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central-asia/kg.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, most of the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan was formally annexed to the Russian Empire in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936 and achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved. Nationwide demonstrations in the spring of 2005 resulted in the ouster of President Askar AKAEV, who had run the country since 1990. Former Prime Minister Kurmanbek BAKIEV overwhelmingly won the presidential election in the summer of 2005. Over the next few years, he manipulated the parliament to accrue new powers for the presidency. In July 2009, after months of harassment against his opponents and media critics, BAKIEV won reelection in a presidential campaign that the international community deemed flawed. In April 2010, violent protests in Bishkek led to the collapse of the BAKIEV regime and his eventual flight to Minsk, Belarus. His successor, Roza OTUNBAEVA, served as transitional president until Almazbek ATAMBAEV was inaugurated in December 2011, marking the first peaceful transfer of presidential power in independent Kyrgyzstan's history. Continuing concerns include: the trajectory of democratization, endemic corruption, poor interethnic relations, border security vulnerabilities, and potential terrorist threats."
"text": "A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, most of the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan was formally annexed to the Russian Empire in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936 and achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved. Nationwide demonstrations in the spring of 2005 resulted in the ouster of President Askar AKAEV, who had run the country since 1990. Former Prime Minister Kurmanbek BAKIEV overwhelmingly won the presidential election in the summer of 2005. Over the next few years, he manipulated the parliament to accrue new powers for the presidency. In July 2009, after months of harassment against his opponents and media critics, BAKIEV won reelection in a presidential campaign that the international community deemed flawed. In April 2010, violent protests in Bishkek led to the collapse of the BAKIEV regime and his eventual flight to Minsk, Belarus. His successor, Roza OTUNBAEVA, served as transitional president until Almazbek ATAMBAEV was inaugurated in December 2011, marking the first peaceful transfer of presidential power in independent Kyrgyzstan's history. Continuing concerns include: the trajectory of democratization, endemic corruption, poor interethnic relations, border security vulnerabilities, and potential terrorist threats. ++ Under the 2010 Constitution, ATAMBAEV is limited to one term, which will end in 2017. Constitutional amendments passed in a referendum in December 2016 include language that transfers some presidential powers to the prime minister. Disagreement over the constitutional amendments compelled ATAMBAEV’s ruling Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan to dissolve and create a new majority coalition in the Jogorku Kengesh that excluded opposition parties critical of the amendments."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -73,6 +73,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "10,233 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the vast majority of Kyrgyzstanis live in rural areas; densest population settlement is to the north in and around Bishkek, followed by Osh in the west; the least densely populated area is the east, southeast in the Tien Shan mountains"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -166,6 +169,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-5.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the vast majority of Kyrgyzstanis live in rural areas; densest population settlement is to the north in and around Bishkek, followed by Osh in the west; the least densely populated area is the east, southeast in the Tien Shan mountains"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "35.7% of total population (2015)"
@ -275,7 +281,7 @@
"text": "2.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -373,7 +379,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 31 August (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1993; latest adopted 27 June 2010, effective 2 July 2010; note - the current constitution prohibits any change until 2020 (2016)"
"text": "previous 1993; latest adopted 27 June 2010, effective 2 July 2010 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system which includes features of French civil law and Russian Federation laws"
@ -428,7 +434,7 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 25 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 25 judges); Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court (consists of the chairperson, deputy chairperson, and 9 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Supreme Council on the recommendation of the president; Supreme Court judges serve for 10 years, Constitutional Court judges serve for 15 years; mandatory retirement at age 70 for judges of both courts"
@ -503,55 +509,55 @@
"text": "Kyrgyzstan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Cotton, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only cotton is exported in any quantity. Other exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and - in some years - electricity. The country has sought to attract foreign investment to expand its export base, including construction of hydroelectric dams, but a difficult investment climate and an ongoing legal battle with Canadian investors in the nation’s largest gold mine deter potential investors. Remittances from Kyrgyz migrant workers in Russia and Kazakhstan are equivalent to about a quarter of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP. ++ ++ Following independence, Kyrgyzstan rapidly carried out market reforms, such as improving the regulatory system and instituting land reform. Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. The government has privatized much of its ownership shares in public enterprises. Despite these reforms, the country suffered a severe drop in production in the early 1990s and has again faced slow growth in recent years as the global financial crisis and declining oil prices have damaged economies across Central Asia. ++ ++ Kyrgyz leaders hope the country’s August 2015 accession to the Eurasian Economic Union will bolster trade and investment, but slowing economies in Russia and China, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations continue to hamper economic growth. The keys to future growth include progress in fighting corruption, improving administrative transparency, restructuring domestic industry, and attracting foreign aid and investment."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$20.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $19.42 billion (2014 est.) ++ $18.75 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$21.01 billion (2016 est.) ++ $20.55 billion (2015 est.) ++ $19.87 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$6.65 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$5.794 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.5% (2015 est.) ++ 3.6% (2014 est.) ++ 10.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.2% (2016 est.) ++ 3.5% (2015 est.) ++ 4% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$3,400 (2015 est.) ++ $3,300 (2014 est.) ++ $3,200 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$3,500 (2016 est.) ++ $3,400 (2015 est.) ++ $3,400 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "20.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "18.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 19.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "81.3%"
"text": "77.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "17.9%"
"text": "18.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "30.2%"
"text": "25.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "2.7%"
"text": "2.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "36.3%"
"text": "30.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-68.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-55% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "17.7%"
"text": "17.9%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26%"
"text": "25.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "56.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "56.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -561,10 +567,10 @@
"text": "small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.732 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.778 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -596,50 +602,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.987 billion"
"text": "$2.04 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$2.085 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$2.354 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "29.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "35.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-5.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "68.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "69.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 7.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.9% (2016 est.) ++ 6.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "13.73% (22 December 2011) ++ 2.5% (31 December 2010)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "24.25% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 22.36% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "23.3% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 24.25% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$928.2 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.062 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.179 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $928.2 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.333 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.399 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$831.4 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.074 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$980.7 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $831.4 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$165 million (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $165 million (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $79 million (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$979 million (2015 est.) ++ -$1.245 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$867 million (2016 est.) ++ -$692 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.61 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.794 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.453 billion (2016 est.) ++ $1.61 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "gold, cotton, wool, garments, meat; mercury, uranium, electricity; machinery; shoes"
@ -648,7 +654,7 @@
"text": "Switzerland 26%, Uzbekistan 22.6%, Kazakhstan 20.8%, UAE 4.9%, Turkey 4.5%, Afghanistan 4.5%, Russia 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$3.648 billion (2015 est.) ++ $5.204 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.146 billion (2016 est.) ++ $3.648 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs"
@ -657,27 +663,22 @@
"text": "China 56.4%, Russia 17.1%, Kazakhstan 9.9% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$1.778 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.957 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.838 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.778 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$7.37 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.257 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.728 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.37 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$4.347 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.667 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.897 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $4.347 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$331.4 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $418.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$331.4 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $331.4 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "soms (KGS) per US dollar - ++ 64.462 (2015 est.) ++ 53.654 (2014 est.) ++ 53.654 (2013 est.) ++ 47.01 (2012 est.) ++ 46.144 (2011 est.)"
