general)"
"text": "unicameral Assembly of the States of Jersey (49 elected members; 8 senators to serve 6-year terms, and 29 deputies and 12 connetables, or heads of parishes, to serve 3-year terms; 5 non-voting members appointed by the monarch include the bailiff, lieutenant governor, dean of Jersey, attorney general, and the solicitor general)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 15 October 2014 (next to be held in 2017)"
@ -316,7 +321,7 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Jersey Court of Appeal (consists of the bailiff, deputy bailiff, and 12 judges and organized into Heritage, Family, Probate, and Civil and Criminal Divisions); Royal Court (consists of the bailiff, deputy bailiff, 6 commissioners - part-time judges, and NA lay people referred to as jurats)"
"text": "Jersey Court of Appeal (consists of the bailiff, deputy bailiff, and 12 judges and organized into Heritage, Family, Probate, and Civil and Criminal Divisions); Royal Court (consists of the bailiff, deputy bailiff, 6 commissioners and lay people referred to as jurats)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Jersey Court of Appeal bailiffs and judges appointed by the Crown upon the advice of the Secretary of State for Justice; bailiffs and judges appointed for extent of good behavior; Royal Court bailiffs appointed by the Crown upon the advice of the Secretary of State for Justice; commissioners appointed by the bailiff; jurats appointed by the Electoral College; bailiffs and commissioners appointed for extent of good behavior; jurats appointed until retirement at age 72"
@ -455,15 +460,10 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Jersey pounds (JEP) per US dollar ++ 0.6542 (2012) ++ 0.607 (2014) ++ 0.607 (2013) ++ 0.6391 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Jersey pounds (JEP) per US dollar ++ 0.607 (2014) ++ 0.607 (2013) ++ 0.6542 (2012) ++ 0.6391 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)"
}

50
europe/kv.json
View file

@ -238,7 +238,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 17 February (2008)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1974, 1990; latest (postindependence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016); note - amendment 24, passed by the Assembly in March 2016, established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Institution, a court established to try war crimes allegedly committed by the Kosovo Liberation Army in the late 1990s (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1974, 1990; latest (postindependence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008; note - amendment 24, passed by the Assembly in August 2015, established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Institution, a court established to try war crimes allegedly committed by the Kosovo Liberation Army in the late 1990s"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the government, by the president of the republic, or by one-fourth of Assembly deputies; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, including two-thirds majority vote of deputies representing non-majority communities, followed by a favorable Constitutional Court assessment; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; note- the European Union Rule of Law Mission (EULEX) retains limited executive powers related to the investigation of such issues as war crimes"
@ -285,7 +290,7 @@
"text": "unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi i Kosoves/Skupstina Kosova (120 seats; 100 members directly elected by proportional representation vote with 20 seats reserved for ethnic minorities - 10 for Serbs and 10 for other ethnic minorities; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 8 June 2014 (next expected to be held in June 2018)"
"text": "last held on 8 June 2014 (next expected to be held in 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - PDK/PD/LB/PSHDK/PK 30.4%, LDK 25.2%, VV 13.6%, AAK 9.5%, Serb List 5.2%, NISMA 5.2%, KDTP 1.0%, other 9.9%; seats by party/coalition - PDK/PD/LB/PSHDK/PK 37, LDK 30, VV 16, AAK 11, Serb List 9, NISMA 6, KDTP 2, VAKAT 2, other 7"
@ -302,11 +307,11 @@
"text": "subordinate courts: Court of Appeals (organized into 4 departments: General, Serious Crime, Commercial Matters, and Administrative Matters; Basic Court (located in 7 municipalities, each with several branches)"
},
"note": {
"text": "in March 2016, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that establishes the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution; the court - to be located at the Hague in the Netherlands and expected to be in operation by the end of 2016 - will try alleged crimes by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army during the late 1990s; the court will be attached to each level of the Kosovo court system and consist of 4 Specialist Chambers with international judges and the Prosecutor's Office"
"text": "in August 2015, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that establishes the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution; the court - to be located at the Hague in the Netherlands and expected to be in operation by early 2017 - will try alleged crimes by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army during the late 1990s; the court will be attached to each level of the Kosovo court system and consist of 4 Specialist Chambers with international judges and the Prosecutor's Office"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo or PSHDK [Uke BERISHA] ++ Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ] ++ Conservative Party of Kosovo or PK [Munir BASHA] ++ Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Isa MUSTAFA] ++ Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Kadri VESELI, acting chairman] ++ Initiative for Kosovo or NISMA [Fatmir LIMAJ] ++ Justice Party of Kosovo or PD [Ferid AGANI] ++ Movement for Self-Determination (Vetevendosje) or VV [Visar YMERI] ++ Movement for Unification or LB [Valon MURATI] ++ Serb List [Slavko SIMIC] ++ Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR] ++ Vakat Coalition or VAKAT [Rasim DEMIRI]"
"text": "Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo or PSHDK [Uke BERISHA] ++ Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ] ++ Conservative Party of Kosovo or PK [Munir BASHA] ++ Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Isa MUSTAFA] ++ Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Kadri VESELI] ++ Initiative for Kosovo or NISMA [Fatmir LIMAJ] ++ Justice Party of Kosovo or PD [Ferid AGANI] ++ Movement for Self-Determination (Vetevendosje) or VV [Visar YMERI] ++ Movement for Unification or LB [Valon MURATI] ++ Serb List [Slavko SIMIC] ++ Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR] ++ Vakat Coalition or VAKAT [Rasim DEMIRI]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "CiviKos Platform [Valdete IDRIZI] ++ Council for the Defense of Human Rights and Freedom (human rights) [Behxhet SHALA] ++ Group for Political and Legal Studies [Fisnik KORENICA] ++ KLA War Veterans Organization [Muharrem XHEMAJLI] ++ Kosova Women's Network [Igballe ROGOVA] ++ Kosovar Civil Society Foundation [Venera HAJRULLAHU] ++ Kosovo Democratic Institute [Ismet KRYEZIU] ++ Organization for Democracy, Anti-Corruption and Dignity Rise! [Arton DEMHASAJ, acting chairman] ++ Serb National Council (SNV) ++ Speak Up [Petrit ZOGAJ, executive director]"
@ -374,25 +379,25 @@
"text": "Kosovo's economy has shown progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability, but it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in Germany, Switzerland, and the Nordic countries - are estimated to account for about 15% of GDP and international donor assistance accounts for approximately 10% of GDP. With international assistance, Kosovo has been able to privatize a majority of its state-owned enterprises. ++ ++ Kosovo's citizens are the poorest in Europe with a per capita GDP (PPP) of $8,000 in 2014. An unemployment rate of 31%, and a youth unemployment rate near 60%, in a country where the average age is 26, encourages emigration and fuels a significant informal, unreported economy. Most of Kosovo's population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. Inefficient, near-subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and a lack of technical expertise. Kosovo enjoys lower labor costs than the rest of the region. However, high levels of corruption, little contract enforcement, and unreliable electricity supply have discouraged potential investors. ++ ++ Minerals and metals production - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - once the backbone of industry, has declined because of ageing equipment and insufficient investment. A limited and unreliable electricity supply is a major impediment to economic development, but Kosovo has received technical assistance to help improve the sector’s performance. In 2012, Kosovo privatized its electricity supply and distribution network. The US Government is cooperating with the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and the World Bank to conclude a commercial tender for the construction of a new power plant, Kosovo C. MED also has plans for the rehabilitation of an older coal power plant, Kosovo B, and the development of a coal mine that could supply both plants. ++ ++ In June 2009, Kosovo joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and began servicing its share of the former Yugoslavia's debt. In order to help integrate Kosovo into regional economic structures, UNMIK signed (on behalf of Kosovo) its accession to the Central Europe Free Trade Area (CEFTA) in 2006. Serbia and Bosnia previously had refused to recognize Kosovo's customs stamp or extend reduced tariff privileges for Kosovo products under CEFTA, but both countries resumed trade with Kosovo in 2011. Kosovo joined the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 2012 and the Council of Europe Development Bank in 2013. In 2014, Kosovo concluded the Stabilization and Association Agreement negotiations (SAA) with the EU, focused on trade liberalization, and signed it into law in 2015. In 2015, Kosovo negotiated a $185 million Stand-by Arrangement (SBA) with the IMF following the conclusion of its previous SBA in 2014. The official currency of Kosovo is the euro, but the Serbian dinar is also used illegally in Serb majority communities. Kosovo's tie to the euro has helped keep core inflation low. ++ ++ Kosovo experienced its first federal budget deficit in 2012, when government expenditures climbed sharply. In May 2014, the government introduced a 25% salary increase for public sector employees and an equal increase in certain social benefits. Central revenues could not sustain these increases, and the government was forced to reduce its planned capital investments. The government, led by Prime Minister MUSTAFA - a trained economist - recently made several changes to its fiscal policy, expanding the list of duty-free imports, decreasing the Value Added Tax (VAT) for basic food items and public utilities, and increasing the VAT for all other goods. In August 2015, as part of its EU-facilitated normalization process with Serbia, Kosovo signed agreements on telecommunications and energy distribution, but disagreements over who owns economic assets within Kosovo continue."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$17.39 billion (2015 est.) ++ $16.84 billion (2014 est.) ++ $16.63 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$18.49 billion (2016 est.) ++ $17.77 billion (2015 est.) ++ $17.09 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$6.355 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$6.56 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.) ++ 1.2% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.1% (2016 est.) ++ 4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "NA (2015 est.) ++ NA (2014 est.) ++ NA (2013 est.)",
"text": "$10,000 (2016 est.) ++ $9,500 (2015 est.) ++ $9,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "12.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 12.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "12.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 12.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 12.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
@ -411,7 +416,7 @@
"text": "5.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-43.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "-43.5% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -469,16 +474,16 @@
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "22% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "21.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "10.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.1% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.2% (2016 est.) ++ -0.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "12.8% (30 June 2013 est.) ++ 13.7% (31 December 2012 est.)"
@ -490,7 +495,7 @@
"text": "$2.02 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.505 billion (2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$512 million (2015 est.) ++ -$582 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$629 million (2016 est.) ++ -$560 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$349 million (2014 est.) ++ $408 million (2013 est.)"
@ -517,18 +522,13 @@
"text": "$411.6 million (2014 est.) ++ $448.2 million (2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$21.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $34.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$21.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $36.67 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "5.324 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "NA bbl/day (2015 est.)"
"text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -572,7 +572,7 @@
"text": "0 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
"text": "NA bbl/day (2014 est.)"
"text": "13,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
"text": "16.6 bbl/day (2013 est.)"

84
europe/lg.json
View file

@ -390,7 +390,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 was the date Latvia established its statehood and its concomitant independence from Soviet Russia; 4 May 1990 was the date it declared the restoration of Latvian statehood and its concomitant independence from the Soviet Union"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous (pre-1991 independence); note - following the restoration of independence in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reinforced and fully reinforced 6 July 1993; amended several times, last in 2014 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous (pre-1991 independence); note - following the restoration of independence in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reintroduced 4 May 1990 and fully reintroduced 6 July 1993"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by two-thirds of Parliament members or by petition of one-tenth of qualified voters submitted through the president; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of three readings; amendment of constitutional articles including national sovereignty, language, the parliamentary electoral system, and constitutional amendment procedure requires passage by majority vote of at least half of the electorate in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2014 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with traces of socialist legal traditions and practices"
@ -517,44 +522,44 @@
"text": "Latvia is a small, open economy with exports contributing nearly a third of GDP. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly-developed, along with timber and wood-processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronics industries. Corruption continues to be an impediment to attracting foreign direct investment and Latvia's low birth rate and decreasing population are major challenges to its long-term economic vitality. ++ ++ Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07, but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world economy. Triggered by the collapse of the second largest bank, GDP plunged 18% in 2009. The economy has not returned to pre-crisis levels despite strong growth, especially in the export sector in 2011-14. ++ ++ The IMF, EU, and other international donors provided substantial financial assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro in exchange for the government's commitment to stringent austerity measures. The IMF/EU program successfully concluded in December 2011. The majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises, including 99.8% ownership of the Latvian national airline. Latvia officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999 and the EU in May 2004. Latvia joined the euro zone in 2014."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$49.08 billion (2015 est.) ++ $47.77 billion (2014 est.) ++ $46.67 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$50.87 billion (2016 est.) ++ $49.61 billion (2015 est.) ++ $48.29 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$27.05 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$27.95 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.7% (2015 est.) ++ 2.4% (2014 est.) ++ 3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.5% (2016 est.) ++ 2.7% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$24,700 (2015 est.) ++ $23,900 (2014 est.) ++ $23,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$25,700 (2016 est.) ++ $25,000 (2015 est.) ++ $24,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "20.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "19.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 20.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "61.4%"
"text": "61.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18%"
"text": "17.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "22.8%"
"text": "21%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.8%"
"text": "1.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "58.8%"
"text": "56.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-60.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-58.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -562,10 +567,10 @@
"text": "3.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "23%"
"text": "23.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "73.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -575,10 +580,10 @@
"text": "processed foods, processed wood products, textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, railroad cars, synthetic fibers, electronics"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.6% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "973,700 (2015 est.)"
"text": "968,700 (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -592,7 +597,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.9% (2015 est.) ++ 10.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "9.6% (2016 est.) ++ 9.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -610,20 +615,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$9.718 billion"
"text": "$9.766 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$10.06 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$10.11 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "35.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "34.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "36.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 40.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "38.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 36.4% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
@ -632,31 +637,31 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.2% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.4% (2016 est.) ++ 0.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.5% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.5% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$10.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.08 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$11.66 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $10.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$12.88 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $13.41 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$13.76 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $12.53 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$15.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$16.03 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $15.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.115 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.076 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $1.252 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$433 million (2015 est.) ++ -$620 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$560 million (2016 est.) ++ -$332 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$11.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $13.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$11.22 billion (2016 est.) ++ $11.4 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "foodstuffs, wood and wood products, metals, machinery and equipment, textiles"
@ -665,7 +670,7 @@
"text": "Lithuania 17.8%, Russia 11.5%, Estonia 11.1%, Germany 6.3%, Poland 5.6%, Sweden 5.2%, UK 5%, Denmark 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$13.74 billion (2015 est.) ++ $16.52 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$13.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $13.74 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, fuels, vehicles"
@ -677,24 +682,19 @@
"text": "$7.507 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.893 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$40.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $42.06 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$40.02 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $38.19 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$15.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$16.41 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $15.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$2.391 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.568 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.651 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.391 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "lati (LVL) per US dollar - ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 0.55 (2012 est.) ++ 0.5012 (2011 est.)"
"text": "lati (LVL) per US dollar - ++ 0.9129 (2016 est.) ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.9012 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 0.55 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "5 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -794,7 +794,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly owned; system supplemented by privately owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations (2007)"
"text": "several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly owned; system supplemented by privately owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and forei (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".lv"

96
europe/lh.json
View file

@ -291,7 +291,7 @@
"text": "27.5% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "4.6% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -378,7 +378,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 was the date Lithuania established its statehood and its concomitant independence from Soviet Russia and Germany; 11 March 1990 was the date it declared the restoration of Lithuanian statehood and its concomitant independence from the Soviet Union"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 25 October 1992, entered into force 2 November 1992; amended 1996, 2003, 2006 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 25 October 1992, entered into force 2 November 1992"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by at least one-fourth of all Parliament members or by petition of at least 300,000 voters; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of two readings three months apart and a presidential signature; amendments to constitutional articles on national sovereignty and constitutional amendment procedure also require three-fourths voter approval in a referendum; amended 1996, 2003, 2006 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; legislative acts can be appealed to the constitutional court"
@ -408,7 +413,7 @@
"text": "President Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE (since 12 July 2009)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Algirdas BUTKEVICIUS (since 22 November 2012)"
"text": "Prime Minister Saulius SKVERNELIS (since 13 December 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president, and approved by Parliament"
@ -417,7 +422,7 @@
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 and 25 May 2014 (next to be held in May 2019); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE reelected president; percent of vote - Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE (independent) 59%, Zigmantas BALCYTIS (LSDP) 41%; Algirdas BUTKEVICIUS (LSDP) approved as prime minister by Parliament vote - 90 of 130"
"text": "Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE reelected president; percent of vote - Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE (independent) 59%, Zigmantas BALCYTIS (LSDP) 41%; Saulius SKVERNELIS (LVZS) approved as prime minister by Parliament vote - 90 to 4"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -505,68 +510,68 @@
"text": "Lithuania gained membership in the WTO in May 2001 and joined the EU in May 2004. Lithuania's trade with the EU and CIS countries accounts for approximately 87.3% of total trade. Foreign investment and EU funding have aided in the transition from the former planned economy to a market economy. The three former Soviet Baltic republics were severely hit by the 2008-09 financial crisis, but Lithuania has rebounded and become one of the fastest growing economies in the EU. Lithuania’s ongoing recovery hinges on export growth, which is being hampered by economic slowdowns in the EU and Russia. Lithuania joined the euro zone on 1 January 2015 and is under review for membership in the OECD."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$82.36 billion (2015 est.) ++ $81.06 billion (2014 est.) ++ $78.68 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$85.79 billion (2016 est.) ++ $83.62 billion (2015 est.) ++ $82.29 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$41.27 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$42.78 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.6% (2016 est.) ++ 1.6% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$28,400 (2015 est.) ++ $27,600 (2014 est.) ++ $26,600 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$29,900 (2016 est.) ++ $28,800 (2015 est.) ++ $28,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "16.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "16.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 16.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "64.1%"
"text": "65.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "17.5%"
"text": "17.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.8%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-2.3%"
"text": "0%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "77.4%"
"text": "72.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-77.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-75.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.2%"
"text": "3.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30.2%"
"text": "30.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "66.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "66.4% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "grain, potatoes, sugar beets, flax, vegetables; beef, milk, eggs, pork, cheese; fish"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television sets, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture, textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, lasers, electronic components, computers, amber jewelry, information technology, video game development, biotechnology"
"text": "metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television sets, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture, textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, lasers, electronic com"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.469 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.459 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -580,7 +585,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.1% (2015 est.) ++ 10.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.2% (2016 est.) ++ 9.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "4% (2008 est.)"
@ -598,53 +603,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$14.4 billion"
"text": "$14.68 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$14.48 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$15.12 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "34.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "34.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-0.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "45.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 42.5% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "41.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 45.2% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official data; data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions"
"text": "official data; data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.7% (2015 est.) ++ 0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.) ++ -0.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.1% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "3.1% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 3.1% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$19.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $14.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$21.38 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $19.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$22.25 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $22.41 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$25.08 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $23.94 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$24.43 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $22.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$27.58 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $24.43 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$3.964 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $4.075 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $5.661 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$932 million (2015 est.) ++ $1.734 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$676 million (2016 est.) ++ -$710 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$24.81 billion (2015 est.) ++ $31.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$23.52 billion (2016 est.) ++ $24.81 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "refined fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles, foodstuffs, plastics"
@ -653,7 +658,7 @@
"text": "Russia 13.7%, Latvia 9.8%, Poland 9.7%, Germany 7.8%, Estonia 5.3%, Belarus 4.6%, UK 4.5%, US 4.4%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$26.93 billion (2015 est.) ++ $32.75 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$25.92 billion (2016 est.) ++ $26.93 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "oil, natural gas, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, metals"
@ -665,24 +670,19 @@
"text": "$1.697 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.728 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$30.81 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $33.64 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$34.48 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $31.6 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$15.63 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $17.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$16.33 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $15.63 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$3.427 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.404 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.727 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.427 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "litai (LTL) per US dollar - ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 2.69 (2012 est.) ++ 2.481 (2011 est.)"
"text": "litai (LTL) per US dollar - ++ 0.9129 (2016 est.) ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.9012 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 2.69 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "3.1 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -782,7 +782,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public broadcaster operates 3 channels with the third channel - a satellite channel - introduced in 2007; various privately owned commercial TV broadcasters operate national and multiple regional channels; many privately owned local TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 3 radio networks; many privately owned commercial broadcasters, with repeater stations in various regions throughout the country (2007)"
"text": "public broadcaster operates 3 channels with the third channel - a satellite channel - introduced in 2007; various privately owned commercial TV broadcasters operate national and multiple regional channels; many privately owned local TV stations; multi-cha (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".lt"