"text": "soms (KGS) per US dollar - ++ 69.08 (2016 est.) ++ 64.462 (2015 est.) ++ 64.462 (2014 est.) ++ 53.654 (2013 est.) ++ 47.01 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "14 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -773,7 +774,7 @@
"text": "fixed-line penetration remains low and concentrated in urban areas; multiple mobile-cellular service providers with growing coverage; mobile-cellular subscribership up to about 130 per 100 persons in 2015"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 996; connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intersputnik, 1 Intelsat); connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line (2015)"
"text": "country code - 996; connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intersputnik, 1 Intelsa (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
@ -873,10 +874,10 @@
"text": "State Committee on Defense Affairs (GKDO): Ground Forces, Air Force (includes Air Defense Forces) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary male military service in the Armed Forces or Interior Ministry; 1-year service obligation, with optional fee-based 3-year service in the callup mobilization reserve; women may volunteer at age 19; 16-17 years of age for military cadets, who cannot take part in military operations (2013)"
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary male military service in the Armed Forces or Interior Ministry; 1-year service obligation, with optional fee-based 3-year service in the call-up mobilization reserve; women may volunteer at age 19; 16-17 years of age for military cadets, who cannot take part in military operations (2013)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "NA% (2012) ++ 3.74% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "3.74% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

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central-asia/kz.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated to the region by the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural \"Virgin Lands\" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs back to Kazakhstan. These trends have allowed Kazakhs to become the titular majority again. This dramatic demographic shift has also undermined the previous religious diversity and made the country more than 70 percent Muslim. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; managing Islamic revivalism; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; diversifying the economy outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness; developing a multiparty parliament and advancing political and social reform; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers."
"text": "Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated to the region by the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. Soviet policies reduced the number of ethnic Kazakhs in the 1930s and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural \"Virgin Lands\" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) further skewed the ethnic mixture. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs back to Kazakhstan. These trends have allowed Kazakhs to become the titular majority again. This dramatic demographic shift has also undermined the previous religious diversity and made the country more than 70% Muslim. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity, expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets, diversifying the economy, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening relations with neighboring states and foreign powers."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -73,6 +73,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "20,660 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty"
},
@ -166,6 +169,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "53.2% of total population (2015)"
@ -361,7 +367,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Astana*, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr [Baykonur]*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan [South Kazakhstan] (Shymkent), Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Zhambyl (Taraz)",
"text": "14 provinces (oblyslar, singular - oblys) and 2 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Astana*, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Mangghystau (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan [South Kazakhstan] (Shymkent), Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Zhambyl (Taraz)",
"note": {
"text": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050"
}
@ -403,7 +409,7 @@
"text": "President Nursultan Abishuly NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Bakytzhan SAGINTAYEV (since 9 September 2016); Deputy Prime Minister Dariga NAZARBAYEVA (since 11 September 2015)"
"text": "Prime Minister Bakytzhan SAGINTAYEV (since 9 September 2016); First Deputy Prime Minister Askar MAMIN (since 13 September 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
@ -506,55 +512,55 @@
"text": "Kazakhstan, geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has embarked on an ambitious diversification program, aimed at developing targeted sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing. ++ ++ Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) in January 2015. ++ ++ The economic downturn of its EEU partner, Russia, and the decline in global commodity prices have contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan, which is experiencing its slowest economic growth since the financial crises of 2008-09. Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, by 19% in February 2014, and in November 2014, the government announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In spring 2015, Kazakhstan embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to modernize its economy and improve its institutions. In the face of further decline in the ruble, oil prices, and the regional economic slowdown, Kazakhstan announced in August 2015 that it would cancel its currency band in favor of a floating exchange rate that sparked further devaluation of the tenge. In 2015, Kazakhstan's president signed into law a new Entrepreneurial Code and a new Labor Code, both aimed at improving the business environment. Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes, investors remain concerned about corruption, bureaucracy, and arbitrary law enforcement, especially at the regional and municipal levels."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$429.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $424.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $406.7 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$460.7 billion (2016 est.) ++ $464.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $458.9 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$173.2 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$128.1 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.8% (2016 est.) ++ 1.2% (2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$24,300 (2015 est.) ++ $24,300 (2014 est.) ++ $23,700 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$25,700 (2016 est.) ++ $26,300 (2015 est.) ++ $26,300 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 29.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 27.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "54.3%"
"text": "53.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "12.3%"
"text": "13%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "24%"
"text": "25.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "5.3%"
"text": "1.9%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "30.1%"
"text": "32.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-26.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-26.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5%"
"text": "5.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "32.5%"
"text": "33%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "61.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -564,10 +570,10 @@
"text": "oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "8.989 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.059 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -577,11 +583,11 @@
"text": "11.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.3% (2012 est.)"
"text": "62.3% (2012)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.7% (2016 est.) ++ 5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "5.3% (2011 est.)"
@ -599,50 +605,50 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$34.43 billion"
"text": "$23.35 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$37.1 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$27.25 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "19.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "18.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "24.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 14.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "24.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 24.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "6.7% (2015 est.) ++ 6.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "14.6% (2016 est.) ++ 6.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "16% (31 December 2015) ++ 5.5% (31 December 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "9.56% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.24% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "12.4% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 9.56% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$8.933 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$10.66 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $8.933 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$52.89 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $56.49 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$50.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $78.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$60.94 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $50.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$23.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $60.74 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$34.89 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $22.97 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $26.23 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$4.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $5.994 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$2.785 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$4.436 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$46.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $80.24 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$35.28 billion (2016 est.) ++ $46.29 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "oil and oil products, natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, machinery, grain, wool, meat, coal"
@ -651,7 +657,7 @@
"text": "China 15.1%, Russia 12.3%, France 9.2%, Germany 7.9%, Italy 6.7%, Greece 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$33.65 billion (2015 est.) ++ $43.55 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$24.5 billion (2016 est.) ++ $33.65 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs"
@ -660,27 +666,22 @@
"text": "Russia 32.9%, China 25.9%, Germany 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$28.07 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $29.21 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$30.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $28.07 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$153.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $157.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$147.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $153.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$139.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $132.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$148.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $139.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$33.77 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $30.56 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$35.27 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $33.77 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "tenge (KZT) per US dollar - ++ 221.73 (2015 est.) ++ 179.19 (2014 est.) ++ 179.19 (2013 est.) ++ 149.11 (2012 est.) ++ 146.62 (2011 est.)"
"text": "tenge (KZT) per US dollar - ++ 348.5 (2016 est.) ++ 221.73 (2015 est.) ++ 221.73 (2014 est.) ++ 179.19 (2013 est.) ++ 149.11 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "99 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -776,11 +777,11 @@
"text": "intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is inadequate; mobile-cellular usage has increased rapidly and the subscriber base now exceeds 170 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (2015)"
"text": "country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Int (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; nearly all nationwide TV networks are wholly or partly owned by the government; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations operate along with state-run radio stations; recent legislation requires all media outlets to register with the government and all TV providers to broadcast in digital format by 2018 (2015)"
"text": "state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; nearly all nationwide TV networks are wholly or partly owned by the government; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households (2015)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".kz"
@ -908,7 +909,7 @@
"text": "Kazakhstan Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Mobile Forces, Air Defense Forces (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 2 years, but Kazakhstan may be transitioning to a contract force; 19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; military cadets in intermediate (ages 15-17) and higher (ages 17-21) education institutes are classified as military service personnel (2012)"
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 2 years, but Kazakhstan is transitioning to a largely contract force; 19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; military cadets in intermediate (ages 15-17) and higher (ages 17-21) education institutes are classified as military service personnel (2016)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.21% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.97% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.21% of GDP (2010)"

97
central-asia/rs.json
View file

@ -318,7 +318,7 @@
"text": "26.2% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "3.9% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
"text": "President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Premier Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV (since 8 May 2012); First Deputy Premier Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers Arkadiy Vladimirovich DVORKOVICH (since 21 May 2012), Olga Yuryevna GOLODETS (since 21 May 2012), Aleksandr Gennadiyevich KHLOPONIN (since 19 January 2010), Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008), Dmitriy Olegovich ROGOZIN (since 23 December 2011), Sergey Eduardovich PRIKHODKO (since 22 May 2013), Yuriy Petrovich TRUTNEV (since 31 August 2013)"
"text": "Premier Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV (since 8 May 2012); First Deputy Premier Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers Arkadiy Vladimirovich DVORKOVICH (since 21 May 2012), Olga Yuryevna GOLODETS (since 21 May 2012), Aleksandr Gennadiyevich KHLOPONIN (since 19 January 2010), Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008), Vitaliy Leontyevich MUTKO (since 19 October 2016), Dmitriy Olegovich ROGOZIN (since 23 December 2011), Sergey Eduardovich PRIKHODKO (since 22 May 2013), Yuriy Petrovich TRUTNEV (since 31 August 2013)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "the \"Government\" is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma"
@ -482,7 +482,7 @@
"text": "State Duma - last held on 18 September 2016 (next to be held in fall 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "State Duma - United Russia 54.2%, CPRF 13.3%, LDPR 13.1%, A Just Russia 6.2%, Rodina 1.5%, CPI 0.2%, other 11.5%; seats by party - United Russia 343, CPRF 42, LDPR 39, A Just Russia 23, Rodina 1, CPI 1, independent 1"
"text": "State Duma - United Russia 76.3%, CPRF 9.3%, LDPR 8.7%, A Just Russia 5.1%, Rodina 0.2%, CPI 0.2%, independent 0.2%; seats by party - United Russia 343, CPRF 42, LDPR 39, A Just Russia 23, Rodina 1, CPI 1, independent 1"
},
"note": {
"text": "the State Duma now includes 2 representatives each from the Republic of Crimea and Federal City of Sevastopol, two annexed Ukrainian regions that the US does not recognize as part of Russia"
@ -577,68 +577,68 @@
"text": "Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector. ++ ++ Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia's reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. ++ ++ The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during 1998-2008 as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model. ++ ++ A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with the GDP falling by close to 4%. Most economists expect this downturn will continue through 2016. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries. Although the Russian Ministry of Economic Development is forecasting a modest growth of 0.7% for 2016 as a whole, the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) is more pessimistic and expects the recovery to begin later in the year and a decline of 0.5% to 1.0% for the full year. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices and the CBR estimates that if oil prices remain below $40 per barrel beyond 2016, the resulting shock would cause GDP to fall by up to 5%."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$3.718 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $3.862 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $3.834 trillion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$3.745 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $3.774 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $3.92 trillion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.325 trillion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$1.268 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 0.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.8% (2016 est.) ++ -3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 0.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$25,400 (2015 est.) ++ $26,400 (2014 est.) ++ $26,700 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$26,100 (2016 est.) ++ $26,300 (2015 est.) ++ $27,300 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 23.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "24.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 23.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 23.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "54.1%"
"text": "55.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.1%"
"text": "19.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "21.7%"
"text": "21.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-3.4%"
"text": "-3.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "29.8%"
"text": "25.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-21.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-19.9% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "4.6%"
"text": "4.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "32.6%"
"text": "33.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "62.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts"
"text": "complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production,"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-3.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.7% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "76.58 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "77.41 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -652,7 +652,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.2% (2016 est.) ++ 5.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "11.2% (2014 est.)"