94
europe/lo.json
View file

@ -345,7 +345,12 @@
"text": "Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous (preindependence); latest passed by legislature 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous (preindependence); latest passed by the National Council 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; note - legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe"
@ -483,68 +488,68 @@
"text": "Slovakia has made significant economic reforms since its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993. With a population of 5.4 million, the Slovak Republic has a small, open economy, with exports, at about 93% of GDP, serving as the main driver of GDP growth. Slovakia joined the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009. The country’s banking sector is sound. ++ ++ Slovakia has led the region garnering FDI, because of its relatively low-cost, highly-skilled labor force, reasonable tax rates, and favorable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe. However, recent increases in corporate taxes, as well as changes to the Labor Code, slow dispute resolution, and ongoing corruption potentially threaten the attractiveness of the Slovak market. Moreover, the energy sector is characterized by high costs, unpredictable regulatory oversight, and growing government interference."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$161 billion (2015 est.) ++ $155.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $151.6 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$169.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $163.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $157.8 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$86.63 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$90.26 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2.5% (2014 est.) ++ 1.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.4% (2016 est.) ++ 3.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$29,700 (2015 est.) ++ $28,700 (2014 est.) ++ $28,000 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$31,200 (2016 est.) ++ $30,200 (2015 est.) ++ $29,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "21.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "21.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 21.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "56%"
"text": "55.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19%"
"text": "18.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23%"
"text": "22.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.4%"
"text": "-0.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "93.8%"
"text": "94.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-91.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-91.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.7%"
"text": "3.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "31.1%"
"text": "31.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "65.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "64.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, cattle, poultry; forest products"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "automobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical"
"text": "automobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; p"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "7.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.3% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.719 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.724 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -558,7 +563,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "11.5% (2015 est.) ++ 12.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "9.8% (2016 est.) ++ 11.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "12.6% (2014 est.)"
@ -576,20 +581,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$36.95 billion"
"text": "$34.87 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$39.53 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$37.04 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "38.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "52.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 53.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "52.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 52.9% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general Government Gross Debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
@ -598,7 +603,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.3% (2015 est.) ++ -0.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.3% (2016 est.) ++ -0.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (9 December 2015) ++ 0.05% (10 September 2014)",
@ -607,28 +612,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.78% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.2% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "2.7% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2.78% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$43 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$42.43 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $43 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$53.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $48.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$58.76 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $58.41 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$67.67 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $65.76 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$66.15 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $67.67 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$4.634 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.732 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.805 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.634 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.732 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.801 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$996 million (2015 est.) ++ $133 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$885 million (2016 est.) ++ -$1.128 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$73.12 billion (2015 est.) ++ $83.16 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$74.35 billion (2016 est.) ++ $73.12 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "vehicles and related parts 27%, machinery and electrical equipment 20%, nuclear reactors and furnaces 12%, iron and steel 4%, mineral oils and fuels 5% (2015 est.)"
@ -637,7 +642,7 @@
"text": "Germany 22.7%, Czech Republic 12.5%, Poland 8.5%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5.7%, France 5.6%, UK 5.5%, Italy 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$71.09 billion (2015 est.) ++ $79.36 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$71.47 billion (2016 est.) ++ $71.09 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 20%, vehicles and related parts 14%, nuclear reactors and furnaces 12%, fuel and mineral oils 9% (2015 est.)"
@ -646,27 +651,22 @@
"text": "Germany 19.4%, Czech Republic 17.4%, Austria 9.1%, Hungary 6.3%, Poland 6.3%, South Korea 5.5%, Russia 5.2%, China 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$2.892 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.614 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.657 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.892 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$67.66 billion (30 September 2015 est.) ++ $67.78 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$75.04 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $74.19 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$56.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $59.94 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$59.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $56.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$10.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.11 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $10.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "27.25 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -766,7 +766,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), operates 2 national TV stations and multiple national and regional radio networks; roughly 50 privately owned TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 40% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 32 privately owned radio stations (2016)"
"text": "state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), operates 2 national TV stations and multiple national and regional radio networks; roughly 50 privately owned TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 40% of (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".sk"

22
europe/ls.json
View file

@ -286,7 +286,12 @@
"text": "Assumption Day, 15 August, and National Day, 15 August (1940)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1862; latest adopted 5 October 1921; amended many times, last in 2011 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1862; latest adopted 5 October 1921"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed as bills by Parliament, by the reigning prince (in the form of “Government” proposals), by petition of at least 1,500 qualified voters, or by at least four communes; passage requires unanimous approval of Parliament members in one sitting or three-quarters majority vote in two successive sittings; referendum required only if petitioned by at least 1,500 voters or by at least four communes; passage by referendum requires absolute majority of all eligible voters; amended many times, last in 2011 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by Swiss, Austrian, and German law"
@ -327,7 +332,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Landtag (25 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Landtag (25 seats; members directly elected in two multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 3 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2017)"
@ -348,7 +353,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Fatherland Union (Vaterlaendische Union) or VU [Jakob BUECHEL] ++ Progressive Citizens' Party (Fortschrittliche Buergerpartei) or FBP [Elfried HASLER] ++ The Free List (Die Freie Liste) or FL [Wolfgang MARXER] ++ The Independents (Die Unabhaengigen) or DU [Harry QUADERER]"
"text": "Fatherland Union (Vaterlaendische Union) or VU [Jakob BUECHEL] ++ Progressive Citizens' Party (Fortschrittliche Buergerpartei) or FBP [Thomas BANZER] ++ The Free List (Die Freie Liste) or FL [Pepo FRICK] ++ The Independents (Die Unabhaengigen) or DU [Harry QUADERER]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "CD, CE, EBRD, EFTA, IAEA, ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WIPO, WTO"
@ -460,7 +465,7 @@
"text": "$995.3 million"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$890.4 million (2011 est.)"
"text": "$890.4 million (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
@ -503,15 +508,10 @@
}
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - ++ 0.9627 (2015) ++ 0.9377 (2012) ++ 0.9377 (2012) ++ 0.94 (2012 est.) ++ 0.8876 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - ++ 0.9992 (2016 est.) ++ 0.9377 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "145.3 million kWh (2012)"
},
@ -551,7 +551,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "relies on foreign terrestrial and satellite broadcasters for most broadcast media services; first Liechtenstein-based TV station established August 2008; Radio Liechtenstein operates multiple radio stations; a Swiss-based broadcaster operates several radio stations in Liechtenstein (2008)"
"text": "relies on foreign terrestrial and satellite broadcasters for most broadcast media services; first Liechtenstein-based TV station established August 2008; Radio Liechtenstein operates multiple radio stations; a Swiss-based broadcaster operates several radi (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".li"

97
europe/lu.json
View file

@ -277,6 +277,9 @@
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "24.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2012)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "14 years"
@ -345,7 +348,12 @@
"text": "National Day (birthday of Grand Duke Henri) 23 June; note - this date of birth is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the festivities were shifted to allow observance during a more favorable time of year"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868; amended many times, last in 2009 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "adoption requires at least two-thirds vote by the Chamber of Deputies in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if voted for by more than one-quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters; amended many times, last in 2009 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -407,7 +415,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS] ++ Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Claude WISELER] ++ Democratic Party or DP [Corinne CAHEN] ++ Green Party [Francoise FOLMER and Christian KMIOTEK] ++ Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Claude HAAGEN] ++ The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [Central Committee] ++ other minor parties"
"text": "Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS] ++ Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Marc SPAUTZ] ++ Democratic Party or DP [Corinne CAHEN] ++ Green Party [Francoise FOLMER and Christian KMIOTEK] ++ Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Claude HAAGEN] ++ The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [Central Committee] ++ other minor parties"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Business Federation Luxembourg or FEDIL [Nicolas BUCK, chairman] ++ Centrale Paysanne [Marc FISCH] (federation of agricultural producers) ++ Chamber of Artisans (Chambre des Metiers) [Roland KUHN] ++ Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce) [Carlo THELEN] ++ Chambre des Salaries or CSL [Jean-Claude REDING] ++ General Association of Officials (Confederation Generale de la Fonction Publique or CGFP [Romain WOLFF] (trade union representing civil service) ++ Greenpeace [Kumi NAIDOO] ++ LCGP [Patrick DURY] (center-right trade union) ++ Luxembourg Association of Bankers and Insurance Employees or ALEBA [Roberto SCOLATI] ++ Luxembourg Bankers Association or ABBL [Yves MAAS] ++ Mouvement Ecologique [Blanche WEBER] (environment protection) ++ OGB-L [Andre ROELTGEN] (center-left trade union)"
@ -433,7 +441,7 @@
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"US chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador David MCKEAN (since 14 April 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
@ -472,44 +480,44 @@
"text": "This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, machinery and equipment, rubber, automotive components, and other products. The financial sector, which accounts for about 36% of GDP, is the leading sector in the economy. The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for about 39% of its labor force. ++ ++ Luxembourg experienced uneven economic growth in the aftermath of the global economic crisis that began in late 2008. Luxembourg's GDP contracted 3.6% in 2009, rebounded in 2010-12, fell again in 2013-14, but recovered in 2015. Unemployment has remained below the EU average despite having increased from a historically low rate of 4% in the 2000s to 7.1% in 2014. ++ ++ The country continues to enjoy an extraordinarily high standard of living - GDP per capita ranks among the highest in the world and is the highest in the euro zone. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position and the lowest public debt level in the region. ++ ++ Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure. In 2015, the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has depressed banking activity and dampened GDP growth. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg’s tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$55.73 billion (2015 est.) ++ $53.32 billion (2014 est.) ++ $51.23 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$58.74 billion (2016 est.) ++ $56.75 billion (2015 est.) ++ $54.13 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$57.42 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$60.98 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4.5% (2015 est.) ++ 4.1% (2014 est.) ++ 4.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.5% (2016 est.) ++ 4.8% (2015 est.) ++ 4.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$99,000 (2015 est.) ++ $96,900 (2014 est.) ++ $95,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$102,000 (2016 est.) ++ $100,800 (2015 est.) ++ $98,400 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "23% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 23.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "29.4%"
"text": "27.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.6%"
"text": "16.4%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "17.6%"
"text": "17.5%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.1%"
"text": "0.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "213.9%"
"text": "210.3%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-177.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-172.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -517,10 +525,10 @@
"text": "0.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "11.3%"
"text": "11.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "88.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "88.7% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -530,12 +538,12 @@
"text": "banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.7% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "260,700",
"text": "272,000",
"note": {
"text": "data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2015 est.)"
"text": "data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -550,7 +558,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.9% (2015 est.) ++ 7.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.7% (2016 est.) ++ 6.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -568,29 +576,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$24.74 billion"
"text": "$25.85 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$24.02 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$25.52 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "43.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "21.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "21.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 21.4% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.1% (2016 est.) ++ 0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
@ -599,25 +607,25 @@
}
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$218.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $209.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$232.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $218.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the EU for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the EU for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circul"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$268.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $275 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$281.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $271 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$108.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $115.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$110.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $108.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$70.34 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $67.63 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $101.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$47.13 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $63.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $78.64 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.581 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.711 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.189 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$17.81 billion (2015 est.) ++ $24.57 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$17.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $17.81 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass"
@ -626,7 +634,7 @@
"text": "Germany 22.1%, Belgium 16.7%, France 16.6%, UK 4.7%, Italy 4.6%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$20.22 billion (2015 est.) ++ $24.81 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$18.33 billion (2016 est.) ++ $20.22 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "commercial aircraft, minerals, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs, luxury consumer goods"
@ -635,10 +643,10 @@
"text": "Belgium 27.6%, Germany 22.9%, China 11.7%, France 9.5%, US 8.4%, Netherlands 4.2%, Mexico 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$771 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $863 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $771 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$3.331 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.525 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.781 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $3.806 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA ++ $11.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)"
@ -647,15 +655,10 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "1.4 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -755,7 +758,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites; domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available (2008)"
"text": "Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".lu"
@ -859,7 +862,7 @@
"text": "18-24 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.5% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.39% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.38% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.38% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.39% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "0.44% of GDP (2016) ++ 0.43% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.39% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.38% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.38% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