@ -670,29 +670,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$224.2 billion"
"text": "$186.5 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$256.3 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$236.6 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "16.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "14.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "9.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.5% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"text": "13.7% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 9.4% of GDP (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as in"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "15.5% (2015 est.) ++ 7.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "7.2% (2016 est.) ++ 15.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "11% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 17% (31 December 2014)",
@ -701,25 +701,25 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "15.73% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 11.14% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "12.7% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 15.73% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$151.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $201.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$199.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $151.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$926.8 billion (31 October 2014 est.) ++ $1.087 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$603.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $664.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$818.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $603.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$874.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $796.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.005 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$393.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $385.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $770.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$65.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $59.46 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$38.56 billion (2016 est.) ++ $69 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$341.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $497.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$259.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $341.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures"
@ -728,7 +728,7 @@
"text": "Netherlands 11.9%, China 8.3%, Germany 7.4%, Italy 6.5%, Turkey 5.6%, Belarus 4.4%, Japan 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$193 billion (2015 est.) ++ $308 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$165.1 billion (2016 est.) ++ $193 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel"
@ -737,27 +737,22 @@
"text": "China 19.2%, Germany 11.2%, US 6.4%, Belarus 4.8%, Italy 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$368.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $385.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$365.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $368.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$520.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $600.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$514.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $520.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$342.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $365.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$348 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $342.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$336.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $384.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$359.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $336.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - ++ 60.938 (2015 est.) ++ 38.378 (2014 est.) ++ 38.378 (2013 est.) ++ 30.84 (2012 est.) ++ 29.382 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - ++ 68.06 (2016 est.) ++ 60.938 (2015 est.) ++ 60.938 (2014 est.) ++ 38.378 (2013 est.) ++ 30.84 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "1.064 trillion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -847,17 +842,17 @@
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "the telephone system is experiencing significant changes; more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; progress made toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy; the estimated number of mobile subscribers jumped from fewer than 1 million in 1998 to more than 235 million in 2011; fixed-line service has improved but a large demand remains"
"text": "the telephone system is experiencing significant changes; more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; progress made toward building the telecommunications infrast"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low-density"
"text": "cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in man"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 7; connected internationally by undersea fiber -optic cables; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2011)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations (2016)"
"text": "13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest i (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain \".su\" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out"
@ -977,7 +972,7 @@
"text": "155 (Belgium 4, Cyprus 13, Estonia 1, Ireland 1, Italy 14, Latvia 2, Netherlands 2, Romania 1, South Korea 1, Switzerland 3, Turkey 101, Ukraine 12)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "439 (Antigua and Barbuda 3, Belgium 1, Belize 30, Bulgaria 2, Cambodia 50, Comoros 12, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 46, Dominica 3, Georgia 6, Hong Kong 1, Kiribati 1, Liberia 109, Malaysia 2, Malta 45, Marshall Islands 5, Moldova 5, Mongolia 2, Panama 49, Romania 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 13, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11, Sierra Leone 7, Singapore 2, Spain 6, Vanuatu 7, unknown 19) (2010)"
"text": "439 (Antigua and Barbuda 3, Belgium 1, Belize 30, Bulgaria 2, Cambodia 50, Comoros 12, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 46, Dominica 3, Georgia 6, Hong Kong 1, Kiribati 1, Liberia 109, Malaysia 2, Malta 45, Marshall Islands 5, Moldova 5, Mongolia 2, Panama 49, Romania (2010)"
}
},
"Ports and terminals": {

85
central-asia/ti.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bands of indigenous guerrillas (called \"basmachi\") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic in 1929 and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan, and ethnic Tajiks an even larger minority in Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between regional factions from 1992 to 1997. Tajikistan has endured several domestic security incidents since 2010, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and criminal groups in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The most recent incidents were a series of attacks on security personnel in September 2015 led by a former high-ranking official in the Ministry of Defense. The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Tajikistan became a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2013. However, its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistanis working in Russia, pervasive corruption, and the major role narcotrafficking plays in the country's informal economy."
"text": "The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bands of indigenous guerrillas (called \"basmachi\") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic in 1929 and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan, and ethnic Tajiks an even larger minority in Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between regional factions from 1992 to 1997. Tajikistan has endured several domestic security incidents since 2010, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and criminal groups in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. In September 2015, government security forces rebuffed attacks led by a former high-ranking official in the Ministry of Defense. President Emomali RAHMON, who came to power during the civil war, used the attacks to ban the main opposition political party in Tajikistan. RAHMON further strengthened his position by having himself designated “Leader ofthe Nation” and removing term limits on himself through constitutional amendments in a referendum on May 2016. The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Tajikistan became a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2013. However, its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistanis working in Russia, pervasive corruption, and the opiate trade in neighboring Afghanistan."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -73,6 +73,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "7,420 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes; floods"
},
@ -169,6 +172,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "26.8% of total population (2015)"
@ -292,7 +298,7 @@
"text": "13.3% (2012)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2015)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -455,7 +461,7 @@
"text": "Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Rustam LATIFZODA] ++ Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV] ++ Democratic Party of Tajikistan or DPT [Saidjafar ISMONOV] ++ Party of Economic Reform of Tajikistan or PERT [Olimjon BOBOEV] ++ People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON] ++ Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV] ++ Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFOROV]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "New Tajikistan Party [Zayd SAIDOV] (unregistered) ++ Presidential Candidate of Union of Reformist Forces of Tajikistan Oynihol BOBONAZAROVA (unregistered) ++ Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV] ++ Youth for the Revival of Tajikistan [Maqsud IBROHIMOV] ++ Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON] (unregistered) ++ Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI] (banned)"
"text": "Group 24 [Sharofiddin GADOEV] (banned) ++ New Tajikistan Party [Zayd SAIDOV] (unregistered, SAIDOV jailed since 2013) ++ Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV] ++ Youth for the Revival of Tajikistan [Maqsud IBROHIMOV] (banned, IBROHIMOV jailed in 2015) ++ Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON] (unregistered) ++ Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI] (banned)"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
@ -514,55 +520,55 @@
"text": "Tajikistan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, metals processing, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production, and today, Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the most important crop. Tajikistan imports approximately 60% of its food. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, antimony, and tungsten. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. ++ ++ Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that have been equivalent to nearly 50% of GDP. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30-50% of GDP. ++ ++ Since the end of the devastating, five-year civil war, the country has pursued half-hearted reforms and privatizations, but the poor business climate remains a hurdle to attracting investment. Tajikistan has sought to develop its substantial hydroelectricity potential through partnership with Russian and Iranian investors, and is pursuing completion of the Roghun dam - which, if built according to plan, would be the tallest dam in the world. However, the project will take at least 8 to 11 years to construct and faces financing shortfalls and opposition from downstream Uzbekistan. ++ ++ Recent slowdowns in the Russian and Chinese economies, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations are hampering economic growth in Tajikistan. By some estimates, the dollar value of remittances from Russia to Tajikistan dropped by more than 65% in 2015. The government faces challenges financing the public debt, which is equivalent to 35% of GDP, and the National Bank of Tajikistan has aggressively spent down reserves to bolster the weakening somoni, leaving little space for fiscal or monetary measures to counter any additional economic shocks."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$23.31 billion (2015 est.) ++ $22.63 billion (2014 est.) ++ $21.21 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$25.81 billion (2016 est.) ++ $24.35 billion (2015 est.) ++ $22.97 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$7.816 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$6.612 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2015 est.) ++ 6.7% (2014 est.) ++ 7.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6% (2016 est.) ++ 6% (2015 est.) ++ 6.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$2,700 (2015 est.) ++ $2,700 (2014 est.) ++ $2,600 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$3,000 (2016 est.) ++ $2,900 (2015 est.) ++ $2,800 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "11.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 15.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 16.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "12.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 12.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "112.8%"
"text": "116.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "12.9%"
"text": "14.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "13.4%"
"text": "13.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "3.5%"
"text": "4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "17.1%"
"text": "22.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-59.7% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-71.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "29.5%"
"text": "29.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "21.2%"
"text": "21.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "49.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "49.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -572,7 +578,7 @@
"text": "aluminum, cement, vegetable oil"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.209 million (2013 est.)"
@ -610,17 +616,17 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$2.606 billion"
"text": "$1.841 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$2.543 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$1.985 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "33.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "27.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ NA%"
@ -629,28 +635,28 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "10.8% (2015 est.) ++ 6.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "8% (2016 est.) ++ 10.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "4.8% (31 December 2013) ++ 6.5% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "25.84% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 24.53% (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "26% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 25.84% (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$773 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $920.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$653.3 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $773 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$2.085 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.778 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.401 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.628 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.241 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.401 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$795 million (2015 est.) ++ -$892 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$331 million (2016 est.) ++ -$470 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$572 million (2015 est.) ++ $526.8 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$530.8 million (2016 est.) ++ $572 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles"
@ -659,7 +665,7 @@
"text": "Turkey 19.7%, Kazakhstan 17.6%, Switzerland 13.7%, Iran 8.7%, Afghanistan 7.5%, Russia 5.1%, China 4.9%, Italy 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$2.825 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.528 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.34 billion (2016 est.) ++ $2.825 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs"
@ -668,10 +674,10 @@
"text": "China 42.3%, Russia 17.9%, Kazakhstan 13.1%, Iran 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$494.3 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $510.8 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$416.9 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $494.3 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$3.938 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.047 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.976 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.938 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$2.272 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