96
europe/md.json
View file

@ -107,15 +107,15 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Moldovan 75.8%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.9%, Gagauz 4.4%, Romanian 2.2%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1%, unspecified 0.4%",
"text": "Moldovan 75.8%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.9%, Gagauz 4.4%, Romanian 2.2%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1%, unspecified 0.4% (2004 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region (2004 est.)"
"text": "internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region"
}
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Moldovan 58.8% (official; virtually the same as the Romanian language), Romanian 16.4%, Russian 16%, Ukrainian 3.8%, Gagauz 3.1% (a Turkish language), Bulgarian 1.1%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.4%",
"text": "Moldovan 58.8% (official; virtually the same as the Romanian language), Romanian 16.4%, Russian 16%, Ukrainian 3.8%, Gagauz 3.1% (a Turkish language), Bulgarian 1.1%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.4% (2004 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "represents lanugage usually spoken (2004 est.)"
"text": "represents language usually spoken"
}
},
"Religions": {
@ -397,7 +397,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 27 August (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994; amended several times, last in 2010; note – in early 2016, a Moldovan Constitutional Court decision allows for direct presidential elections, reversing a constitutional amendment allowing Parliament to select the president (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by one-third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2010; note – in early 2016, a Moldovan Constitutional Court decision allowed for direct presidential elections, reversing a constitutional amendment allowing Parliament to select the president (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
@ -424,7 +429,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Nicolae TIMOFTI (since 23 March 2012)"
"text": "President Igor DODON (since 23 December 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Pavel FILIP (since 20 January 2016)"
@ -436,7 +441,7 @@
"text": "president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 November 2016 (next to be held in fall 2020); prime minister designated by the president upon consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Igor DODON elected president; percent of vote - Igor DODON (Socialist Party) 52.3%, Maia SANDU (Action and Solidarity Party) 47.7%; Pavel FILIP (Democratic Party) designated prime minister; Parliament vote - 57 of 101; note - Igor DODON is scheduled to take office on 23 March 2017"
"text": "Igor DODON elected president; percent of vote - Igor DODON (Socialist Party) 52.2%, Maia SANDU (Action and Solidarity Party) 47.8%; Pavel FILIP (Democratic Party) designated prime minister; Parliament vote - 57 of 101"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -463,10 +468,10 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"represented in Parliament": {
"text": " ++ Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir VORONIN] ++ Democratic Party of Moldova or PDM [Marian LUPU] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova or PLDM [Valeriu STRELET, acting] ++ Liberal Party or PL [Mihai GHIMPU] ++ Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PSRM [Igor DODON]"
"text": " ++ Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir VORONIN] ++ Democratic Party of Moldova or PDM [Marian LUPU] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova or PLDM [Valeriu STRELET, acting] ++ Liberal Party or PL [Mihai GHIMPU] ++ Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PSRM [Zinaida GRECEANII, acting]"
},
"not represented in Parliament": {
"text": " ++ Action and Sloidarity Party or PAS [Maia SANDU] ++ Anti-Mafia Movement [Sergiu MOCANU] ++ Christian Democratic People's Party or PPCD [Victor CIOBANU] ++ Conservative Party or PC [Natalia NIRCA] ++ Dignity and Truth Party [Andrei NASTASE] ++ Ecological Party of Moldova \"Green Alliance\" or PEMAVE [Vladimir BRAGA] ++ European People’s Party of Moldova (EPPM) [Iurie LEANCA] ++ Humanist Party of Moldova or PUM [Valeriu PASAT] ++ Labor Party or PM [Gheorghe SIMA] ++ Liberal Reformers Party or PLR [Ion HADARCA] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Vitalia PAVLICENKO] ++ Our Home Moldova [Grigore PETRENCO] ++ Our Party [Renato USATII] ++ Patriots of Moldova Party or PPM [Mihail GARBUZ] ++ Republican Party of Moldova or PRM [Andrei STRATAN] ++ Revival Party [Vadim MISIN] ++ Roma Social Political Movement of the Republic of Moldova or MRRM [Ion BUCUR] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor SELIN] ++ Social Political Movement \"Equality\" or MR [Valeriy KLIMENCO] ++ United Moldova Party or PMUEM [Vladimir TURCAN]"
"text": " ++ Action and Solidarity Party or PAS [Maia SANDU] ++ Anti-Mafia Movement or MPA [Sergiu MOCANU] ++ Centrist Union of Moldova or UCM [Mihai PETRACHE] ++ Christian Democratic People's Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA] ++ Conservative Party or PC [Natalia NIRCA] ++ Democracy at Home Party or PPDA [Vasile COSTIUC] ++ Democratic Action Party or PAD [Mihai GODEA] ++ Dignity and Truth Platform or PDA [Andrei NASTASE] ++ Ecologist Green Party or PVE [Anatolie PROHNITCHI] ++ European People’s Party of Moldova or EPPM [Iurie LEANCA] ++ Popular Democratic Party of Moldova or PPDM [Valeriu PASAT] ++ Labor Party or PM [Marcel DARIE] ++ Liberal Reformers Party or PLR [Ion HADARCA] ++ “Motherland” Party or PP [Emilian CIOBU] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Vitalia PAVLICENKO] ++ Our Home Moldova or PCNM [Grigore PETRENCO] ++ Our Party or PN [Renato USATII] ++ People’s Party of Moldova or PPRM [Alexandru OLEINIC] ++ Progressive Society Party or PSP [Oleg MATVEI] ++ Regions Party of Moldova or PRM [Alexandr KALININ] ++ “Right” Party or PD [Ana GUTU] ++ Russian-Slavean Party of Moldova or PRSM [Oleg TOPOLNITKI] ++ Shor Party or PS [Ilan SHOR] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor SELIN] ++ Social-Political Movement “New Force” or MFN [Valeriu PLESCA] ++ Socialist People’s Party of Moldova or PPSM [Victor STEPANIUC] ++ United Moldova Party or PMUEM [Vladimir TURCAN]"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -532,44 +537,44 @@
"text": "Despite recent progress, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. With a moderate climate and productive farmland, Moldova's economy relies heavily on its agriculture sector, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova also depends on annual remittances of about $1.12 billion from the roughly one million Moldovans working in Europe, Russia, and other former Soviet Bloc countries. ++ ++ With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a more than $5 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom, largely the result of unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Moldova and Romania inaugurated the Ungheni-Iasi natural gas interconnector project in August 2014. The 43-kilometer pipeline between Moldova and Romania, allows for both the import and export of natural gas. Several technical and regulatory delays kept gas from flowing into Moldova until March 2015. Romanian gas exports to Moldova are largely symbolic. Moldova hopes to build a pipeline connecting Ungheni to Chisinau, bringing the gas to Moldovan population centers. ++ ++ The government's stated goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. Moldova experienced better than expected economic growth in 2014 due to increased agriculture production, to economic policies adopted by the Moldovan government since 2009, and to the receipt of EU trade preferences. Moldova signed an Association Agreement and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the EU during fall 2014, connecting Moldovan products to the world’s largest market. Still, a $1 billion asset-stripping heist of Moldovan banks in late 2014 delivered a significant shock to the economy in 2015; a subsequent bank bailout increased inflationary pressures and contributed to the depreciation of the leu. Moldova’s growth has also been hampered by endemic corruption and a Russian import ban on Moldova’s agricultural products. ++ ++ Over the longer term, Moldova's economy remains vulnerable to corruption, political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, higher fuel prices, Russian political and economic pressure, and unresolved separatism in Moldova's Transnistria region."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$17.79 billion (2015 est.) ++ $17.99 billion (2014 est.) ++ $17.17 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$18.54 billion (2016 est.) ++ $18.18 billion (2015 est.) ++ $18.26 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$6.414 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$6.65 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 4.8% (2014 est.) ++ 9.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2% (2016 est.) ++ -0.5% (2015 est.) ++ 4.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$5,000 (2015 est.) ++ $5,100 (2014 est.) ++ $4,800 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$5,200 (2016 est.) ++ $5,100 (2015 est.) ++ $5,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "17.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 18.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "18.2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 18% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "89.7%"
"text": "89.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "20.7%"
"text": "20.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.6%"
"text": "23.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "43.2%"
"text": "43%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-78.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-78.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -577,10 +582,10 @@
"text": "14.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "21.1%"
"text": "21.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "64.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "64.7% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -590,10 +595,10 @@
"text": "sugar, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.228 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.253 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -607,7 +612,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.3% (2016 est.) ++ 5.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "20.8% (2013 est.)"
@ -625,29 +630,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$2.158 billion"
"text": "$2.297 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$2.292 billion"
"text": "$2.456 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "National Public Budget (2015 est.)"
"text": "National Public Budget (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "33.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "34.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "39.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "9.7% (2015 est.) ++ 5.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "7.4% (2016 est.) ++ 9.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "19.5% (31 December 2015) ++ 6.5% (31 December 2014)",
@ -656,25 +661,25 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "14.2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 11.01% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "15% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 14.2% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.188 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.698 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.095 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.188 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$3.402 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.685 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$2.162 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.643 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.003 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.162 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$9.723 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $50.47 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $51.46 million (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$426 million (2015 est.) ++ -$294 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$189 million (2016 est.) ++ -$304 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.507 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.805 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.45 billion (2016 est.) ++ $1.507 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "foodstuffs, textiles, machinery"
@ -683,7 +688,7 @@
"text": "Romania 23.1%, Italy 10.2%, Turkey 9.4%, Russia 8%, Germany 6.6%, Belarus 6.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$3.595 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.858 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.45 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.595 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles"
@ -692,10 +697,10 @@
"text": "Russia 22.7%, Romania 18.1%, Ukraine 11.5%, Germany 7%, Italy 4.8%, Turkey 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$1.757 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.157 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.85 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.757 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$6.207 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.464 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$6.362 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $6.207 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$3.647 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.615 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
@ -704,15 +709,10 @@
"text": "$108.2 million (31 December 2012) ++ $88.42 million (31 December 2011)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - ++ 19.83 (2015 est.) ++ 15.435 (2014 est.) ++ 14.036 (2013 est.) ++ 12.11 (2012 est.) ++ 11.738 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - ++ 20.4 (2016 est.) ++ 19.83 (2015 est.) ++ 19.83 (2014 est.) ++ 14.036 (2013 est.) ++ 12.11 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "4.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -929,7 +929,7 @@
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 1-year service obligation (2016)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2015 projected) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2016) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

40
europe/mj.json
View file

@ -364,7 +364,12 @@
"text": "National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against Nazi occupiers and sided with the partisan Communist movement)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007; amended 2013, 2014 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013, 2014 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law"
@ -394,7 +399,7 @@
"text": "President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 4 December 2012)"
"text": "Prime Minister Dusko MARKOVIC (since 28 November 2016); note - Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC resigned 26 October 2016"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Ministers act as cabinet"
@ -439,7 +444,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC (since 30 November 2010)"
"text": "Ambassador (vacant)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009"
@ -494,25 +499,25 @@
"text": "Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. From the beginning of the privatization process in 1999 through 2015, around 85% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism brings in twice as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. ++ ++ Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EC in June, 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. ++ ++ The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro are Italy, Norway, Austria, Russia, Hungary and the UK. Net foreign direct investment in 2014 reached $483 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe. ++ ++ Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system. Construction will cost around $1.1 billion. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. In May 2013, the Montenegrin Government raised the higher level VAT rate to 19%."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$10.04 billion (2015 est.) ++ $9.642 billion (2014 est.) ++ $9.473 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$10.61 billion (2016 est.) ++ $10.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $9.789 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$4.039 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$4.242 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4.1% (2015 est.) ++ 1.8% (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.1% (2016 est.) ++ 3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$16,100 (2015 est.) ++ $15,500 (2014 est.) ++ $15,300 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$17,000 (2016 est.) ++ $16,200 (2015 est.) ++ $15,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "14.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 4.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 5.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 5.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 4.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
@ -586,7 +591,7 @@
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "38.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "36.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
@ -594,14 +599,14 @@
"Public debt": {
"text": "59.5% of GDP (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 57.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ -0.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.5% (2016 est.) ++ 1.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "9.22% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.36% (31 December 2013 est.)"
@ -619,7 +624,7 @@
"text": "$7.532 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.827 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $3.322 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$535 million (2015 est.) ++ -$699 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$437 million (2016 est.) ++ -$387 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$370.2 million (2014 est.) ++ $489.2 million (2012 est.)"
@ -646,15 +651,10 @@
"text": "$133 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "3.1 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},

98
europe/mk.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greek objection to Macedonia’s name, insisting it implies territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of the same name, have stalled the country’s movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block Macedonian efforts to gain UN membership if the name “Macedonia” was used. Macedonia was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,” and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution are ongoing. Since 2004, the US and over 130 other nations have recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an insurgency in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. Relations between Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain fragile, however. Although Macedonia became an EU candidate in 2005, the country still faces challenges, including overcoming the ongoing political crisis that began in 2015 when opposition party SDSM began releasing wiretap content that it alleged showed widespread government corruption, the ongoing migration crisis, fully implementing the Framework Agreement, resolving the outstanding name dispute with Greece, improving relations with Bulgaria, halting democratic backsliding, and stimulating economic growth and development. Macedonia's membership in NATO was blocked by Greece at the Alliance's Summit of Bucharest in 2008."
"text": "Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greek objection to Macedonia’s name, insisting it implies territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of the same name, and democratic backsliding have stalled the country’s movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block Macedonian efforts to gain UN membership if the name “Macedonia” was used. Macedonia was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,” and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution are ongoing. Since 2004, the US and over 130 other nations have recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an insurgency in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement (OFA), which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. Relations between Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain fragile, however. ++ Macedonia has been engulfed in a political crisis that began after the 2014 legislative and presidential election, and which escalated in 2015 when opposition party began releasing wiretap content that it alleged showed widespread government corruption. Although Macedonia became an EU candidate in 2005, the country still faces challenges, including overcoming the political crisis, fully implementing OFA, resolving the outstanding name dispute with Greece, improving relations with Bulgaria, halting democratic backsliding, and stimulating economic growth and development. At the 2008 NATO Summit in Bucharest, Romania, the Allies agreed that Macedonia would be invited to join the Alliance as soon as a mutually acceptable resolution to the name dispute was reached with Greece."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -376,7 +376,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 8 September (1991); also known as National Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by at least 30 members of the Assembly, or by petition of at least 150,000 citizens; draft amendments require approval by majority vote of Assembly members, followed by public debate; final passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -423,10 +428,10 @@
"text": "unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (123 seats; 120 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 3 directly elected in diaspora constituencies worldwide by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 27 April 2014 (the election scheduled for 5 June 2016 has been postponed until 11 December 2016)"
"text": "last held on 11 December 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - VMRO-DPMNE 43.0%, SDSM 25.3%, BDI 13.7%, PDSh 5.9%, GROM 2.8%, RDK 1.6%, other 4.3%, invalid 3.4%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 61, SDSM 34, BDI 19, PDSh 7, GROM 1, RDK 1"
"text": "percent of vote by party - VMRO-DPMNE 39.4%, SDSM coalition 37.9%, BDI 7.5%, Besa Movement 5.0%, Alliance for Albanians 3.1%, PDSh 2.7%, other 4.4%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 51, SDSM coalition 49, BDI 10, Besa Movement 5, Alliance for Albanians 3, PDSh 2"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -441,9 +446,9 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Citizens Option for Macedonia or GROM [Stevco JAKIMOVSKI] ++ Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSh [Menduh THACI] ++ Democratic Union for Integration or BDI [Ali AHMETI] ++ Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI] ++ National Democratic Revival or RDK [Vesel MEMEDI] ++ Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM [Zoran ZAEV]",
"text": "Alliance for Albanians ++ Besa Movement [Bilal KASAMI] ++ Citizens Option for Macedonia or GROM [Stevco JAKIMOVSKI] ++ Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSh [Menduh THACI] ++ Democratic Union for Integration or BDI [Ali AHMETI] ++ Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI] ++ National Democratic Revival or RDK [Vesel MEMEDI] ++ Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM [Zoran ZAEV]",
"note": {
"text": "during the 2014 parliamentary elections VMRO-DPMNE, SDSM, and GROM each led coalitions"
"text": "during the 2016 parliamentary elections VMRO-DPMNE and SDSM each led coalitions"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -509,44 +514,44 @@
"text": "Since its independence in 1991, Macedonia has made progress in liberalizing its economy and improving its business environment, but has lagged the Balkan region in attracting foreign investment. Corruption and weak rule of law remain significant problems. Some businesses complain of opaque regulations and unequal enforcement of the law. ++ ++ Macedonia’s economy is closely linked to Europe as a customer for exports and source of investment, and has suffered as a result of prolonged weakness in the euro zone. Unemployment has remained consistently high at about 30% since 2008, but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, which is not captured by official statistics. ++ ++ Macedonia maintained macroeconomic stability through the global financial crisis by conducting prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged against the euro, and by limiting fiscal deficits. The government has been loosening fiscal policy, however, and the budget deficit was 4.2% of GDP in both 2013 and 2014, gradually falling to 3.7% in 2015. By yearend 2015, public debt was 40.3%, which although low by regional comparison, is significant for a small economy."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$29.04 billion (2015 est.) ++ $28.01 billion (2014 est.) ++ $27.05 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$30.13 billion (2016 est.) ++ $29.48 billion (2015 est.) ++ $28.44 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$9.922 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$10.49 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (2014 est.) ++ 2.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.2% (2016 est.) ++ 3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$14,000 (2015 est.) ++ $13,500 (2014 est.) ++ $13,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$14,500 (2016 est.) ++ $14,200 (2015 est.) ++ $13,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "22.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "30.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 30.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 29.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "67.7%"
"text": "68%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.7%"
"text": "16.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "18.2%"
"text": "17.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "13.7%"
"text": "12.8%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "48.5%"
"text": "50%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-64.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-65.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -554,10 +559,10 @@
"text": "11.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.1%"
"text": "26.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "62.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -567,10 +572,10 @@
"text": "food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "7.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.1% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "954,900 (2015 est.)"
"text": "957,400 (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -584,7 +589,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "26.1% (2015 est.) ++ 28% (2014 est.)"
"text": "24.9% (2016 est.) ++ 26.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "30.4% (2011 est.)"
@ -602,29 +607,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$2.903 billion"
"text": "$3.063 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$3.252 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$3.44 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "29.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "29.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "46.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 46% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "50.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 46.5% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; include treasury debt held by foreign entitites; exclude debt issued by sub-national entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds"
"text": "official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; include treasury debt held by foreign entitites; exclude debt issued by sub-na"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.) ++ -0.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.1% (2016 est.) ++ -0.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "3.25% (31 December 2014) ++ 3.25% (31 December 2013)",
@ -633,25 +638,25 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.08% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.46% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "7.1% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 7.08% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.797 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.692 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.899 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.797 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$6.129 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.282 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$5.308 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.111 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.534 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $5.308 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$2.084 billion (31 December 2014) ++ $2.302 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $2.423 billion (31 December 2012)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$141 million (2015 est.) ++ -$91 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$194 million (2016 est.) ++ -$141 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$3.372 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.682 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.166 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.372 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco; textiles, miscellaneous manufactures, iron, steel; automotive parts"
@ -660,7 +665,7 @@
"text": "Germany 33.2%, Kosovo 11.5%, Bulgaria 5.1%, Greece 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$5.393 billion (2015 est.) ++ $6.15 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.011 billion (2016 est.) ++ $5.393 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels, food products"
@ -669,27 +674,22 @@
"text": "Germany 15.9%, UK 13.6%, Greece 10.9%, Serbia 8.7%, Bulgaria 6.7%, Turkey 5.5%, Italy 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$2.471 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.963 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.576 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.471 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$7.029 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.241 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.68 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.029 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$6.123 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.93 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$6.373 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $6.123 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$599.6 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $600.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$749.6 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $599.6 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - ++ 55.537 (2015 est.) ++ 46.437 (2014 est.) ++ 46.437 (31 December 2013 est.) ++ 47.89 (2012 est.) ++ 44.231 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - ++ 56.82 (2016 est.) ++ 55.537 (2015 est.) ++ 55.537 (2014 est.) ++ 46.437 (31 December 2013 est.) ++ 47.89 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "4.569 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -789,7 +789,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public TV broadcaster operates 3 national channels and a satellite network; 5 privately owned TV channels broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters and about 15 broadcast on national level via satellite; roughly 75 local commercial TV stations; large number of cable operators offering domestic and international programming; public radio broadcaster operates over multiple stations; 3 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationally; about 70 local commercial radio stations (2012)"
"text": "public TV broadcaster operates 3 national channels and a satellite network; 5 privately owned TV channels broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters and about 15 broadcast on national level via satellite; roughly 75 local commercial TV stations; (2012)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".mk"
@ -870,7 +870,7 @@
"text": "667 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "477,997 refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016 est.)"
"text": "478,004 refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016 est.)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

22
europe/mn.json
View file

@ -308,7 +308,12 @@
"text": "National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1911 (suspended 1959); latest adopted 17 December 1962; amended 2002 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1911 (suspended 1959); latest adopted 17 December 1962"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by joint agreement of the chief of state (the prince) and the National Council; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of National Council members; amended 2002 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by French legal tradition"
@ -491,10 +496,10 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.075 billion"
"text": "$914.5 million"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.144 billion (2011 est.)"
"text": "$973 million (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
@ -534,14 +539,7 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
@ -573,7 +571,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "TV Monte-Carlo operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; other radio stations include Riviera Radio and Radio Monaco (2012)"
"text": "TV Monte-Carlo operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; (2012)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".mc"

88
europe/mt.json
View file

@ -284,7 +284,7 @@
"text": "28.7% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "8.3% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -368,7 +368,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 21 September (1964); Republic Day, 13 December (1974)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 21 September 1964; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 21 September 1964"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposals (Acts of Parliament) require at least two-thirds majority vote by the House of Representatives; passage of \"Acts\" requires majority vote by referendum, followed by final majority vote by the House of Representatives and assent by the president of the republic; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of English common law and civil law (based on the Roman and Napoleonic civil codes)"
@ -433,7 +438,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alternativa Demokratika or AD (Green Party) [Arnold CASSOLA] ++ Labor Party or PL [Joseph MUSCAT] ++ Nationalist Party or PN [Simon BUSUTTIL]"
"text": "Alternattiva Demokratika or AD (Green Party) [Arnold CASSOLA] ++ Labor Party or PL [Joseph MUSCAT] ++ Nationalist Party or PN [Simon BUSUTTIL]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance of Liberal Democrats Malta (Alleanza Liberali-Demokratika Malta) or ALDM (for divorce, abortion, gay marriage, women's rights) ++ Alliance for Change (Alleanza Bidla) (Euros-septic) ++ Together for a Better Environment (Flimkien Ghal-Ambjent Ahjar) or FAA (pro-environment) ++ ",
@ -498,44 +503,44 @@
"text": "Malta - the smallest economy in the euro zone - produces only about 20% of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. Malta's economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism. Malta joined the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro on 1 January 2008. ++ ++ Malta has weathered the euro-zone crisis better than most EU member states due to a low debt-to-GDP ratio and financially sound banking sector. It has low unemployment relative to other European countries, and growth has recovered since the 2009 recession. In 2014 and 2015, Malta led the euro zone in growth, expanding by nearly 3.5% each year. ++ ++ Malta’s services sector continued to grow in 2015, with noted increases in the financial services and online gaming sectors. Malta continues to enhance its regulation of the financial services sector, and passed additional legislation in 2014 and 2015 to improve anti-money laundering oversight for financial and gaming activities. Expanding EU discussions of anti-tax avoidance measures, including the “Anti-Tax Avoidance Package” submitted in early 2016, have raised concerns among Malta’s financial services and insurance providers about passage of laws governing EU tax practices, which could have a significant impact on those sectors. ++ ++ Malta’s 2015 GDP growth was bolstered by energy infrastructure investments, and revenue growth is expected to continue, supported by a strong labor market and proceeds from a citizenship by investment program equal to roughly 0.9% of GDP. Malta's geographic position between Europe and North Africa makes it a route for irregular migration. Historically, Malta's fertility rate has been below the EU average, and population growth in recent years has been largely from immigration, increasing pressure on the pension system. The government has implemented new programs, including free childcare, to encourage increased labor participation. The high cost of borrowing and small labor market remain potential constraints to future economic growth."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$15.38 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $14.03 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$16.32 billion (2016 est.) ++ $15.68 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.77 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$9.801 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$10.46 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "5.4% (2015 est.) ++ 4.1% (2014 est.) ++ 4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.1% (2016 est.) ++ 6.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$35,900 (2015 est.) ++ $34,300 (2014 est.) ++ $33,300 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$37,900 (2016 est.) ++ $36,500 (2015 est.) ++ $34,700 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "34.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "31.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 34.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "52.9%"
"text": "52.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.3%"
"text": "19.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "24.9%"
"text": "24.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.5%"
"text": "0.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "141.1%"
"text": "135.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-137.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-132.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -559,7 +564,7 @@
"text": "5.9% (2015)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "196,600 (2015 est.)"
"text": "201,600 (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -573,7 +578,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.4% (2015 est.) ++ 5.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.6% (2016 est.) ++ 5.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "15.9% (2014 est.)"
@ -591,29 +596,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$4.087 billion"
"text": "$4.288 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$4.23 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$4.401 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "41.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "41% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "63.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 67.1% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "62.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 63.9% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central government, state government, local government and social security funds"
"text": "Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in E"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.3% (2016 est.) ++ 1.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "-0.21% (31 December 2015) ++ -0.09% (31 December 2013)",
@ -622,28 +627,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.4% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.9% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "2.9% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 3.4% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$12.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $11.55 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$14.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $12.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the EU for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the EU for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$17.65 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.97 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$18.31 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $17.36 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$17.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $17.63 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$18.28 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $17.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$4.468 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.353 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.636 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.405 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.642 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.249 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$403 million (2015 est.) ++ $417 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$653 million (2016 est.) ++ $962 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.956 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.48 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.915 billion (2016 est.) ++ $2.956 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and mechanical appliances; mineral fuels, oils and petroleum products; pharmaceutical products; books and newspapers; aircraft/spacecraft and parts; toys, games, and sports equipment"
@ -652,7 +657,7 @@
"text": "Germany 13.3%, France 10.2%, Hong Kong 7.4%, Singapore 7.3%, UK 6.4%, US 5.8%, Italy 5.6%, Japan 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$4.603 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.964 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.479 billion (2016 est.) ++ $4.603 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "mineral fuels, oils and products; electrical machinery; aircraft/spacecraft and parts thereof; machinery and mechanical appliances; plastic and other semi-manufactured goods; vehicles and parts"
@ -661,10 +666,10 @@
"text": "Italy 23%, Netherlands 8.4%, UK 7.5%, Germany 6.8%, Canada 6.1%, China 4.1%, France 4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$571.7 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $619.2 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$537.7 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $571.7 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$99.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $103.8 billion (30 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$97.35 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $104.4 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$164.4 billion (30 June 2015 est.) ++ $158.7 billion (December 31, 2014 est.)"
@ -673,15 +678,10 @@
"text": "$69.09 billion (31 June 2015 est.) ++ $67.32 billion (30 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "2.17 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -781,7 +781,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "2 publicly owned TV stations, Television Malta broadcasting nationally plus an educational channel; several privately owned national television stations, two of which are owned by political parties; Italian and British broadcast programs are available; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 stations; roughly 20 commercial radio stations (2016)"
"text": "2 publicly owned TV stations, Television Malta broadcasting nationally plus an educational channel; several privately owned national television stations, two of which are owned by political parties; Italian and British broadcast programs are available; mu (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".mt"
@ -846,7 +846,7 @@
"text": "bulk carrier 544, cargo 351, carrier 1, chemical tanker 324, container 117, liquefied gas 36, passenger 50, passenger/cargo 18, petroleum tanker 160, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 22, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 18"
},
"foreign-owned": {
"text": "1,437 (Angola 7, Azerbaijan 1, Belgium 7, Bermuda 15, Bulgaria 8, Canada 5, China 6, Croatia 6, Cyprus 32, Denmark 34, Egypt 1, Estonia 16, Finland 3, France 8, Germany 135, Greece 469, Hong Kong 4, India 3, Iran 48, Ireland 4, Israel 3, Italy 45, Japan 5, Kuwait 3, Latvia 8, Lebanon 6, Libya 5, Luxembourg 3, Malaysia 1, Monaco 3, Netherlands 3, Norway 96, Oman 5, Poland 21, Portugal 3, Romania 7, Russia 45, Saudi Arabia 2, Singapore 4, Slovenia 4, South Korea 2, Spain 8, Sweden 1, Switzerland 20, Syria 4, Turkey 233, UAE 1, UK 21, Ukraine 29, US 34)"
"text": "1,437 (Angola 7, Azerbaijan 1, Belgium 7, Bermuda 15, Bulgaria 8, Canada 5, China 6, Croatia 6, Cyprus 32, Denmark 34, Egypt 1, Estonia 16, Finland 3, France 8, Germany 135, Greece 469, Hong Kong 4, India 3, Iran 48, Ireland 4, Israel 3, Italy 45, Japan 5, Kuw"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "2 (Panama 2) (2010)"

94
europe/nl.json
View file

@ -374,7 +374,12 @@
"text": "King's Day (the King's birthday of 27 April (1967); celebrated on 26 April if 27 April is a Sunday)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1597, 1798; latest adopted 24 August 1815 (substantially revised in 1848); amended many times, last in 2010 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1597, 1798; latest adopted 24 August 1815 (substantially revised in 1848)"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed as an “Act of Parliament” by or on behalf of the king or by the Second Chamber of the States General; the Second Chamber is dissolved after its first reading of the “Act”; passage requires a second reading by both the First Chamber and newly elected Second Chamber, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote of both chambers, and ratification by the king; amended many times, last in 2010 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the French system; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General"
@ -504,44 +509,44 @@
"text": "The Netherlands, the sixth-largest economy in the European Union, plays an important role as a European transportation hub, with a persistently high trade surplus, stable industrial relations, and moderate unemployment. Industry focuses on food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for food-processing and underpins the country’s status as the world’s second largest agricultural exporter. ++ ++ The Netherlands is part of the euro zone, and as such, its monetary policy is controlled by the European Central Bank. The Dutch financial sector is highly concentrated, with four commercial banks possessing over 90% of banking assets. The sector suffered as a result of the global financial crisis and required billions of dollars of government support, but the European Banking Authority completed stringent reviews in 2014 and deemed Dutch banks to be well-capitalized. To address the 2009 and 2010 economic downturns, the government sought to stimulate the domestic economy by accelerating infrastructure programs, offering corporate tax breaks for employers to retain workers, and expanding export credits. The stimulus programs and bank bailouts, however, resulted in a government budget deficit of 5.3% of GDP in 2010 that contrasted sharply with a surplus of 0.7% in 2008. ++ ++ The government of Prime Minister Mark RUTTE has since implemented significant austerity measures to improve public finances and has instituted broad structural reforms in key policy areas, including the labor market, the housing sector, the energy market, and the pension system. As a result, the government budget deficit at the end of 2015 dropped to 2% of GDP. Following a protracted recession during which unemployment doubled to 7.4% and household consumption contracted for nearly three consecutive years, 2014 saw fragile GDP growth of 1% and a rise in most economic indicators. Growth picked up in 2015 as households boosted purchases through reduced saving. Drivers of growth included increased exports and business investments, as well as newly invigorated household consumption."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$832.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $816.9 billion (2014 est.) ++ $808.7 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$865.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $851.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $835.2 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$738.4 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$769.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1% (2014 est.) ++ -0.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.7% (2016 est.) ++ 2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$49,200 (2015 est.) ++ $48,400 (2014 est.) ++ $48,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$50,800 (2016 est.) ++ $50,300 (2015 est.) ++ $49,500 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "28.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 28.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "28.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 27.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "44.6%"
"text": "44.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "25.3%"
"text": "24.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "20.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.1%"
"text": "-0.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "82.5%"
"text": "81.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-71.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-71% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -549,10 +554,10 @@
"text": "1.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "18%"
"text": "17.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "70.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "70.4% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -562,10 +567,10 @@
"text": "agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.1% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "7.895 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.919 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -579,7 +584,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.9% (2015 est.) ++ 7.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.2% (2016 est.) ++ 6.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "9.1% (2013 est.)"
@ -597,29 +602,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$324 billion"
"text": "$322.6 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$337.8 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$333.5 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "43.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "41.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "65.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 68.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "63.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 65.3% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as i"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.2% (2015 est.) ++ 0.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.2% (2016 est.) ++ 0.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
@ -628,28 +633,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "1.85% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.27% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 1.85% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$405.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $435 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$404.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $405.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.119 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.158 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.619 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.855 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.569 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.619 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$671.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $698.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $578.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$728.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $786.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $817.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$80.99 billion (2015 est.) ++ $93.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$69.82 billion (2016 est.) ++ $64.42 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$476.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $574.7 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$460.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $476.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs"
@ -658,7 +663,7 @@
"text": "Germany 24.5%, Belgium 11.1%, UK 9.3%, France 8.4%, Italy 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$389.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $469.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$376.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $389.6 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing"
@ -670,24 +675,19 @@
"text": "$38.21 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $42.92 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$4.154 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.524 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.284 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $4.02 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$739.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $671.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$844 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $739.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.102 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.046 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.207 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.102 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "98 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -783,14 +783,14 @@
"text": "highly developed and well maintained"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "extensive fixed-line, fiber-optic network; large cellular telephone system with 5 major operators utilizing the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications technology; one in five households now use Voice over the Internet Protocol services"
"text": "extensive fixed-line, fiber-optic network; large cellular telephone system with 5 major operators utilizing the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications technology; one in five households now use Voice over the Internet Protocol ser"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 31; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 5 (3 Intelsat - 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (2011)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "more than 90% of households are connected to cable or satellite TV systems that provide a wide range of domestic and foreign channels; public service broadcast system includes multiple broadcasters, 3 with a national reach and the remainder operating in regional and local markets; 2 major nationwide commercial television companies, each with 3 or more stations, and many commercial TV stations in regional and local markets; nearly 600 radio stations with a mix of public and private stations providing national or regional coverage (2008)"
"text": "more than 90% of households are connected to cable or satellite TV systems that provide a wide range of domestic and foreign channels; public service broadcast system includes multiple broadcasters, 3 with a national reach and the remainder operating in r (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".nl"
@ -889,7 +889,7 @@
"text": "196 (Australia 1, Bermuda 1, Denmark 27, Finland 13, France 2, Germany 86, Ireland 8, Italy 6, Japan 1, Norway 19, Sweden 12, UAE 4, US 16)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "233 (Antigua and Barbuda 17, Bahamas 23, Belize 1, Canada 1, Curacao 43, Cyprus 23, Germany 1, Gibraltar 34, Italy 2, Liberia 31, Luxembourg 3, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 21, Panama 6, Paraguay 1, Philippines 17, Russia 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Singapore 1, UK 1, unknown 1) (2010)"
"text": "233 (Antigua and Barbuda 17, Bahamas 23, Belize 1, Canada 1, Curacao 43, Cyprus 23, Germany 1, Gibraltar 34, Italy 2, Liberia 31, Luxembourg 3, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 21, Panama 6, Paraguay 1, Philippines 17, Russia 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, S (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {
@ -915,7 +915,7 @@
"text": "17 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2014)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.15% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.16% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.23% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.26% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.34% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.17% of GDP (2016) ++ 1.16% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.15% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.16% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.23% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

90
europe/no.json
View file

@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
"text": "24.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2014)"
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -374,7 +374,12 @@
"text": "Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "drafted spring 1814, adopted 16 May 1814, signed by Constituent Assembly 17 May 1814; amended over 400 times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "drafted spring 1814, adopted 16 May 1814, signed by Constituent Assembly 17 May 1814"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposals submitted by members of Parliament or by the government within the first three years of Parliament's four-year term; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in the next elected Parliament; amended over 400 times, last in 2015"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law; Supreme Court can advise on legislative acts"
@ -504,44 +509,44 @@
"text": "Norway's has a stable economy with a vibrant private sector, a large state sector, and an extensive social safety net. Norway opted out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994; nonetheless, as a member of the European Economic Area, it contributes sizably to the EU budget. ++ ++ The country is richly endowed with natural resources in addition to oil and gas, including hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals. The government manages the country’s petroleum resources through extensive regulation. The petroleum sector provides about 9% of jobs, 15% of GDP, and 39% of exports, according to official national estimates. Norway is one of the world's leading petroleum exporters, though oil production in 2015 was close to 50% below its peak in 2000; annual gas production, conversely, more than doubled over the same time period. ++ ++ In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves state revenue from petroleum sector activities in the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at over $800 billion as of early 2016. The government allows itself to use up to 4% of the fund’s value, its annual expected real rate of return, to help balance the federal budget each year. After solid GDP growth in 2004-07, the economy slowed in 2008, and contracted in 2009, before returning to modest, positive growth from 2010 to 2015. Lower oil prices in 2015 caused growth to slow, increased unemployment, and weakened the Norwegian krone. The latter trend has mitigated the negative impact of lower oil and gas prices by making Norwegian exports cheaper for foreign buyers. The government has expressed willingness to increase public spending from the sovereign wealth fund to help prevent a recession."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$356.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $350.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $343.1 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$364.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $361.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $356 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$389.5 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$376.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.) ++ 1.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$68,400 (2015 est.) ++ $68,000 (2014 est.) ++ $67,300 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$69,300 (2016 est.) ++ $69,500 (2015 est.) ++ $69,100 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "37.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 40.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 38.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "35.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 37.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 40.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "42.6%"
"text": "44%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "23.2%"
"text": "24.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "5.3%"
"text": "5.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "37.1%"
"text": "36.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-31.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-33.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -549,10 +554,10 @@
"text": "1.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "35%"
"text": "34.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "63.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "63.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -562,10 +567,10 @@
"text": "petroleum and gas, shipping, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.772 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.794 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -579,7 +584,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "4.4% (2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.8% (2016 est.) ++ 4.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -597,53 +602,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$211.6 billion"
"text": "$199.8 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$188.5 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$188.8 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "54.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "53.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "31.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "32.2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 31.8% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as i"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.5% (2016 est.) ++ 2.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "6.25% (31 December 2010) ++ 1.75% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "1.75% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.25% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 1.75% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$200.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $120.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$206.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $200.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$323.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $310 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$527.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $590.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$549.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $527.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$252.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $219.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $250.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$193.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $219.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $265.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$35.04 billion (2015 est.) ++ $59.78 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$26.23 billion (2016 est.) ++ $35.04 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$102.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $143.7 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$92.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $102.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish"
@ -652,7 +657,7 @@
"text": "UK 22.2%, Germany 17.9%, Netherlands 10.2%, France 6.6%, Sweden 6.1%, Belgium 5%, US 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$75.79 billion (2015 est.) ++ $90.89 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$73.02 billion (2016 est.) ++ $75.79 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs"
@ -664,27 +669,22 @@
"text": "$57.46 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $64.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$661.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $730.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$642.3 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $640.1 billion (31 March 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Norway is a net external creditor"
}
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$201.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $225.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$206.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $201.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$192.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $229.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$195.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $192.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - ++ 8.0646 (2015 est.) ++ 6.3021 (2014 est.) ++ 6.3021 (2013 est.) ++ 5.82 (2012 est.) ++ 5.6065 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - ++ 8.615 (2016 est.) ++ 8.0646 (2015 est.) ++ 8.0646 (2014 est.) ++ 6.3021 (2013 est.) ++ 5.82 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "142 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -780,11 +780,11 @@
"text": "Norway has a domestic satellite system; the prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of mobile-cellular systems"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (2015)"
"text": "country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned public radio-TV broadcaster operates 3 nationwide TV stations, 3 nationwide radio stations, and 16 regional radio stations; roughly a dozen privately owned television stations broadcast nationally and roughly another 25 local TV stations broadcasting; nearly 75% of households have access to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 2 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationwide and another 240 stations operate locally (2008)"
"text": "state-owned public radio-TV broadcaster operates 3 nationwide TV stations, 3 nationwide radio stations, and 16 regional radio stations; roughly a dozen privately owned television stations broadcast nationally and roughly another 25 local TV stations broad (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".no"
@ -886,7 +886,7 @@
"text": "81 (Bermuda 24, Canada 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 7, France 5, Iceland 2, Lithuania 1, Saudi Arabia 3, Sweden 27, US 10)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "974 (Antigua and Barbuda 9, Bahamas 186, Barbados 38, Belize 2, Bermuda 5, Brazil 3, Canada 4, Chile 1, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 8, Croatia 2, Curacao 2, Cyprus 14, Denmark 2, Dominica 1, Equatorial Guinea 1, Estonia 2, Faroe Islands 13, Gibraltar 46, Hong Kong 48, Indonesia 3, Isle of Man 30, Italy 6, Liberia 38, Libya 1, Malta 96, Marshall Islands 75, Netherlands 19, Panama 81, Portugal 2, Saint Kitts and Nevis 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13, Singapore 153, Spain 10, Sweden 3, UK 32, US 17, Vanuatu 1, unknown 3) (2010)"
"text": "974 (Antigua and Barbuda 9, Bahamas 186, Barbados 38, Belize 2, Bermuda 5, Brazil 3, Canada 4, Chile 1, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 8, Croatia 2, Curacao 2, Cyprus 14, Denmark 2, Dominica 1, Equatorial Guinea 1, Estonia 2, Faroe Islands 13, Gibraltar 46, Hong Kon (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