@ -680,15 +686,10 @@
"text": "$NA ++ $16.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - ++ 6.1631 (2015 est.) ++ 4.9376 (2014 est.) ++ 4.9348 (2013 est.) ++ 4.76 (2012 est.) ++ 4.6103 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - ++ 8.364 (2016 est.) ++ 6.1631 (2015 est.) ++ 6.1631 (2014 est.) ++ 4.9348 (2013 est.) ++ 4.76 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "16 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -784,11 +785,11 @@
"text": "fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998, while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded rapidly; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 3 (2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita); established a single gateway for Internet traffic in December 2015, which is expected to limit the connectivity of nonstate-owned telecom, Internet, and mobile companies (2016)"
"text": "country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stat (2016)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run TV broadcasters transmit nationally on 9 TV and 10 radio stations, and regionally on 4 stations; 31 independent TV and 20 radio stations broadcast locally and regionally; many households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite (2016)"
"text": "state-run TV broadcasters transmit nationally on 9 TV and 10 radio stations, and regionally on 4 stations; 31 independent TV and 20 radio stations broadcast locally and regionally; many households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".tj"
@ -885,7 +886,7 @@
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; males required to undergo compulsory military training between ages 16 and 55; males can enroll in military schools from at least age 15 (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2014) ++ 1% of GDP (2008)"
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2014)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

81
central-asia/tx.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. The Government of Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects and has attempted to diversify its gas export routes beyond Russia's pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. Subsequently, decreased Russian purchases, as well as limited purchases by Iran, have made China the dominant buyer of Turkmen gas. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was reelected in February 2012 with 97% of the vote, in an election widely regarded as \"a democratic sham.\""
"text": "Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. The Government of Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects and has attempted to diversify its gas export routes beyond Russia's pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. Subsequently, decreased Russian purchases, as well as limited purchases by Iran, have made China the dominant buyer of Turkmen gas. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was reelected in February 2012 with 97% of the vote, in an election widely regarded as undemocratic."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -73,6 +73,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "19,950 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the most densly populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -166,6 +169,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the most densly populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "50% of total population (2015)"
@ -348,7 +354,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 27 October (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "adopted 18 May 1992; amended several times, last in 2008; note - in mid-2014, the president established the Constitutional Commission to initiate a process for developing constitutional reforms (2016)"
"text": "adopted 18 May 1992; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with Islamic law influences"
@ -384,7 +390,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2017); note - while the next presidential election would normally be held in February 2017, that may change as a result of the ongoing constitutional reforms, which are expected to extend the presidential term to 7 years"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2017); note – presidential election is still planned for February 2017 despite a 2016 constitutional amendment that extends the presidential term from 5 to 7 years"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW reelected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 97.1%, Annageldi YAZMYRADOW 1.1%, other candidates 1.8%"
@ -392,7 +398,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Mejlis (125 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms); note - in September 2008, a constitutional change abolished a second, 2,507-member People's Council and expanded the membership in the National Assembly to 125 from 65; the powers formerly held by the People's Council were divided between the president and the National Assembly"
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Mejlis (125 seats; members directly elected from districts having about the same number of voters; members serve 5-year terms); note - in September 2008, a constitutional change abolished a second, 2,507-member People's Council and expanded the membership in the National Assembly to 125 from 65; the powers formerly held by the People's Council were divided between the president and the National Assembly"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 15 December 2013 (next to be held in December 2018)"
@ -472,7 +478,7 @@
"text": "collective/Veli MUKHATOV"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 1997, lyrics revised 2008; following the death of President Saparmurat NYYAZOW, the lyrics were altered to eliminate references to him"
"text": "adopted 1997, lyrics revised in 2008, following the death of President Saparmurat NYYAZOW, to eliminate references to him"
}
}
},
@ -481,55 +487,55 @@
"text": "Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Hydrocarbon exports (mainly natural gas) make up 31% of Turkmenistan’s GDP, with 60% of gas exports going to China and the remainder to Russia and Iran. Ashgabat has explored two initiatives to bring gas to new markets: a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas pipeline. Both face major financing and security hurdles and are unlikely to be completed soon. ++ ++ Turkmenistan’s autocratic governments under presidents NIYAZOW (1991-2006) and BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 2007) have made little progress improving the business climate, privatizing state-owned industries, and combatting corruption, limiting economic development outside the energy sector. High energy prices in the mid-2000s allowed the government to undertake extensive development and social spending, including providing heavy utility subsidies. ++ ++ Low energy prices since mid-2014 are hampering Turkmenistan’s economic growth and reducing government revenues. The government has cut subsidies in several areas, and wage arrears have increased. In January 2014, the Central Bank of Turkmenistan devalued the manat by 19%, and downward pressure on the currency continues. Turkmenistan continues to report GDP growth of nearly 10% per year and claims substantial foreign currency reserves, but non-transparent data limit international institutions’ ability to verify this information."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$88.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $83.19 billion (2014 est.) ++ $75.43 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$94.77 billion (2016 est.) ++ $89.95 billion (2015 est.) ++ $84.46 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$35.68 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$36.57 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% (2014 est.) ++ 10.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.4% (2016 est.) ++ 6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$16,400 (2015 est.) ++ $15,700 (2014 est.) ++ $14,400 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$17,300 (2016 est.) ++ $16,700 (2015 est.) ++ $15,900 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "20.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ -22.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "20.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 9.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ -22.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11.5%"
"text": "10.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.2%"
"text": "26.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0%"
"text": "0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "37.7%"
"text": "33.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-22.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-21.6% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "13.1%"
"text": "13.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "48.4%"
"text": "47.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "38.5% (2015 est.)"
"text": "39.2% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -539,7 +545,7 @@
"text": "natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.305 million (2013 est.)"
@ -574,23 +580,23 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$5.771 billion"
"text": "$3.765 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$5.771 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$4.753 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "16.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "16% (2015 est.) ++ 11% (2014 est.)"