92
europe/pl.json
View file

@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
"text": "27% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -378,7 +378,12 @@
"text": "Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997; amended 2006, 2009, 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Sejm deputies, by the Senate, or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Sejm and absolute majority vote in the Senate; amendments to articles relating to sovereignty, personal freedoms, and constitutional amendment procedures also require passage by majority vote in a referendum; amended 2006, 2009, 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative, administrative, and other governmental acts; constitutional law rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final"
@ -517,55 +522,55 @@
"text": "Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and Poland's economy was the only EU country to avoid a recession through the 2008-09 economic downturn. Although EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy since 2004, GDP per capita remains significantly below the EU average and the unemployment rate is now below the EU average. ++ ++ The government of Prime Minister Donald TUSK steered the Polish economy through the economic downturn by skillfully managing public finances and adopting controversial pension and tax reforms to further shore up public finances. While the Polish economy has performed well over the past five years, growth slowed in 2013 and picked back up in 2014-15. Poland’s new center-right Law and Justice government plans to introduce expansionary economic policies to spur long-term growth, but social spending programs are expected to lead to increased deficit spending over the medium term. ++ ++ Poland faces several challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix and sources of supply, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, and as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.005 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $970.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $938.9 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.052 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $1.02 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $984.4 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$474.9 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$467.4 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.6% (2015 est.) ++ 3.3% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.1% (2016 est.) ++ 3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 3.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$26,500 (2015 est.) ++ $25,500 (2014 est.) ++ $24,700 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$27,700 (2016 est.) ++ $26,800 (2015 est.) ++ $25,900 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "20.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 17.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "20.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 20.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "58.7%"
"text": "57.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18%"
"text": "17.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.1%"
"text": "19.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.4%"
"text": "0.8%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "49.4%"
"text": "50.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-46.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-46.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.3%"
"text": "2.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "41.1%"
"text": "38.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "55.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "58.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -575,10 +580,10 @@
"text": "machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "17.76 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "17.78 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -592,7 +597,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.5% (2015 est.) ++ 12.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "9.6% (2016 est.) ++ 10.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "17.3% (2012 est.)"
@ -610,53 +615,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$76.65 billion"
"text": "$73.4 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$87.95 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$86.56 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "16.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "15.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "45% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 43.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "44.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 45% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-government"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.8% (2016 est.) ++ -1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "2.5% (31 December 2014) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.92% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.25% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "5.1% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.92% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$177.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $172.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$186.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $177.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$306.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $318.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$337.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $348 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$344.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $337.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$177.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $138.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $190.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$137.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $168.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $204.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$2.215 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$11.13 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$250 million (2016 est.) ++ -$1.117 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$190.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $210.7 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$188.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $190.8 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2012 est.)"
@ -665,7 +670,7 @@
"text": "Germany 27.1%, UK 6.8%, Czech Republic 6.6%, France 5.5%, Italy 4.8%, Netherlands 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$188.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $215 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$189.5 billion (2016 est.) ++ $188.4 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9% (2011 est.)"
@ -674,27 +679,22 @@
"text": "Germany 27.6%, China 7.5%, Russia 7.2%, Netherlands 5.9%, Italy 5.2%, France 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$94.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $100.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$90.21 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $94.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$332.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $338.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$344.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $332.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$221.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $249.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$228.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $221.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$62.12 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $65.85 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$64.62 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $62.12 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - ++ 3.7721 (2015 est.) ++ 3.1538 (2014 est.) ++ 3.1538 (2013 est.) ++ 3.26 (2012 est.) ++ 2.9639 (2011 est.)"
"text": "zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - ++ 4.056 (2016 est.) ++ 3.7721 (2015 est.) ++ 3.7721 (2014 est.) ++ 3.1538 (2013 est.) ++ 3.26 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "150 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -794,7 +794,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately owned local radio stations (2007)"
"text": "state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadc (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".pl"

94
europe/po.json
View file

@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
"text": "22.1% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -382,7 +382,12 @@
"text": "Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976; amended several times, last in 2005 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members; amended several times, last in 2005 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
@ -418,7 +423,7 @@
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 January 2016 (next to be held in January 2021); following legislative elections which must be held by October 2015, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 January 2016 (next to be held in January 2021); following legislative elections last held in October 2015, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition was appointed prime minister by the president"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA elected president; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 52%, Antonio Sampaio da NOVA (independent) 22.9%, Marisa MATISA (BE) 10.1%, Maria de BELEM (independent) 4.2%, other 10.8%"
@ -450,7 +455,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Democratic and Social Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Paulo PORTAS] ++ Ecologist Party (The Greens) or PEV [Heloisa APOLONIA] ++ Portuguese Communist Party or PCP [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] ++ Portugal Ahead Coalition or PAF (includes PSD and CDS/PP) ++ Social Democratic Party or PPD/PSD [Pedro PASSOS COELHO] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Antonio COSTA] ++ The Left Bloc or BE [Catarina Soares MARTINS] ++ Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] (includes Portuguese Communist Party or PCP and Ecologist Party (\"The Greens\") or PEV)"
"text": "Democratic and Social Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Assuncao CRISTAS] ++ Ecologist Party (The Greens) or PEV [Jose Luis FERREIRA and Heloisa APOLONIA] ++ Portuguese Communist Party or PCP [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] ++ Portugal Ahead Coalition or PAF (includes PSD and CDS/PP) ++ Social Democratic Party or PPD/PSD [Fernando RUAS] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Antonio COSTA] ++ The Left Bloc or BE [Catarina Soares MARTINS] ++ Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] (includes Portuguese Communist Party or PCP and Ecologist Party (\"The Greens\") or PEV)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Armed Forces Officers' Association or AOFA [Colonel Pereira CRACEL] ++ the Desperate Generation (youth movement protesting against low wages, precarious labor conditions, and unemployment) ++ General Workers Union or General Confederation of Portuguese Workers or UGT [Carlos SILVA] ++ Portuguese National Workers' Conference or CGTP [Armenio CARLOS] ++ TugaLeaks (a website that has become a mouthpiece for publicizing diverse protest action)",
@ -524,44 +529,44 @@
"text": "Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community - the EU's predecessor - in 1986. Over the following two decades, successive governments privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU members. ++ ++ The economy grew by more than the EU average for much of the 1990s, but the rate of growth slowed in 2001-08. The economy contracted in 2009, and fell again from 2011 to 2014, as the government implemented spending cuts and tax increases to comply with conditions of an EU-IMF financial rescue package, signed in May 2011. A modest recovery began in 2013 and gathered steam in 2014 due to strong export performance and a rebound in private consumption. Although austerity measures were instituted to reduce the large budget deficit, they contributed to record unemployment and a wave of emigration not seen since the 1960s. ++ ++ A continued reduction in private- and public-sector debt could weigh on consumption and investment in 2016, holding back a stronger recovery. The prior center-right government passed legislation aimed at reducing labor market rigidity, and, this, along with sustained fiscal discipline, could make Portugal more attractive to foreign direct investment. Under the center-right government, the budget deficit fell from 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 3.5% in 2015, reaching the EU-IMF target of 4%, but still above its EU fiscal obligations, under the excessive deficit procedure. EU-IMF financing expired in May 2014. The new center-left Socialist government, however, has signaled that it will unwind spending cuts associated with austerity while remaining within EU fiscal targets."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$289.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $285.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $283 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$297.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $294.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $289.9 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$199.1 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$205.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.9% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1% (2016 est.) ++ 1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$27,800 (2015 est.) ++ $27,500 (2014 est.) ++ $27,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$28,500 (2016 est.) ++ $28,300 (2015 est.) ++ $27,900 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "15.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 15.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 16% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "15% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 15.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 15.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "65.9%"
"text": "66.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18.1%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "15%"
"text": "14.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.2%"
"text": "-0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "40.3%"
"text": "39.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-39.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-38.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -572,20 +577,20 @@
"text": "21.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "75.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "75.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "grain, potatoes, tomatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, dairy products; fish"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper and pulp, chemicals, lubricants, automobiles and auto parts, base metals, minerals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine, other foodstuffs; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, plastics, financial services, optics"
"text": "textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper and pulp, chemicals, lubricants, automobiles and auto parts, base metals, minerals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine, other foodstuffs; ship construc"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.9% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.195 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.167 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -599,7 +604,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "12.4% (2015 est.) ++ 13.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "11.3% (2016 est.) ++ 12.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "18.7% (2012 est.)"
@ -617,29 +622,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$87.3 billion"
"text": "$87.26 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$96.05 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$92.25 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "43.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "129% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 130.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "126.2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 129% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as i"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.5% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.) ++ 0.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.25% (31 December 2013)",
@ -648,28 +653,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.49% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.3% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "4.1% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.49% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$72.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $66.76 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$87.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $72.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$296.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $316.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$326.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $364.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$321.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $326.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$126.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $57.04 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $65.53 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$59.84 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $57.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $79.18 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$901 million (2015 est.) ++ $280 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$46 million (2016 est.) ++ $838 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$54.33 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.72 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$52.2 billion (2016 est.) ++ $54.33 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "agricultural products, foodstuffs, wine, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, hides, leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, machinery and tools, base metals"
@ -678,7 +683,7 @@
"text": "Spain 25%, France 12.1%, Germany 11.8%, UK 6.7%, US 5.2%, Angola 4.2%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$64.49 billion (2015 est.) ++ $75.29 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$61.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $64.49 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "agricultural products, chemical products, vehicles and other transport material, optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts, semiconductors and related devices, oil products, base metals, food products, textile materials"
@ -690,24 +695,19 @@
"text": "$19.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $19.62 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$493.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $531.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$449 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $447 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$138.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $153.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$138.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $138.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$87.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $95.58 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$88.27 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $87.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "50 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -803,11 +803,11 @@
"text": "integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 351; a combination of submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, North and East Africa, South Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores (2015)"
"text": "country code - 351; a combination of submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, North and East Africa, South Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; troposp (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP), the publicly owned TV broadcaster, operates 2 domestic channels and external service channels to Africa; overall, roughly 40 domestic TV stations; viewers have widespread access to international broadcasters with more than half of all households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems; publicly owned radio operates 3 national networks and provides regional and external services; several privately owned national radio stations and some 300 regional and local commercial radio stations (2008)"
"text": "Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP), the publicly owned TV broadcaster, operates 2 domestic channels and external service channels to Africa; overall, roughly 40 domestic TV stations; viewers have widespread access to international broadcasters with more (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".pt"

92
europe/ri.json
View file

@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
"text": "1.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.4% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -399,7 +399,12 @@
"text": "National Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "many previous; latest approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, adopted 30 September 2006, effective 8 November 2006; note - proposed amendments to establish a special court for war crimes were defeated in June 2015 by the National Assembly (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by at least one-third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require a referendum with passage by simple majority vote (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -467,7 +472,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance for a Better Serbia - coalition includes LDP, LSV, SDS ++ Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR] ++ Communist Party or KP [Josip Joska BROZ] ++ Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina [Petar KUNTIC] ++ Democratic Party or DS [Dragan SUTANOVAC] ++ Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Sanda RASKOVIC-IVIC] ++ Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC] ++ Enough of Enough [Sasa RADULOVIC] ++ For a Just Serbia - coalition includes DS, NS, RS, DSVH, VVS, Together for Sumadija ++ Greens of Serbia or ZS [Ivan KARIC] ++ League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK] ++ Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC] ++ Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN] ++ New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC] ++ Party for Democratic Action or PDD [Riza HALIMI] ++ Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN] ++ Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC] ++ Reformist Party or RS [Aleksandar VISNJIC] ++ Serbia is Winning - coalition includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, NS, SPO, PS, PSS, NDSS, SNP ++ Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC] ++ Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC] ++ Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ] ++ Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC] ++ Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC] ++ Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC] ++ Together for Serbia or ZZS [Dusan PETROVIC] ++ Together for Sumadija [Veroljub STEVANOVIC]",
"text": "Alliance for a Better Serbia - coalition includes LDP, LSV, SDS ++ Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR] ++ Communist Party or KP [Josip Joska BROZ] ++ Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina [Petar KUNTIC] ++ Democratic Party or DS [Dragan SUTANOVAC] ++ Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Milos Jovanovic] ++ Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC] ++ Enough of Enough [Sasa RADULOVIC] ++ For a Just Serbia - coalition includes DS, NS, RS, DSVH, VVS, Together for Sumadija ++ Greens of Serbia or ZS [Ivan KARIC] ++ League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK] ++ Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC] ++ Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN] ++ New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC] ++ Party for Democratic Action or PDD [Riza HALIMI] ++ Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN] ++ Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC] ++ Reformist Party or RS [Aleksandar VISNJIC] ++ Serbia is Winning - coalition includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, NS, SPO, PS, PSS, NDSS, SNP ++ Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC] ++ Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC] ++ Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ] ++ Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC] ++ Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC] ++ Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC] ++ Together for Serbia or ZZS [Dusan PETROVIC] ++ Together for Sumadija [Veroljub STEVANOVIC]",
"note": {
"text": "as of April 2016, Serbia had 111 registered political parties and citizens' associations"
}
@ -538,55 +543,55 @@
"text": "Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas and many institutional reforms are needed. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. ++ ++ After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008, and with full implementation of the Interim Trade Agreement with the EU in February 2010, gained candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia's program with the IMF was frozen in early 2012 because the 2012 budget approved by parliament deviated from the program parameters; the arrangement is now void. In late 2014, Serbia and the IMF announced a tentative plan for a precautionary loan worth approximately $1 billion, but the government will be challenged to implement IMF-mandated reforms that will target social spending and the large public sector. ++ ++ High unemployment and stagnant household incomes are ongoing political and economic problems. Structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity have largely stalled since the onset of the global financial crisis. Growing budget deficits constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy and contribute to growing concern of a public debt crisis, given that Serbia's total public debt as a share of GDP more than doubled between 2008 and 2014. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. During 2014 the SNS party addressed issues with the fiscal deficit, state-owned enterprises, the labor market, construction permits, bankruptcy and privatization, and other areas. ++ ++ Major challenges ahead include: high unemployment rates and the need for job creation; high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, healthcare, and unemployment benefits; a growing need for new government borrowing; rising public and private foreign debt; attracting new foreign direct investment; and getting the IMF program back on track. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$97.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $96.78 billion (2014 est.) ++ $98.59 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$101.5 billion (2016 est.) ++ $98.98 billion (2015 est.) ++ $98.26 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$36.51 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$37.76 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.7% (2015 est.) ++ -1.8% (2014 est.) ++ 2.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.5% (2016 est.) ++ 0.7% (2015 est.) ++ -1.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$13,700 (2015 est.) ++ $13,600 (2014 est.) ++ $13,800 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$14,200 (2016 est.) ++ $13,900 (2015 est.) ++ $13,800 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "12.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 11.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "14% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 11.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "81.4%"
"text": "80.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11.4%"
"text": "11%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "18.1%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-1.1%"
"text": "-3.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "47.7%"
"text": "48.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-57.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-55.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "9.5%"
"text": "9.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "41.9%"
"text": "42.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "48.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "47.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -596,10 +601,10 @@
"text": "automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.9 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.91 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -613,7 +618,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "19.3% (2015 est.) ++ 19.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "18.9% (2016 est.) ++ 19.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "9.2% (2013 est.)"
@ -623,53 +628,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$15.58 billion"
"text": "$16.2 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$16.95 billion"
"text": "$17.08 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2015 est.)"
"text": "this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "77% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 70.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "78.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 77% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the Government of Singapore issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities (for which the GOS also issued guarantees), as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the Government of Singapore issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data i"
}
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 2.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.1% (2016 est.) ++ 1.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "9.5% (18 March 2014) ++ 11.75% (6 February 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "11% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 14.81% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "8.6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 11% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$4.535 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.332 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.21 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.535 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$18.37 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$19.81 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$20.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $19.81 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$7.696 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $7.451 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.765 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$2.632 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$1.596 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$1.751 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$12.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.14 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.85 billion (2016 est.) ++ $12.6 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition, automobiles"
@ -678,7 +683,7 @@
"text": "Italy 16.2%, Germany 12.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.7%, Romania 5.6%, Russia 5.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$17.03 billion (2015 est.) ++ $19.58 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$17.37 billion (2016 est.) ++ $17.03 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials"
@ -687,27 +692,22 @@
"text": "Germany 12.4%, Italy 10.6%, Russia 9.6%, China 8.5%, Hungary 4.8%, Poland 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$11.35 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$11.64 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $11.35 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$32.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $33.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$31.64 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $32.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$36.67 billion (31 December 2009 est.) ++ $11.95 billion (2006 est.)"
"text": "$39.34 billion (31 December 2009 est.) ++ $11.95 billion (2006 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - ++ 108.811 (2015 est.) ++ 88.405 (2014 est.) ++ 88.405 (2013 est.) ++ 87.99 (2012 est.) ++ 72.455 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - ++ 112.4 (2016 est.) ++ 108.811 (2015 est.) ++ 108.811 (2014 est.) ++ 88.405 (2013 est.) ++ 87.99 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "34.4 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -927,7 +927,7 @@
"text": "2,700 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "670,317 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)"
"text": "670,493 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

96
europe/ro.json
View file

@ -376,7 +376,12 @@
"text": "Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one-fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least one-half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -420,13 +425,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; 137 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 39 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; 315 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 97 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (136 seats; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (330 seats; members serve 4-year terms); note - 18 reserved seats for non-Hungarian national minorities and 4 for the Romanian diaspora in the Chamber of Deputies; 2 seats for the Romanian diaspora in the Senate"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); note - in the next election the total number of seats will be reduced to 466 (308 members in the Chamber of Deputies [plus 18 reserved seats for non-Hungarian national minorities; ethnic Hungarians compete for regular seats] and 134 in the Senate; the proposed number of members representing the Romanian diaspora has remained unchanged at 6)"
"text": "Senate - last held on 11 December 2016 (next to be held by December 2020); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 11 December 2016 (next to be held by December 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.7%, UDMR 5.2%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.1%, ethnic minorities 2.7%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - PSD 45.7%, PNL 20.4%, USR 8.9%, UDMR 6.2%, ALDE 6%, PMP 5.7%, other 7.1%; seats by party - PSD 67, PNL 30, USR 13, UDMR 9, ALDE 9, PMP 8; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSD 45.5%, PNL 20%, USR 8.9%, UDMR 6.2%, ALDE 5.6%, PMP 5.3%, other 8.5%; seats by party - PSD 154, PNL 69, USR 30, UDMR 21, ALDE 20, PMP 18, minorities 18"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -441,7 +446,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] (formerly part of the ARD coalition) ++ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] ++ Green Party [Remus CERNEA] ++ M10 Party [Monica MACOVEI] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGHIU] - merged with former PDL and FC ++ National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [interim chairman Neculai ONTANU] - merged with former PP-DD ++ New Republic Party or NR [Alin Ioan BOTA] ++ Popular Movement Party [Traian BASESCU] ++ Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU, Daniel CONSTANTIN] ++ Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA] ++ Save Bucharest Union Party or Partidul USB [Nicusor DAN] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Liviu DRAGNEA] ++ Social Liberal Union or USL (coalition of PSD, PC, and UNPR) ++ United Romania Party or PRU [Bogdan DIACONU]"
"text": "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] (formerly part of the ARD coalition) ++ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] ++ Green Party [Remus CERNEA] ++ M10 Party [Monica MACOVEI] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGHIU] - merged with former PDL and FC ++ National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [interim chairman Neculai ONTANU] - merged with former PP-DD ++ New Republic Party or NR [Alin Ioan BOTA] ++ Popular Movement Party or PMP [Traian BASESCU] ++ Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU, Daniel CONSTANTIN] ++ Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA] ++ Save Romania Union Party or USR [Nicusor DAN] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Liviu DRAGNEA] ++ Social Liberal Union or USL (coalition of PSD, PC, and UNPR) ++ United Romania Party or PRU [Bogdan DIACONU]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -511,55 +516,55 @@
"text": "Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. ++ ++ In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. ++ ++ Economic growth rebounded in 2013-15, driven by strong industrial exports and excellent agricultural harvests, and the fiscal deficit was reduced substantially. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2015. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was a second driver, due to the mid-2015 cut, from 24% to 9%, of the VAT levied upon foodstuffs. In 2015, the government of Romania succeeded in meeting its annual target for the budget deficit, the external deficit remained low, even if it rose due to increasing imports. For the first time since 1989, inflation turned into deflation, allowing for a gradual loosening of monetary policy throughout the period. ++ ++ An aging population, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package jeopardize the low fiscal deficit and public debt and are the economy's top vulnerabilities."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$413.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $398.9 billion (2014 est.) ++ $387.5 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$441 billion (2016 est.) ++ $420.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $405 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$177.3 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$186.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5% (2016 est.) ++ 3.8% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$20,800 (2015 est.) ++ $20,000 (2014 est.) ++ $19,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$22,300 (2016 est.) ++ $21,100 (2015 est.) ++ $20,300 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "24.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "23% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 24.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "67.9%"
"text": "69.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "7%"
"text": "6.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "24.7%"
"text": "25.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.9%"
"text": "0.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "41.1%"
"text": "40.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-41.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-42.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "4.8%"
"text": "3.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "41.3%"
"text": "35.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "53.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "61.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -569,10 +574,10 @@
"text": "electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "9.159 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.133 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -586,7 +591,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.8% (2015 est.) ++ 6.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.7% (2016 est.) ++ 6.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "22.4% (2012 est.)"
@ -604,53 +609,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$58.31 billion"
"text": "$56.84 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$60.89 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$62.14 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "32.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "30.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "38.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 39.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "39.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 38.4% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding f"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.6% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.1% (2016 est.) ++ -0.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "1.75% (31 December 2015) ++ 2.75% (31 December 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "6.77% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.47% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 6.77% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$36.06 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$30.67 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $36.06 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$71.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $78.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$64.47 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $68.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$65.93 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $64.47 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$36.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.04 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $42.59 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.95 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$910 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$3.733 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$2.032 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$54.52 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.16 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$56.03 billion (2016 est.) ++ $54.52 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials"
@ -659,7 +664,7 @@
"text": "Germany 19.8%, Italy 12.5%, France 6.8%, Hungary 5.4%, UK 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$63.12 billion (2015 est.) ++ $70.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$66.45 billion (2016 est.) ++ $63.12 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials"
@ -668,27 +673,22 @@
"text": "Germany 19.8%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 8%, France 5.6%, Poland 4.9%, China 4.6%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$38.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$39.86 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $38.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$102.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $111.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$101.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $102.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$72.21 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $76 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$76.41 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $72.21 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$3.618 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.14 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.018 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.618 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "lei (RON) per US dollar - ++ 4.0057 (2015 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2014 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2013 est.) ++ 3.47 (2012 est.) ++ 3.0486 (2011 est.)"
"text": "lei (RON) per US dollar - ++ 4.15 (2016 est.) ++ 4.0057 (2015 est.) ++ 4.0057 (2014 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2013 est.) ++ 3.47 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "62 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -788,7 +788,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting (2014)"
"text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stati (2014)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ro"

92
europe/si.json
View file

@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
"text": "27.4% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.7% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -370,7 +370,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by legislature 23 December 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage of amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote by Assembly members; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires a simple majority vote if a majority of eligible voters participated; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -503,44 +508,44 @@
"text": "With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in 2008-2009 in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced one of the most stable political transitions in Central and Southeastern Europe. ++ ++ In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. However, long-delayed privatizations, particularly within Slovenia’s largely state-owned and increasingly indebted banking sector, have fueled investor concerns since 2012 that the country would need EU-IMF financial assistance. In 2013, the European Commission granted Slovenia permission to begin recapitalizing ailing lenders and transferring their nonperforming assets into a “bad bank” established to restore bank balance sheets. Export-led growth fueled by demand in larger European markets pushed GDP growth to 3.0% in 2014, while stubbornly-high unemployment fell slightly to 12%. ++ ++ Prime Minister CERAR’s government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$63.96 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.17 billion (2014 est.) ++ $60.33 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$66.13 billion (2016 est.) ++ $64.62 billion (2015 est.) ++ $63.15 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$42.77 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$44.12 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.3% (2016 est.) ++ 2.3% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$31,000 (2015 est.) ++ $30,200 (2014 est.) ++ $29,300 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$32,000 (2016 est.) ++ $31,300 (2015 est.) ++ $30,600 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "25.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "26.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 25.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "52.2%"
"text": "51.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18.7%"
"text": "18.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.5%"
"text": "19%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1%"
"text": "0.8%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "77.6%"
"text": "79.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-68.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-69.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -548,10 +553,10 @@
"text": "2.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "33.5%"
"text": "33.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "64.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "64.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -561,10 +566,10 @@
"text": "ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "917,400 (2015 est.)"
"text": "918,700 (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -578,7 +583,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "12.3% (2015 est.) ++ 13.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "11.6% (2016 est.) ++ 12.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "13.5% (2012 est.)"
@ -596,29 +601,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$19.29 billion"
"text": "$19.32 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$20.55 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$20.51 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "45.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "83.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 81% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "81.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 83.7% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding f"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.7% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.2% (2016 est.) ++ -0.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.3% (10 September 2014) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2013)",
@ -627,28 +632,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.49% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.02% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 3.49% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$14.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.85 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$16.18 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $14.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$26.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.92 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$29.94 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $31.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$29.64 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $29.94 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$6.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.31 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.783 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$6.035 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.519 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.128 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$3.118 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.464 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.398 billion (2016 est.) ++ $2.217 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$26.67 billion (2015 est.) ++ $30.51 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$27.2 billion (2016 est.) ++ $26.67 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food"
@ -657,7 +662,7 @@
"text": "Germany 19.1%, Italy 10.6%, Austria 8%, Croatia 6.8%, Slovakia 4.7%, Hungary 4.4%, France 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$25.01 billion (2015 est.) ++ $28.94 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$25.52 billion (2016 est.) ++ $25.01 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food"
@ -666,27 +671,22 @@
"text": "Germany 16.5%, Italy 13.6%, Austria 10.2%, China 5.5%, Croatia 5.1%, Turkey 4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$856.2 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.016 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$851.3 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $856.2 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$56.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $55.45 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$51.65 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $51.05 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$14.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $14.37 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$15.64 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $14.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$7.843 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.463 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$8.093 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.843 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "16 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -786,7 +786,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations (2007)"
"text": "public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".si"

40
europe/sm.json
View file

@ -289,7 +289,12 @@
"text": "Founding of the Republic, 3 September (A.D. 301)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "consists of several legislative instruments, chief among them the Statutes (Leges Statuti) of 1600 and the Declaration of Citizen Rights of 1974; latter document amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "consists of several legislative instruments, chief among them the Statutes (Leges Statuti) of 1600 and the Declaration of Citizen Rights of 1974"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum; Declaration of Civil Rights amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with Italian civil law influences"
@ -339,10 +344,10 @@
"text": "unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 11 November 2012 (next to be held by November 2017)"
"text": "last held on 20 November 2016 (next to be held by November 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - San Marino Common Good coalition (San Marino Bene Comune) 50.7% (including PDCS 29.5%, PSD 14.3%, AP 6.7%), Entente for the Country coalition (Intesa per Il Paese) 22.3% (including PS 12.1%, UPR 8.4%, USDM 1.7%), Active Citizenry coalition (Cittadinanza Attiva) 16.1% (including SU 9.1%, Civic 10 6.7%), Civic Movement R.E.T.E. 6.3%, For San Marino 2.8%, San Marino 3.0 1.8%; seats by party - San Marino Common Good coalition 35 (PDCS 21, PSD 10, AP 4), Entente for the Country coalition 12 (PS 7, UPR 5), Active Citizenry 9 (SU 5, Civic 10 4), Civic Movement R.E.T.E. 4"
"text": "percent of vote by party - San Marino First 39.4% (including PDCS 24.5%, PS 7.7%, PSD 7.2%), Adesso, sm 31.0% (including Democratic Socialist Left 12.1%, Repubblica Futura 9.6%, Civic 10 9.3%), Democracy in Action 22.8% (including RETE Movement 18.3%, Democratic Movement-San Marino Together 4.5%); seats by party - San Marino First 25 (PDCS 16, PS 5, PSD 4), Adesso, sm 20 (Democratic Socialist Left 8, Repubblica Futura 6, Civic 10 6), Democracy in Action 15 (including RETE Movement 12, Democratic Movement-San Marino Together 3)"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -357,7 +362,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "San Marino Common Good (includes Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Marco GATTI], We Sammarinese or NS [Marco ARZILLI], Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD [Paride ANDREOLI], Popular Alliance or AP [Gabriele GATTI]) ++ Entente for the Country (Intesa per il Paese; includes Sammarinese Union of Moderates or USDM; dissolved after 2012 election, Socialist Party or PS [Alessandro BEVITORI], Union for the Republic or UPR [Marco PODESCHI) ++ Active Citizenship (includes Civic 10 [Mateo CIACCI], United Left or SU [Gastone PASOLINI])"
"text": "San Marino Common Good (includes Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Marco GATTI], We Sammarinese or NS [Marco ARZILLI], Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD [Paride ANDREOLI], Popular Alliance or AP [Gabriele GATTI]) ++ Entente for the Country (Intesa per il Paese; includes Socialist Party or PS [Alessandro BEVITORI], Union for the Republic or UPR [Marco PODESCHI) ++ Active Citizenship (includes Civic 10 [Mateo CIACCI], United Left or SU [Gastone PASOLINI])"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "NA"
@ -405,21 +410,21 @@
"text": "San Marino's economy relies heavily on tourism, banking, and the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The manufacturing and financial sectors account for more than half of San Marino's GDP. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy. ++ ++ San Marino's economy has been contracting since 2008, largely due to weakened demand from Italy - which accounts for nearly 90% of its export market - and financial sector consolidation. Difficulties in the banking sector, the recent global economic downturn, and the sizable decline in tax revenues have contributed to negative real GDP growth. The government has adopted measures to counter the downturn, including subsidized credit to businesses and is seeking to shift its growth model away from a reliance on bank and tax secrecy. San Marino does not issue public debt securities; when necessary, it finances deficits by drawing down central bank deposits. ++ ++ The economy benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The income tax rate is also very low, about one-third the average EU level. San Marino continues to work towards harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU and international standards. In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax havens that have yet to fully adopt global tax standards, and in 2010 San Marino signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with most major countries. In 2013, the San Marino Government signed a Double Taxation Agreement with Italy, but a referendum on EU membership failed to reach the quorum needed to bring it to a vote."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.982 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.963 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.982 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$2.023 billion (2016 est.) ++ $2.003 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.993 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.566 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$1.556 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1% (2015 est.) ++ -1% (2014 est.) ++ -3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1% (2016 est.) ++ 0.5% (2015 est.) ++ -1% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$63,900 (2015 est.) ++ $63,300 (2014 est.) ++ $63,900 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$65,300 (2016 est.) ++ $64,600 (2015 est.) ++ $64,300 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
@ -495,11 +500,11 @@
"text": "$667.7 million"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$713.1 million (2011 est.)"
"text": "$712.8 million (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
"text": "42.9% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.9% of GDP (2011 est.)"
@ -511,7 +516,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.6% (2016 est.) ++ 0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.92% (31 December 2011 est.) ++ 5.38% (31 December 2010 est.)"
@ -553,14 +558,7 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 2012 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {

90
europe/sp.json
View file

@ -388,7 +388,12 @@
"text": "National Day, 12 October (1492); year when Columbus first set foot in the Americas"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978; amended 1992, 2007, 2011 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if required by one-tenth of the members of either house within 15 days of passage; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate; amended 1992, 2007, 2011 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with regional variations"
@ -456,7 +461,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Amaiur [Xabier ERREKONDO] (a separatist political coalition that advocates Basque independence from Spain) ++ Asturias Forum or FAC [Cristina COTO] ++ Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu [Pello URIZAR] (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties) ++ Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Andoni ORTUZAR] ++ Canarian Coalition or CC [Claudina MORALES Rodriguez] (coalition of five parties) ++ Canarian Nationalist Party or PNC [Juan Manuel GARCIA Ramos] ++ Catalan Agreement of Progress (Entesa Catalonia de Progress) or ECP [Carles BONET i Reves] (Senate coalition of Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA) ++ Change or Cambio-Aldaketa ++ Ciudadamos Party or C's [Albert RIVERA] ++ Democracy and Freedom or DiL [Francesc HOMS Molist] (2015 merger of Cemocratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC, Democrats of Catalonia, Reagrupament) ++ Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN i LLEIDA] ++ Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Xavier VENCE] ++ Gomera Socialist Group or ASG ++ Initiative for Catalonia Greens or ICV [Joan HERRERA i Torres and Dolors CAMATS] ++ Podemos [Pablo IGLESIAS Turrion] ++ Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY Brey] ++ Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS i Vies] ++ Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [interim leader Javier FERNANDEZ] ++ Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Yolanda BARCINA Angulo] ++ Union, Progress and Democracy or UPyD [Rosa DIEZ Gonzalez] ++ United Left or IU [Alberto GARZON] (a coalition of parties including the Communist Party of Spain or PCE and other small parties; ran as Popular Unity or UP in 2015 election) ++ Yes to the Future or Geroa Bai [Uxue BARKOS] (a coalition of four Navarran parties)"
"text": "Amaiur [Xabier ERREKONDO] (a separatist political coalition that advocates Basque independence from Spain) ++ Asturias Forum or FAC [Cristina COTO] ++ Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu [Pello URIZAR] (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties) ++ Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Andoni ORTUZAR] ++ Canarian Coalition or CC [Claudina MORALES Rodriguez] (coalition of five parties) ++ Canarian Nationalist Party or PNC [Juan Manuel GARCIA Ramos] ++ Catalan Agreement of Progress (Entesa Catalonia de Progress) or ECP [Carles BONET i Reves] (Senate coalition of Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA) ++ Change or Cambio-Aldaketa ++ Ciudadamos Party or C's [Albert RIVERA] ++ Democracy and Freedom or DiL [Francesc HOMS Molist] (2015 merger of Cemocratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC, Democrats of Catalonia, Reagrupament) ++ Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Maria PELEGRIA] ++ Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Ana PONTON Mondelo] ++ Gomera Socialist Group or ASG ++ Initiative for Catalonia Greens or ICV [Joan HERRERA i Torres and Dolors CAMATS] ++ Podemos [Pablo IGLESIAS Turrion] ++ Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY Brey] ++ Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS i Vies] ++ Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [interim leader Javier FERNANDEZ] ++ Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Javier ESPARZA] ++ Union, Progress and Democracy or UPyD [Gorka MAEIRO] ++ United Left or IU [Alberto GARZON] (a coalition of parties including the Communist Party of Spain or PCE and other small parties; ran as Popular Unity or UP in 2015 election) ++ Yes to the Future or Geroa Bai [Koldo MARTINEZ] (a coalition of four Navarran parties)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Association for Victims of Terrorism or AVT (grassroots organization devoted primarily to supporting victims of the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorist organization) ++ Catholic Church ++ Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT (includes the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO) ++ Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions or CC.OO. ++ Spanish Confederation of Employers' Organizations or CEOE",
@ -533,44 +538,44 @@
"text": "After experiencing a prolonged recession in the wake of the global financial crisis that began in 2008, in 2014 Spain marked the first full year of positive economic growth in seven years, largely due to increased private consumption. At the onset of the financial crisis, Spain's GDP contracted by 3.7% in 2009, ending a 16-year growth trend, and continued contracting through most of 2013. In 2013, the government successfully shored up struggling banks - exposed to the collapse of Spain's depressed real estate and construction sectors - and in January 2014 completed an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program. ++ ++ Until 2014, credit contraction in the private sector, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment weighed on domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 22% in 2015. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to just under 7% of GDP in 2013-14, and 4.7% of GDP in 2015. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 101% in 2015. ++ ++ Exports were resilient throughout the economic downturn and helped to bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986, where it remained in 2014-15. Rising labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have helped to improve foreign investor interest in the economy and positive FDI flows have been restored. ++ ++ The government's efforts to implement labor, pension, healthcare, tax, and education reforms - aimed at supporting investor sentiment - have become overshadowed by political activity in 2015 in anticipation of the national parliamentary elections in December. The European Commission criticized Spain’s 2016 budget for its easing of austerity measures and its alleged overly optimistic growth and deficit projections. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012, and despite the recent uptick in economic activity, inflation has dropped sharply, from 1.5% in 2013 to a negative 0.6% in 2015."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.615 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.565 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.544 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.69 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $1.64 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.589 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.2 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$1.252 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.1% (2016 est.) ++ 3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$34,800 (2015 est.) ++ $33,700 (2014 est.) ++ $33,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$36,500 (2016 est.) ++ $35,300 (2015 est.) ++ $34,200 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "22% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 20.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "22.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 22.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 20.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "57.6%"
"text": "57.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.3%"
"text": "19%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.4%"
"text": "20.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.3%"
"text": "0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "33.1%"
"text": "32.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-30.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-29.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -578,10 +583,10 @@
"text": "2.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "22.6%"
"text": "22.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "74.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "75.1% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -591,10 +596,10 @@
"text": "textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "22.92 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "22.89 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -604,11 +609,11 @@
"text": "24%"
},
"services": {
"text": "71.7% (2009)"
"text": "71.7% (2009 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "22.1% (2015 est.) ++ 24.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "19.7% (2016 est.) ++ 22.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "21.1% (2012 est.)"
@ -626,26 +631,26 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$458.8 billion"
"text": "$461.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$519.8 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$512.9 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "38.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "36.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-5.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-4.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "99.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 99.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "99.6% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 99.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.6% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.3% (2016 est.) ++ -0.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (10 September 2014) ++ 0.25% (13 November 2013)",
@ -654,28 +659,28 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.74% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "2.4% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2.74% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$745 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $716.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"text": "$827.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $745 billion (31 December 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.257 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.369 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$2.279 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.662 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.135 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.279 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$995.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.031 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.172 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$787.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $992.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.117 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$16.48 billion (2015 est.) ++ $13.6 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$24.29 billion (2016 est.) ++ $16.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$277.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $317.1 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$266.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $277.9 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods"
@ -684,7 +689,7 @@
"text": "France 15.7%, Germany 11%, Italy 7.4%, UK 7.4%, Portugal 7.1%, US 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$302.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $347 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$287.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $302.6 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments"
@ -696,24 +701,19 @@
"text": "$53.97 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $50.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$2.064 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.238 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.094 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $1.963 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$758.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $736.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$781.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $758.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$720.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $673.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$770.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $720.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "264 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -813,7 +813,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple national radio networks, a large number of regional radio networks, and a larger number of local radio stations; overall, hundreds of radio stations (2008)"
"text": "a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple natio (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".es"