"text": "11% (2016 est.) ++ 16% (2015 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5% (31 December 2014) ++ 5% (31 December 2013)"
@ -608,10 +614,10 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$4.523 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$3.092 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "-$6.78 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$3.695 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$10.38 billion (2015 est.) ++ $12.39 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$8.756 billion (2016 est.) ++ $10.38 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber"
@ -620,7 +626,7 @@
"text": "China 68.6%, Turkey 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$8.198 billion (2015 est.) ++ $10.17 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.467 billion (2016 est.) ++ $8.198 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs"
@ -629,24 +635,19 @@
"text": "Turkey 24.9%, Russia 12.3%, China 10.9%, UAE 9.1%, Kazakhstan 5.1%, Germany 4.6%, Iran 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$13.62 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.43 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$10.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $13.62 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$454.7 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $441.2 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$502.8 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $454.7 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$3.061 billion (2013 est.) ++ $3.117 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - ++ 3.5 (2015 est.) ++ 2.85 (2014 est.) ++ 2.85 (2013 est.) ++ 2.85 (2012 est.) ++ 2.85 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - ++ 4.25 (2016 est.) ++ 3.5 (2015 est.) ++ 3.5 (2014 est.) ++ 2.85 (2013 est.) ++ 2.85 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "22.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -739,14 +740,14 @@
"text": "telecommunications network is gradually improving"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 160 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012; Turkmenistan's first telecommunication satellite was launched in 2015 and is expected to greatly improve connectivity in the country"
"text": "Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is ab"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2015)"
"text": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes (2007)"
"text": "broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellit (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".tm"

101
central-asia/uz.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Russia conquered the territory of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of \"white gold\" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country has gradually lessened its dependence on the cotton monoculture by diversifying agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base. However, long-serving septuagenarian President Islom KARIMOV, who rose through the ranks of the Soviet-era State Planning Committee (Gosplan), remains wedded to the concepts of a command economy, creating a challenging environment for foreign investment. Current concerns include post-KARIMOV succession, economic stagnation, pervasive corruption, declining quality of social services, persistent inability to adequately meet the country's energy needs outside of Tashkent, the curtailment of human rights, and the lack of democratization."
"text": "Russia conquered the territory of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of \"white gold\" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991 upon the dissolution of the USSR, the country has gradually lessened its dependence on the cotton monoculture by diversifying agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base. Uzbekistan’s first president, Islom KARIMOV, led Uzbekistan for 25 years until his death in August 2016. The political transition to his successor, then-Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV was peaceful, but sidelined the constitutional process where the chairman of the Senate would have served as the acting president. MIRZIYOYEV, who won the presidential election in December 2016, has sought to improve relations with Uzbekistan’s neighbors and proposed wide-ranging economic and judicial reforms."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -73,6 +73,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "42,150 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -169,6 +172,9 @@
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "36.4% of total population (2015)"
@ -381,19 +387,19 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Interim President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 8 September 2016); note - longtime President Islom KARIMOV died on 2 September 2016; new presidential elections must be held within three months of this date"
"text": "President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (interim president from 8 September 2016; formally elected president on 4 December 2016 to succeed longtime President Islom KARIMOV, who died on 2 September 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 11 December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Rustam AZIMOV (since 2 January 2008)"
"text": "Prime Minister Abdulla ARIPOV (since 13 December 2016); First Deputy Prime Minister Rustam AZIMOV (since 2 January 2008)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of both chambers of the Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term; previously a 5-year term, extended by a 2002 constitutional amendment to 7 years, and reverted to 5 years in 2011); election last held on 29 March 2015; prime minister nominated by majority party in legislature since 2011, but appointed along with the ministers and deputy ministers by the president"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term; previously a 5-year term, extended by a 2002 constitutional amendment to 7 years, and reverted to 5 years in 2011); election last held on 4 December 2016; prime minister nominated by majority party in legislature since 2011, but appointed along with the ministers and deputy ministers by the president"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV (LDPU) 90.4%, Akmal SAIDOV (Democratic Party of Uzbekistan) 3.1%, Khatamjan KETMANOV (NDP) 2.9%, Nariman UMAROV (Justice Social Democratic Party of Uzbekistan) 2.1%, other 1.5%"
"text": "Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV elected president; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 88.6%, Khatamjon KETMONOV (NDP) 3.7%, Narimon UMAROV (Adolat) 3.5%, Sarvar OTAMURADOV 2.4%, other 1.8%"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -401,7 +407,7 @@
"text": "bicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of the Senate (100 seats; 84 members indirectly elected by regional governing councils and 16 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms) and the Legislative Chamber or Qonunchilik Palatasi (150 seats; 135 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed and 15 indirectly elected by the Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"note": {
"text": "all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President Islom KARIMOV"
"text": "all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 21 December 2014 and 4 January 2015 (next to be held in December 2019)"
@ -422,7 +428,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Ekologik Harakati) [Boriy ALIKHANOV] ++ Justice (Adolat) Social Democratic Party of Uzbekistan [Narimon UMAROV] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Liberal-Demokratik Partiyasi) or LDPU [Islam KARIMOV] ++ National Revival Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Milliy Tiklanish Demokratik Partiyasi) [Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV] ++ People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (Xalq Demokratik Partiyas) or NDP [Hotamjon KETMONOV] (formerly Communist Party)"
"text": "Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Ekologik Harakati) [Boriy ALIKHANOV] ++ Justice (Adolat) Social Democratic Party of Uzbekistan [Narimon UMAROV] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Liberal-Demokratik Partiyasi) or LDPU [Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV] ++ National Revival Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Milliy Tiklanish Demokratik Partiyasi) [Sarvar OTAMURATOV] ++ People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (Xalq Demokratik Partiyas) or NDP [Hotamjon KETMONOV] (formerly Communist Party)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "no significant opposition political parties or pressure groups in Uzbekistan"
@ -487,55 +493,55 @@