4
europe/sv.json
View file

@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Svalbard Conservative Party; Svalbard Green Party [ Espen Klungseth ROTEVATN]; Svalbard Labor Party [ Chjristin KRISTOFFERSEN]; Svalbard Liberal Party"
"text": "Svalbard Conservative Party [Kjetil FIGENSCHOO]; Svalbard Green Party [Espen Klungseth ROTEVATN]; Svalbard Labor Party [Arid OLSEN]; Svalbard Liberal Party [Erik BERGER]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "NA"
@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - ++ 8.0646 (2015) ++ 5.876 (2013) ++ 5.876 (2013) ++ 5.82 (2012) ++ 5.6065 (2011)"
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - ++ 8.615 (2016 est.) ++ 8.0646 (2015 est.) ++ 6.3021 (2014 est.) ++ 6.3021 (2013 est.) ++ 5.82 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {

92
europe/sw.json
View file

@ -353,7 +353,12 @@
"text": "National Day, 6 June (1983); note - from 1916 to 1982 this date was celebrated as Swedish Flag Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 January 1975; amended several times, last in 2014 (Riksdag Act) (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 January 1975"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires simple majority vote in two consecutive parliamentary terms with an intervening general election; passage also requires approval by simple majority vote in a referendum if Parliament approves a motion for a referendum by one-third of its members; amended several times, last in 2014 (changes to the \"Instrument of Government\") (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and customary law"
@ -483,55 +488,55 @@
"text": "Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living with its combination of free-market capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. Sweden remains outside the euro zone largely out of concern that joining the European Economic and Monetary Union would diminish the country’s sovereignty over its welfare system. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. ++ ++ Economic growth slowed in 2013, as a result of continued economic weakness in Sweden’s European trading partners; Sweden’s economy experienced modest growth in 2014-15, with real GDP growth above 2%, but continues to struggle with deflationary pressure."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$473.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $454.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $444.7 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$498.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $481 billion (2015 est.) ++ $461.7 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$492.6 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$517.4 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.3% (2014 est.) ++ 1.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.6% (2016 est.) ++ 4.2% (2015 est.) ++ 2.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$47,900 (2015 est.) ++ $46,700 (2014 est.) ++ $46,100 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$49,700 (2016 est.) ++ $48,800 (2015 est.) ++ $47,400 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "30.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 29.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 28.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "30.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 29.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "45.2%"
"text": "45%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "26%"
"text": "25.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "24.2%"
"text": "24.9%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.3%"
"text": "0.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "45.1%"
"text": "43.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-40.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-39.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.8%"
"text": "1.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "33.8%"
"text": "34.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "64.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "64% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -541,10 +546,10 @@
"text": "iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.224 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.277 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -558,7 +563,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "7.4% (2015 est.) ++ 7.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.9% (2016 est.) ++ 7.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "14% (2011 est.)"
@ -576,29 +581,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$248.5 billion"
"text": "$248.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$248.5 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$250.2 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "50.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "48% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "43.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 44.7% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "41.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 43.2% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as i"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.) ++ 0% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0% (31 December 2014) ++ 1% (31 December 2013)",
@ -607,25 +612,25 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "1.96% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.53% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "2% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 1.96% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$271 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $258.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$282.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $271 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$326.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $322.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$328.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $323 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$749.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $788.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$747.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $749.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$560.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $470.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $581.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$29.19 billion (2015 est.) ++ $30.58 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$26.03 billion (2016 est.) ++ $25.86 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$151.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $179.6 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$147.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $151.1 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals (2012 est.)"
@ -634,7 +639,7 @@
"text": "Norway 10.3%, Germany 10.3%, US 7.7%, UK 7.2%, Denmark 6.8%, Finland 6.7%, Netherlands 5.2%, Belgium 4.4%, France 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$137.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $160.6 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$134.9 billion (2016 est.) ++ $137.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing"
@ -646,24 +651,19 @@
"text": "$58.11 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $62.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$1.01 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.107 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$939.9 billion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $929.4 billion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$380.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $418.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$390.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $380.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$445 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $481.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$465.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $445 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - ++ 8.4335 (2015 est.) ++ 6.8612 (2014 est.) ++ 6.8612 (2013 est.) ++ 6.77 (2012 est.) ++ 6.4918 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - ++ 8.569 (2016 est.) ++ 8.4335 (2015 est.) ++ 8.4335 (2014 est.) ++ 6.8612 (2013 est.) ++ 6.77 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "150 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -759,11 +759,11 @@
"text": "coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 46; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) (2015)"
"text": "country code - 46; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "publicly owned TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial networks plus regional stations; multiple privately owned TV broadcasters operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 50 local TV stations; widespread access to pan-Nordic and international broadcasters through multi-channel cable and satellite TV; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 national stations and a network of 25 regional channels; roughly 100 privately owned local radio stations with some consolidating into near national networks; an estimated 900 community and neighborhood radio stations broadcast intermittently (2008)"
"text": "publicly owned TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial networks plus regional stations; multiple privately owned TV broadcasters operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 50 local TV stations; widespread access to pan-Nordic and international bro (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".se"
@ -874,7 +874,7 @@
"text": "35 (Denmark 4, Estonia 3, Finland 16, Germany 3, Ireland 1, Italy 5, Norway 3)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "189 (Bahamas 11, Barbados 4, Bermuda 14, Canada 2, Cook Islands 3, Cyprus 5, Denmark 15, Faroe Islands 11, Finland 1, France 4, Gibraltar 11, Italy 1, Liberia 12, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 1, Netherlands 12, Norway 27, Panama 2, Portugal 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10, Singapore 11, UK 28) (2010)"
"text": "189 (Bahamas 11, Barbados 4, Bermuda 14, Canada 2, Cook Islands 3, Cyprus 5, Denmark 15, Faroe Islands 11, Finland 1, France 4, Gibraltar 11, Italy 1, Liberia 12, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 1, Netherlands 12, Norway 27, Panama 2, Portugal 3, Saint Vincent and (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

100
europe/sz.json
View file

@ -278,7 +278,7 @@
"text": "21% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -351,7 +351,12 @@
"text": "Founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291; note - since 1 August 1891 celebrated as Swiss National Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1848, 1874; latest adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, effective 1 January 2000; amended many times, last in 2016 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1848, 1874; latest adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, effective 1 January 2000"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the two houses of the Federal Assembly or by petition of at least one million voters (called the \"federal popular initiative\"); passage of proposals requires majority vote in a referendum; following drafting of an amendment by the Assembly, its passage requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and approval by the majority of cantons; amended many times, last in 2016 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, except for federal decrees of a general obligatory character"
@ -378,19 +383,19 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN (since 1 January 2016); Vice President Doris LEUTARD (since 1 January 2016; note - the Federal Council, which is comprised of 7 federal councillors, constitutes the federal government of Switzerland; council members rotate in a 1-year term as federal president (chief of state and head of government)"
"text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Doris LEUTHARD (since 1 January 2017); Vice President Alain BERSET (since 1 January 2017; note - the Federal Council, which is comprised of 7 federal councillors, constitutes the federal government of Switzerland; council members rotate in a 1-year term as federal president (chief of state and head of government)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN (since 1 January 2016); Vice President Doris LEUTARD (since 1 January 2016)"
"text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Doris LEUTHARD (since 1 January 2017); Vice President Alain BERSET (since 1 January 2017)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal (in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) indirectly elected usually from among its members by the Federal Assembly for a 4-year term"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the Federal Assembly from among members of the Federal Council for a 1-year, non-consecutive term; election last held on 9 December 2015 (next to be held in early December 2016)"
"text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the Federal Assembly from among members of the Federal Council for a 1-year, non-consecutive term; election last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in early December 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN elected president; Federal Assembly vote - 196 of 208; Doris LEUTHARD elected vice president"
"text": "Doris LEUTHARD elected president; Federal Assembly vote - 188 of 207; Alain BERSET elected vice president"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -416,7 +421,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Christian Democratic People's Party (Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Popolare Democratico Svizzero or PPD, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Christophe DARBELLAY] ++ Conservative Democratic Party (Buergerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz or BDP, Parti Bourgeois Democratique Suisse or PBD, Partito Borghese Democratico Svizzero or PBD, Partido burgais democratica Svizera or PBD) [Martin LANDOLT] ++ Free Democratic Party or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals) [Philipp MUELLER] ++ Green Liberal Party (Grunliberale or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) [Martin BAEUMLE] ++ Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Adele THORENS GOUMAZ and Regula RYTZ] ++ Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christian LEVRAT] ++ Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Toni BRUNNER] ++ other minor parties"
"text": "Christian Democratic People's Party (Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Popolare Democratico Svizzero or PPD, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Gerhard PFISTER] ++ Conservative Democratic Party (Buergerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz or BDP, Parti Bourgeois Democratique Suisse or PBD, Partito Borghese Democratico Svizzero or PBD, Partido burgais democratica Svizera or PBD) [Martin LANDOLT] ++ Free Democratic Party or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals) [Petra GOESSI] ++ Green Liberal Party (Grunliberale or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) [Martin BAEUMLE] ++ Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Regula RYTZ] ++ Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christian LEVRAT] ++ Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Albert ROESTI] ++ other minor parties"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "NA"
@ -479,44 +484,44 @@
"text": "Switzerland, a country that espouses neutrality, is a prosperous and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the world's most competitive economies. ++ ++ The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to enhance their international competitiveness, but some trade protectionism remains, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downturn in 2009 stalled demand for Swiss exports and put Switzerland into a recession. During this period, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy, as well as to prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerland's economy began to recover in 2010. ++ ++ The sovereign debt crises unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries, however, coupled with ongoing economic instability in Russia and other eastern European economies continue to pose a significant risk to the Swiss economy, driving up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safe-haven currency. In January 2015, the SNB abandoned the Swiss franc’s peg to the euro, roiling global currency markets and making active SNB intervention a necessary hallmark of present-day Swiss monetary policy. The independent SNB has upheld its zero interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The franc's strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the country's growth outlook; GDP growth fell below 2% per year from 2011-15. ++ ++ In recent years, Switzerland has responded to increasing pressure from neighboring countries and trading partners to reform its banking secrecy laws, by agreeing to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The Swiss government has also renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate OECD standards, and is openly considering the possibility of imposing taxes on bank deposits held by foreigners."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$482.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $478.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $469.4 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$494.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $489.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $485.5 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$664.6 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$662.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.9% (2014 est.) ++ 1.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1% (2016 est.) ++ 0.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$58,600 (2015 est.) ++ $58,800 (2014 est.) ++ $58,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$59,400 (2016 est.) ++ $59,400 (2015 est.) ++ $59,600 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "33.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 33.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 35.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "32.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 33.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 32.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "54.5%"
"text": "54%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11.3%"
"text": "11.2%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-2%"
"text": "-0.9%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "63.6%"
"text": "63.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-51.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-51.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -524,10 +529,10 @@
"text": "0.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "25.7%"
"text": "25.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "73.4% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -537,10 +542,10 @@
"text": "machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, banking, insurance"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.1% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.105 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.173 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -554,7 +559,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.4% (2016 est.) ++ 3.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "7.6% (2011 est.)"
@ -572,56 +577,56 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$230.9 billion"
"text": "$215.9 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$229.8 billion"
"text": "$213.4 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets (2015 est.)"
"text": "includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "34.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "32.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "34.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 34.7% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "34.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 34.4% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the GFSM 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options"
"text": "general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Ri"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.4% (2016 est.) ++ -1.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.5% (31 December 2010) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.68% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.69% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "2.6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2.68% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$508.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $514.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$504.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $508.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.347 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.301 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.142 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.138 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.108 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.142 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.079 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $932.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.229 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.519 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.495 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.541 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$75.82 billion (2015 est.) ++ $61.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$61.2 billion (2016 est.) ++ $75.82 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$303.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $327.7 billion (2014 est.)",
"text": "$301.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $303.5 billion (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "trade data exclude trade with Switzerland"
}
@ -633,7 +638,7 @@
"text": "Germany 14.2%, US 10.6%, Hong Kong 8.7%, India 7.3%, China 6.9%, France 6.1%, Italy 5.4%, UK 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$247.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $273.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$243.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $247.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles"
@ -645,24 +650,19 @@
"text": "$602.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $545.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$1.533 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.601 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.664 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $1.663 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$1.262 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.157 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.359 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.262 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.498 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.426 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.565 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.498 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - ++ 0.9627 (2015 est.) ++ 0.9152 (2014 est.) ++ 0.9152 (2013 est.) ++ 0.94 (2012 est.) ++ 0.8876 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - ++ 0.9992 (2016 est.) ++ 0.9627 (2015 est.) ++ 0.9627 (2014 est.) ++ 0.9152 (2013 est.) ++ 0.94 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "68 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -762,7 +762,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the publicly owned radio and TV broadcaster, Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG/SSR), operates 7 national TV networks, 3 broadcasting in German, 2 in Italian, and 2 in French; private commercial TV stations broadcast regionally and locally; TV broadcasts from stations in Germany, Italy, and France are widely available via multi-channel cable and satellite TV services; SRG/SSR operates 18 radio stations that, along with private broadcasters, provide national to local coverage (2009)"
"text": "the publicly owned radio and TV broadcaster, Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG/SSR), operates 7 national TV networks, 3 broadcasting in German, 2 in Italian, and 2 in French; private commercial TV stations broadcast regionally and locally; TV broadcasts (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ch"
@ -861,7 +861,7 @@
"text": "bulk carrier 19, cargo 9, chemical tanker 5, container 4, petroleum tanker 1"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "127 (Antigua and Barbuda 7, Bahamas 1, Belize 1, Cayman Islands 1, France 5, Germany 2, Hong Kong 5, Italy 13, Liberia 25, Luxembourg 1, Malta 20, Marshall Islands 12, NZ 2, Panama 15, Portugal 3, Russia 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7, Singapore 3, Spain 1) (2010)"
"text": "127 (Antigua and Barbuda 7, Bahamas 1, Belize 1, Cayman Islands 1, France 5, Germany 2, Hong Kong 5, Italy 13, Liberia 25, Luxembourg 1, Malta 20, Marshall Islands 12, NZ 2, Panama 15, Portugal 3, Russia 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7, Singapore 3, Spa (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

102
europe/uk.json
View file

@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
"text": "29.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2014)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -406,7 +406,12 @@
"text": "the UK does not celebrate one particular national holiday"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; note - recent additions include the Human Rights Act of 1998, the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, and the House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed as a “bill” for an “Act of Parliament” by the government or by members of the House of Commons or by the House of Lords; passage requires agreement by both houses and by the monarch (Royal Assent); note - recent additions include the Human Rights Act of 1998, the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, and the House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "common law system; has nonbinding judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998"
@ -439,7 +444,7 @@
"text": "Prime Minister Theresa MAY (since 13 July 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister; Theresea MAY (Conservative) assumed office 13 July 2016"
@ -447,7 +452,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Lords (760 seats - membership not fixed (there are 815 lords eligible for taking part in the work of the House of Lords consisting of 701 life peers, 88 hereditary peers, and 26 clergy - as of October 2015; members appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister and non-party political members recommended by the House of Lords Appointments Commission) and the House of Commons (650 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by first-past-the-post vote to serve 5-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Lords (membership not fixed (as of December 2016 there were 809 lords eligible for taking part in the work of the House of Lords consisting of 692 life peers, 91 hereditary peers, and 26 clergy; members appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister and non-party political members recommended by the House of Lords Appointments Commission) and the House of Commons (650 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by first-past-the-post vote to serve 5-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "House of Lords - no elections (note - in 1999, as provided by the House of Lords Act, elections were held in the House of Lords to determine the 92 hereditary peers who would remain there; elections are held only as vacancies in the hereditary peerage arise); House of Commons - last held on 8 May 2015 (next to be held by May 2020)"
@ -468,7 +473,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance Party (Northerm Ireland) [David FORD] ++ Conservative and Unionist Party [Theresea MAY] ++ Democratic Unionist Party or DUP (Northern Ireland) [Peter ROBINSON; note - expected to be replaced by Arlene FOSTER around 11 January 2016] ++ Green Party of England and Wales or Greens [Caroline LUCAS and Jonathan BARTLEY] ++ Labor Party [Jeremy CORBYN] ++ Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) [Tim FARRON] ++ Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Leanne WOOD] ++ Scottish National Party or SNP [Nicola STURGEON] ++ Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS] ++ Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [Colum EASTWOOD] ++ Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Mike NESBITT] ++ UK Independence Party or UKIP [Nigel FARAGE]"
"text": "Alliance Party (Northern Ireland) [Naomi LONG] ++ Conservative and Unionist Party [Theresa MAY] ++ Democratic Unionist Party or DUP (Northern Ireland) [Peter ROBINSON; note - expected to be replaced by Arlene FOSTER around 11 January 2016] ++ Green Party of England and Wales or Greens [Caroline LUCAS and Jonathan BARTLEY] ++ Labor (Labour) Party [Jeremy CORBYN] ++ Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) [Tim FARRON] ++ Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Leanne WOOD] ++ Scottish National Party or SNP [Nicola STURGEON] ++ Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS] ++ Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [Colum EASTWOOD] ++ Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Mike NESBITT] ++ UK Independence Party or UKIP [Paul NUTTALL]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ++ Confederation of British Industry ++ National Farmers' Union ++ Trades Union Congress"
@ -539,68 +544,68 @@
"text": "The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining; the UK has been a net importer of energy since 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output. ++ ++ In 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded Britain's economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated an austerity program, which has continued under the new Conservative majority government. However, the deficit still remains one of the highest in the G7, standing at 5.1% of GDP as of mid-2015. London intends to eliminate its deficit by 2020, primarily through additional cuts to public spending and welfare benefits. It has also pledged to lower its corporation tax from 20% to 18% by 2020. ++ ++ In 2012, weak consumer spending and subdued business investment weighed on the economy, however, GDP grew 1.7% in 2013 and 2.8% in 2014, accelerating because of greater consumer spending and a recovering housing market. As of late 2015, the Bank of England is examining when to begin raising interest rates from historically low levels while being cautious not to damage economic growth. While the UK is one of the fastest growing economies in the G7, economists are concerned about the potential negative impact if the UK votes to leave the EU. The UK has an extensive trade relationship with other EU members through its access to the single market and economic observers have warned an exit could jeopardize its position as the central location for European financial services."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$2.679 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.62 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.548 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$2.788 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $2.737 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.677 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.849 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$2.65 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.) ++ 2.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.8% (2016 est.) ++ 2.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$41,200 (2015 est.) ++ $40,600 (2014 est.) ++ $39,800 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$42,500 (2016 est.) ++ $42,000 (2015 est.) ++ $41,400 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "12.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 12.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.4% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 11.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 12.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "65%"
"text": "65.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.3%"
"text": "19.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "16.9%"
"text": "17.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.8%"
"text": "0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "27.3%"
"text": "28.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-29.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-31.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "0.7%"
"text": "0.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "19.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "80% ++ (2015 est.)"
"text": "80.2% ++ (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, other consumer goods"
"text": "machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, t"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.3% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "33.06 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "33.17 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -614,7 +619,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.4% (2015 est.) ++ 6.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.1% (2016 est.) ++ 5.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "15% (2013 est.)"
@ -632,53 +637,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.107 trillion"
"text": "$996.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.232 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$1.097 trillion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "38.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "37.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "89% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 87.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "92.2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 89% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as in"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "6 April - 5 April"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0% (2015 est.) ++ 1.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.5% (2016 est.) ++ 0% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.5% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.5% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.51% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.45% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "4.6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 4.51% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$106.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $106.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$95.88 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $106.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$3.567 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.491 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.669 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.491 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$3.195 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.366 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.704 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.195 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$3.019 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $2.903 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $3.107 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$123.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$152.2 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$157.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$153.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$436.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $483.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$412.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $436.2 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco"
@ -687,7 +692,7 @@
"text": "US 14.6%, Germany 10.1%, Switzerland 7%, China 6%, France 5.9%, Netherlands 5.8%, Ireland 5.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$627.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $685.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$581.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $627.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs"
@ -699,24 +704,19 @@
"text": "$129.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $107.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$9.219 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $9.411 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$8.126 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $8.642 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$2.04 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.915 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.069 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $2.04 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.959 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.146 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.975 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.959 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "British pounds (GBP) per US dollar - ++ 0.6542 (2015 est.) ++ 0.607 (2014 est.) ++ 0.6391 (2013 est.) ++ 0.6324 (2012 est.) ++ 0.624 (2011 est.)"
"text": "British pounds (GBP) per US dollar - ++ 0.7391 (2016 est.) ++ 0.6542 (2015 est.) ++ 0.607 (2014 est.) ++ 0.6391 (2013 est.) ++ 0.6324 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "335 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -812,11 +812,11 @@
"text": "equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and fiber-optic systems"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 44; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers (2015)"
"text": "country code - 44; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at le (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public service broadcaster, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world; BBC operates multiple TV networks with regional and local TV service; a mixed system of public and commercial TV broadcasters along with satellite and cable systems provide access to hundreds of TV stations throughout the world; BBC operates multiple national, regional, and local radio networks with multiple transmission sites; a large number of commercial radio stations, as well as satellite radio services are available (2008)"
"text": "public service broadcaster, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world; BBC operates multiple TV networks with regional and local TV service; a mixed system of public and commercial TV broadcasters along w (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".uk"
@ -924,7 +924,7 @@
"text": "271 (Australia 1, Bermuda 6, China 7, Denmark 43, France 39, Germany 59, Hong Kong 12, Ireland 1, Italy 3, Japan 5, Netherlands 1, Norway 32, Sweden 28, Taiwan 11, Tanzania 1, UAE 8, US 14)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "308 (Algeria 15, Antigua and Barbuda 1, Argentina 2, Australia 5, Bahamas 18, Barbados 6, Belgium 2, Belize 4, Bermuda 14, Bolivia 1, Brunei 2, Cabo Verde 1, Cambodia 1, Cayman Islands 2, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 2, Cyprus 7, Georgia 5, Gibraltar 6, Greece 6, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 33, Indonesia 2, Italy 2, Liberia 22, Liberia 32, Luxembourg 5, Malta 21, Marshall Islands 12, Marshall Islands 3, Moldova 3, Nigeria 2, NZ 1, Panama 37, Panama 5, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6, Sierra Leone 1, Singapore 6, Thailand 6, Tonga 1, US 4, unknown 1) (2010)"
"text": "308 (Algeria 15, Antigua and Barbuda 1, Argentina 2, Australia 5, Bahamas 18, Barbados 6, Belgium 2, Belize 4, Bermuda 14, Bolivia 1, Brunei 2, Cabo Verde 1, Cambodia 1, Cayman Islands 2, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 2, Cyprus 7, Georgia 5, Gibraltar 6, Greece 6, (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

102
europe/up.json
View file

@ -292,7 +292,7 @@
"text": "21.7% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -357,7 +357,7 @@
"text": "Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Old East Slavic word \"ukraina\" meaning \"borderland or march (militarized border region)\""
"text": "name derives from the Old East Slavic word \"ukraina\" meaning \"borderland or march (militarized border region)\" and began to be used extensively in the 19th century; originally Ukrainians referred to themselves as Rusyny (Rusyns, Ruthenians, or Ruthenes), an endonym derived from the medieval Rus state (Kyivan Rus)"
}
},
"Government type": {
@ -396,7 +396,12 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 24 August (1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from Soviet Russia) and the day the short-lived Western and Greater (Eastern) Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996; amended 2004, 2010, 2015 (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one-third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended; amended 2004, 2010, 2015 (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -426,7 +431,7 @@
"text": "President Petro POROSHENKO (since 7 June 2014)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Volodymyr HROISMAN (since 14 April 2016); Deputy Prime Minister Vyacheslav KYRYLENKO (since 2 December 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Volodymyr HROYSMAN (since 14 April 2016); First Deputy Prime Minister Stepan KUBIV (since 14 April 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Rada"
@ -464,10 +469,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Batkivshchyna (\"Fatherland\") [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO] ++ Bloc of Petro Poroshenko – Solidarnist or BPP [Vitali KLYCHKO] (formed from the merger of Solidarnist and UDAR) ++ Narodnyy Front (\"People's Front\") or NF [Arseniy YATSENIUK] ++ Opposition Bloc or OB [Yuriy BOYKO] ++ Radical Party [Oleh LYASHKO] ++ Samopomich (\"Self Reliance\") [Andriy SADOVYY] ++ Svoboda (\"Freedom\") [Oleh TYAHNYBOK] ++ Ukrainian Association of Patriots or UKROP [Hennadiy KORBAN] ++ Vidrozhennya (\"Revival\") [Vitaliy KHOMUTYNNIK] (parliamentary group) ++ Volya Naroda (“People's Will”) or VN (parliamentary group)"
"text": "Batkivshchyna (\"Fatherland\") [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO] ++ Bloc of Petro Poroshenko – Solidarnist or BPP [Vitaliy KLYCHKO] (formed from the merger of Solidarnist and UDAR) ++ Narodnyy Front (\"People's Front\") or NF [Arseniy YATSENIUK] ++ Opposition Bloc or OB [Yuriy BOYKO] ++ Radical Party [Oleh LYASHKO] ++ Samopomich (\"Self Reliance\") [Andriy SADOVYY] ++ Svoboda (\"Freedom\") [Oleh TYAHNYBOK] ++ Ukrainian Association of Patriots or UKROP [Ihor KOLOMOYSKYY] ++ Vidrozhennya (\"Revival\") [Vitaliy KHOMUTYNNIK] (parliamentary group) ++ Volya Naroda (“People's Will”) or VN (Yaroslav MOSKALENKO)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Centre UA [Oleh RYBACHUK] ++ Committee of Voters of Ukraine [Oleksandr CHERNENKO] ++ OPORA [Olha AIVAZOVSKA]"
"text": "Centre UA [Oleh RYBACHUK] ++ OPORA Civic Network [Olha AIVAZOVSKA]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
@ -529,55 +534,55 @@
"text": "After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied unique equipment, such as, large diameter pipes and vertical drilling apparatus, and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR. ++ ++ Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF –encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy. But more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the legislative framework. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president. ++ ++ Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Ukraine depends on imports to meet about three-fourths of its annual oil and natural gas requirements and 100% of its nuclear fuel needs. In January 2009, after a two-week dispute that saw gas supplies cut off to Europe, Ukraine agreed to 10-year gas supply and transit contracts with Russia that brought gas prices to \"world\" levels. The strict terms of the contracts further hobbled Ukraine's cash-strapped state gas company, Naftohaz. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on its naval base in Crimea. ++ ++ Ukraine’s oligarch-dominated economy grew slowly from 2010 to 2014. After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, the international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian economy, including a March 2014 IMF assistance package of $14-18 billion. Ukraine has made significant progress on reforms designed to make the country a prosperous, democratic, and transparent country. ++ ++ Russia’s occupation of Crimea in March 2014 and on-going aggression in eastern Ukraine have hurt economic growth. With the loss of a major portion of Ukraine’s heavy industry in Donbas and ongoing violence, Ukraine’s economy contracted by 6.8% in 2014 and by an estimated 10.5% in 2015. Ukraine and Russia have engaged in a trade war with sharply reduced trade between the countries by the end of 2015. The EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area finally started up on 1 January 2016, and is expected to help Ukraine integrate its economy with Europe by opening up markets and harmonizing regulations."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$339.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $376.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $403.1 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$349.8 billion (2016 est.) ++ $344.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $382.4 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$90.52 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$87.2 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-9.9% (2015 est.) ++ -6.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2016 est.) ++ -9.9% (2015 est.) ++ -6.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$7,500 (2015 est.) ++ $8,300 (2014 est.) ++ $9,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$8,200 (2016 est.) ++ $8,100 (2015 est.) ++ $8,900 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "15.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "14.3% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 15% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "67.6%"
"text": "69.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19%"
"text": "20.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "13.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "2%"
"text": "0.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "52.8%"
"text": "55.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-54.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-59.3% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "14.1%"
"text": "14.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.4%"
"text": "26.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "60% ++ (2015 est.)"
"text": "59.3% ++ (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -587,10 +592,10 @@
"text": "coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-13.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "18.1 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "18.04 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -604,7 +609,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.1% (2015 est.) ++ 9.3% (2014 est.)",
"text": "10% (2016 est.) ++ 9.1% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers"
}
@ -625,23 +630,23 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$29.85 billion"
"text": "$27.8 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$31.12 billion"
"text": "$30.87 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "this is the planned, consolidated budget (2015 est.)"
"text": "this is the planned, consolidated budget (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "33% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "31.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "79.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 69.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "78.2% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 79.4% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)"
}
@ -650,7 +655,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "48.7% (2015 est.) ++ 12.1% (2014 est.)",
"text": "13.5% (2016 est.) ++ 48.7% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone"
}
@ -659,25 +664,25 @@
"text": "22% (23 December 2015) ++ 7.5% (31 January 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "21.82% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 17.72% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "18.5% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 21.82% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$19.68 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $27.62 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$19.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $19.68 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$78.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $113.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$62.77 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $95.93 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$60.72 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $62.77 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$20.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $25.56 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $39.46 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$260 million (2015 est.) ++ -$5.332 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$1.315 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$251 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$35.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $50.76 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$33.97 billion (2016 est.) ++ $35.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs"
@ -686,7 +691,7 @@
"text": "Russia 12.7%, Turkey 7.3%, China 6.3%, Egypt 5.5%, Italy 5.2%, Poland 5.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$38.94 billion (2015 est.) ++ $58.24 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$38.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $38.94 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals"
@ -695,27 +700,22 @@
"text": "Russia 20%, Germany 10.4%, China 10.1%, Belarus 6.5%, Poland 6.2%, Hungary 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$13.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.53 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$16.01 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $13.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$119.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $130.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$127.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $119.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$60.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $57.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$65.95 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $60.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$7.183 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.145 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.983 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.183 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - ++ 21.8447 (2015 est.) ++ 11.8867 (2014 est.) ++ 11.8867 (2013 est.) ++ 7.99 (2012 est.) ++ 7.9676 (2011 est.)"
"text": "hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - ++ 25.26 (2016 est.) ++ 21.8447 (2015 est.) ++ 21.8447 (2014 est.) ++ 11.8867 (2013 est.) ++ 7.99 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "171 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -808,14 +808,14 @@
"text": "Ukraine's telecommunication development plan emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile-cellular system"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "the country's former sole telephone provider, Ukrtelekom, was successfully privatized 2011 and independent foreign-invested private companies now provide substantial telecommunications services; the mobile-cellular telephone system's expansion has slowed, largely due to saturation of the market that is now over 135 mobile phones per 100 persons"
"text": "the country's former sole telephone provider, Ukrtelekom, was successfully privatized 2011 and independent foreign-invested private companies now provide substantial telecommunications services; the mobile-cellular telephone system's expansion has slowed,"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 380; 2 new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and 3 Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by an unknown number of earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2015)"
"text": "country code - 380; 2 new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and 3 Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional internationa (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-controlled nationwide TV broadcast channel (UT1) and a number of privately owned TV networks provide basic TV coverage; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; Russian television broadcasts have a small audience nationwide, but larger audiences in the eastern and southern regions; the radio broadcast market, a mix of independent and state-owned networks, is comprised of some 300 stations (2007)"
"text": "state-controlled nationwide TV broadcast channel (UT1) and a number of privately owned TV networks provide basic TV coverage; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; Russian television broadcasts have a small audience nationwide, but (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ua"
@ -923,7 +923,7 @@
"text": "bulk carrier 3, cargo 98, chemical tanker 1, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated cargo 11, specialized tanker 2"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "172 (Belize 6, Cambodia 35, Comoros 10, Cyprus 3, Dominica 1, Georgia 10, Liberia 10, Malta 29, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 14, Mongolia 1, Panama 8, Russia 12, Saint Kitts and Nevis 8, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12, Sierra Leone 5, Slovakia 2, unknown 5) (2010)"
"text": "172 (Belize 6, Cambodia 35, Comoros 10, Cyprus 3, Dominica 1, Georgia 10, Liberia 10, Malta 29, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 14, Mongolia 1, Panama 8, Russia 12, Saint Kitts and Nevis 8, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12, Sierra Leone 5, Slovakia 2, unknown (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

15
europe/vt.json
View file

@ -181,7 +181,12 @@
"text": "Election Day of Pope FRANCIS, 13 March (2013)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1929, 1963; latest adopted 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State); note - in October 2013, Pope Francis instituted a 9-member Council of Cardinal Advisors to reform the administrative apparatus of the Holy See (Roman Curia) to include writing a new constitution (2016)"
"history": {
"text": "previous 1929, 1963; latest adopted 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State); note - in October 2013, Pope Francis instituted a 9-member Council of Cardinal Advisors to reform the administrative apparatus of the Holy See (Roman Curia) to include writing a new constitution"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "note - although the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State makes no mention of amendments, Article Four (drafting laws), states that this legislative responsibility resides with the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State; draft legislation is submitted through the Secretariat of State and considered by the pope (2016)"
}
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "religious legal system based on canon (religious) law"
@ -214,7 +219,7 @@
"text": "Pope FRANCIS (since 13 March 2013)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Secretary of State Cardinal Pietro PAROLIN (since 15 October 2013)"
"text": "Secretary of State Cardinal Pietro PAROLIN (since 15 October 2013); note - Head of Government of Vatican City is President Cardinal Giuseppe BERTELLO (since 1 October 2011)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City appointed by the pope"
@ -228,7 +233,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State or Pontificia Commissione per lo Stato della Citta del Vaticano (7 seats; members appointed by the pope to serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State or Pontificia Commissione per lo Stato della Citta del Vaticano (7 seats; members appointed by the pope to serve 5-year terms); last appointment session 1 June 2013"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -339,7 +344,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
@ -355,7 +360,7 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official broadcasting service broadcasting via shortwave, AM and FM frequencies, and via satellite and Internet connections (2008)"
"text": "the Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official broadcasting service broadcast (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".va"