"text": "Uzbekistan is a landlocked country with more than 60% of the population living in densely populated rural communities. Since its independence in September 1991, the government maintained its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. Despite ongoing efforts to diversify crops, Uzbekistani agriculture remains largely centered on cotton; Uzbekistan is the world's fifth largest cotton exporter and sixth largest producer. Uzbekistan's growth has been driven primarily by state-led investments, and export of natural gas, gold, and cotton provides a significant share of foreign exchange earnings. In 2015, Russia’s Gazprom announced it would reduce its natural gas imports from Uzbekistan but Tashkent continues to export natural gas to China and Chinese investments in the country have substantially increased. ++ ++ While aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government continues to intervene in the business sector and has not addressed the impediments to foreign investment in the country. In the past, Uzbekistani authorities have accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbekistani laws and have frozen and seized their assets. At the same time, the Uzbekistani Government has actively courted several major US and international corporations, offering financing and tax advantages. ++ ++ In 2003, the government accepted Article VIII obligations under the IMF, providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that have further stifled economic activity. Recently, lower global commodity prices and economic slowdown in neighboring Russia and China have been hurting Uzbekistan's trade and investment and worsening its problem of currency shortage."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$187.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $174 billion (2014 est.) ++ $161 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$202.3 billion (2016 est.) ++ $190.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $176.7 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$65.68 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$66.8 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "8% (2015 est.) ++ 8.1% (2014 est.) ++ 8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6% (2016 est.) ++ 8% (2015 est.) ++ 8.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$6,100 (2015 est.) ++ $5,700 (2014 est.) ++ $5,300 (2013 est.)",
"text": "$6,500 (2016 est.) ++ $6,200 (2015 est.) ++ $5,800 (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "27.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 27.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "30.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 31% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 31.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "56.4%"
"text": "55.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.5%"
"text": "17.2%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "24%"
"text": "24.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "3.5%"
"text": "3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "28.7%"
"text": "28.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-29.1% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-28.5% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "19.2%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "33.6%"
"text": "33.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "47.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "46.8% (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -545,10 +551,10 @@
"text": "textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "17.54 million (2015 est.)"
"text": "17.8 million (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -562,7 +568,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5% (2015 est.) ++ 4.9% (2014 est.)",
"text": "4.9% (2016 est.) ++ 5% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official data; another 20% are underemployed"
}
@ -583,17 +589,17 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$21.17 billion"
"text": "$21.09 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$20.9 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$21.23 billion (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "32.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "31.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "8.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 7.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
@ -602,7 +608,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "10% (2015 est.) ++ 11% (2014 est.)",
"text": "11.5% (2016 est.) ++ 10% (2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official data; based on independent analysis of consumer prices, inflation reached 22% in 2012"
}
@ -611,22 +617,22 @@
"text": "12.44% (31 December 2013 est.) ++ 11.2% (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$7.162 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.272 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.52 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $7.162 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$16.56 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$18.15 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $16.26 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$11.78 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$12.09 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $11.78 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA (31 December 2012) ++ $715.3 million (31 December 2006)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$7 million (2015 est.) ++ $454 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "$64 million (2016 est.) ++ $93 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$11.35 billion (2015 est.) ++ $12.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$11.11 billion (2016 est.) ++ $11.35 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "energy products, cotton, gold, mineral fertilizers, ferrous and nonferrous metals, textiles, foodstuffs, machinery, automobiles"
@ -635,7 +641,7 @@
"text": "Switzerland 25.8%, China 17.6%, Kazakhstan 14.2%, Turkey 9.9%, Russia 8.4%, Bangladesh 6.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$11.81 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.74 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$11.61 billion (2016 est.) ++ $11.81 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous and nonferrous metals"
@ -644,10 +650,10 @@
"text": "China 20.8%, Russia 20.8%, South Korea 12%, Kazakhstan 10.8%, Turkey 4.6%, Germany 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$15 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$14.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $15 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$13.92 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13.39 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "$15.75 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $13.92 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA"
@ -656,15 +662,10 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - ++ 2,569.6 (2015 est.) ++ 2,311.4 (2014 est.) ++ 2,311.4 (2013 est.) ++ 1,890.1 (2012 est.) ++ 1,715.8 (2011 est.)"
"text": "Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - ++ 2,963.7 (2016 est.) ++ 2,569.6 (2015 est.) ++ 2,569.6 (2014 est.) ++ 2,311.4 (2013 est.) ++ 1,890.1 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "53 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -757,14 +758,14 @@
"text": "digital exchanges in large cities and in rural areas"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbektelecom, owner of the fixed-line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchanges; mobile-cellular services are provided by 3 private and 1 state-owned operator with a total subscriber base of 22 million as of mid 2015"
"text": "the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbektelecom, owner of the fixed-line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchange"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; the country also has a link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; Uzbekistan has supported the national fiber- optic backbone project of Afghanistan since 2008 (2015)"
"text": "country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; the country also has a link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "government controls media; 14 state-owned broadcasters - 10 TV and 4 radio - provide service to virtually the entire country; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast to local markets; privately owned TV stations are required to lease transmitters from the government-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation; in 2013, the government closed TV and radio broadcasters affiliated with the National Association of Electronic Mass Media of Uzbekistan, a government-sponsored NGO for private broadcast media"
"text": "government controls media; 14 state-owned broadcasters - 10 TV and 4 radio - provide service to virtually the entire country; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast to local markets; privately owned TV stations are re"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".uz"
@ -863,10 +864,10 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Uzbek Armed Forces: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)"
"text": "Armed Forces: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces (2016)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service; 1-month or 1-year conscript service obligation for males; moving toward a professional military, but conscription in some form will continue; the military cannot accommodate everyone who wishes to enlist, and competition for entrance into the military is similar to the competition for admission to universities (2013)"
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service; 1-month or 1-year conscript service obligation for males; moving toward a professional military, but conscription in some form will continue; the military cannot accommodate everyone who wishes to enlist, and competition for entrance into the military is similar to the competition for admission to universities; note - widely considered to have one of the strongest militaries in Central Asia, although it is untested (2016)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {