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Gerald Bauer
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africa/ly.json
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africa/ly.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations. ++ Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government. Libya in 2012 formed a new parliament and elected a new prime minister. The country subsequently elected the House of Representatives in 2014, but remnants of the outgoing legislature refused to leave office and created a rival, Islamist-led government, the General National Congress. In October 2015, UN envoy to Libya, Bernardino LEON, proposed a power-sharing arrangement - known as the Libyan Political Agreement, which was signed by the rival governments two months later and subsequently endorsed by the UN. The agreement called for the formation of an interim Government of National Accord or GNA and the holding of general elections within two years. "
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"text": "The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations. ++ Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government. Libya in 2012 formed a new parliament and elected a new prime minister. The country subsequently elected the House of Representatives in 2014, but remnants of the outgoing legislature refused to leave office and created a rival, Islamist-led government, the General National Congress. In October 2015, UN envoy to Libya, Bernardino LEON, proposed a power-sharing arrangement - known as the Libyan Political Agreement, which was signed by the rival governments two months later and subsequently endorsed by the UN. The agreement called for the formation of an interim Government of National Accord or GNA and the holding of general elections within two years. However, as of December 2016, the GNA had not secured House approval and several elements of the Libyan Political Agreement remained stalled, resulting in rival governments continuing to operate independently."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -81,6 +81,9 @@
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "4,700 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Population - distribution": {
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"text": "well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between the western city of Az Zawiyah (just west of Tripoli) and the eastern city of Darnah; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms"
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},
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@ -183,6 +186,9 @@
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "3.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between the western city of Az Zawiyah (just west of Tripoli) and the eastern city of Darnah; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "78.6% of total population (2015)"
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@ -356,7 +362,7 @@
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"text": "Liberation Day, 23 October (2011)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "previous 1951, 1977; latest 2011 (interim); note - the Constitution Drafting Assembly continued drafting a new constitution as of early 2016 (2016)"
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"text": "previous 1951, 1977; latest 2011 (interim); note - the Constitution Drafting Assembly continued drafting a new constitution as of late 2016 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "Libya's post-revolution legal system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities"
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@ -386,7 +392,7 @@
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"text": "Chairman, Presidential Council, Fayiz al-SARAJ (since December 2015)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Fayiz al-SARAJ (since April 2016)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Fayiz al-SARAJ (since December 2015)"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "new cabinet awaiting approval by the House of Representatives"
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@ -403,7 +409,7 @@
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"text": "unicameral Council of Deputies or Majlis Al Nuwab (200 seats including 32 reserved for women; members elected by direct popular vote; member term NA)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "election last held in June 2014; note - the Libyan Supreme Court in November 2014 declared the House election unconstitutional, but the Council rejected the ruling; no country has officially recognized the rival government"
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"text": "election last held in June 2014; note - the Libyan Supreme Court in November 2014 declared the House election unconstitutional, but the Council rejected the ruling"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 200; note - not all 200 seats were filled in the June election because of boycotts and lack of security at some polling stations; some elected members of the Council also boycotted the election"
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@ -415,10 +421,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Al-Watan (Homeland) Party ++ Justice and Construction Party or JCP [Mohamed SOWAN] ++ National Forces Alliance or NFA [Mahmoud JIBRIL] (includes many political organizations, NGOs, and independents) ++ National Front (initially the National Front for the Salvation of Libya, formed in 1981 as a diaspora opposition group) ++ Union for the Homeland [Abd al-Rahman al-SUWAYHILI]",
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"note": {
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"text": "partial list of the larger political parties and leaders"
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}
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"text": "NA ++ "
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
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"text": "NA"
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@ -431,7 +434,7 @@
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"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Wafa M.T. BUGHAIGHIS (since 5 December 2014)"
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},
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"chancery": {
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"text": "2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20037"
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"text": "2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20037"
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},
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"telephone": {
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"text": "[1] (202) 944-9601"
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@ -480,44 +483,44 @@
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"text": "Libya's economy, almost entirely dependent on oil and gas exports, struggled during 2015 as the country plunged into civil war and world oil prices dropped to seven-year lows. In early 2015, armed conflict between rival forces for control of the country’s largest oil terminals caused a decline in Libyan crude oil production, which never recovered to more than one-third of the average pre-Revolution highs of 1.6 million barrels per day. The Central Bank of Libya continued to pay government salaries to a majority of the Libyan workforce and to fund subsidies for fuel and food, resulting in an estimated budget deficit of about 49% of GDP. ++ ++ Libya’s economic transition away from QADHAFI’s notionally socialist model has completely stalled as political chaos persists and security continues to deteriorate. Libya’s leaders have hindered economic development by failing to use its financial resources to invest in national infrastructure. The country suffers from widespread power outages in its largest cities, caused by shortages of fuel for power generation. Living conditions, including access to clean drinking water, medical services, and safe housing, have all declined as the civil war has caused more people to become internally displaced, further straining local resources. ++ ++ Extremists affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) attacked Libyan oilfields in the first half of 2015; ISIL has a presence in many cities across Libya including near oil infrastructure, threatening future government revenues from oil and gas."
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},
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"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"text": "$92.61 billion (2015 est.) ++ $98.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $130.2 billion (2013 est.)",
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"text": "$90.89 billion (2016 est.) ++ $94.01 billion (2015 est.) ++ $100.4 billion (2014 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
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}
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},
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"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
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"text": "$38.3 billion (2015 est.)"
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"text": "$39.39 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - real growth rate": {
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"text": "-6.4% (2015 est.) ++ -24% (2014 est.) ++ -13.6% (2013 est.)"
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"text": "-3.3% (2016 est.) ++ -6.4% (2015 est.) ++ -24% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
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"text": "$14,600 (2015 est.) ++ $15,800 (2014 est.) ++ $20,800 (2013 est.)",
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"text": "$14,200 (2016 est.) ++ $14,900 (2015 est.) ++ $16,000 (2014 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
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}
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},
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"Gross national saving": {
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"text": "-17.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ -34% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 5.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
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"text": "-17.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ -34% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 5.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - composition, by end use": {
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"household consumption": {
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"text": "86.8%"
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"text": "84.3%"
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},
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"government consumption": {
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"text": "21.7%"
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},
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"investment in fixed capital": {
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"text": "4%"
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"text": "3.4%"
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},
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"investment in inventories": {
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"text": "1%"
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"text": "1.4%"
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},
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"exports of goods and services": {
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"text": "32.7%"
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"text": "32.3%"
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},
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"imports of goods and services": {
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"text": "-46.2% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-43.1% (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
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"text": "1.9%"
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},
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"industry": {
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"text": "43.1%"
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"text": "43.2%"
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},
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"services": {
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"text": "54.9% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "54.9% (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Agriculture - products": {
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@ -538,10 +541,10 @@
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"text": "petroleum, petrochemicals, aluminum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement"
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},
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"Industrial production growth rate": {
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"text": "-13% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-6.7% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Labor force": {
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"text": "1.193 million (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.153 million (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Labor force - by occupation": {
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"agriculture": {
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},
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"Budget": {
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"revenues": {
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"text": "$9.058 billion"
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"text": "$5.792 billion"
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},
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"expenditures": {
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"text": "$21.02 billion (2015 est.)"
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"text": "$13.71 billion (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Taxes and other revenues": {
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"text": "23.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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"text": "14.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
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"text": "-31.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-20.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Public debt": {
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"text": "8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 7.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
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"text": "10% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Fiscal year": {
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"text": "calendar year"
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},
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"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
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"text": "12.1% (2015 est.) ++ 8.7% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "13% (2016 est.) ++ 12.1% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Central bank discount rate": {
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"text": "9.52% (31 December 2010) ++ 3% (31 December 2009)"
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},
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"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
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"text": "6% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "6% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 6% (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of narrow money": {
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"text": "$51.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $48.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$46.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $51.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of broad money": {
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"text": "$54.66 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $53.34 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of domestic credit": {
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"text": "$767.3 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $-16.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$554.6 million (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $767.3 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
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"text": "$NA"
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},
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"Current account balance": {
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"text": "-$16.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$12.36 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "-$18.66 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$16.7 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports": {
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"text": "$10.86 billion (2015 est.) ++ $13.81 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$10.65 billion (2016 est.) ++ $10.86 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports - commodities": {
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"text": "crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas, chemicals"
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"text": "Italy 32.1%, Germany 11.3%, China 8%, France 8%, Spain 5.6%, Netherlands 5.4%, Syria 5.3% (2015)"
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},
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"Imports": {
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"text": "$11.24 billion (2015 est.) ++ $20.43 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$9.551 billion (2016 est.) ++ $11.24 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Imports - commodities": {
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"text": "machinery, semi-finished goods, food, transport equipment, consumer products"
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"text": "China 14.8%, Italy 12.9%, Turkey 11.1%, Tunisia 6.5%, France 6.1%, Spain 4.6%, Syria 4.5%, Egypt 4.4%, South Korea 4.3% (2015)"
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},
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"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
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"text": "$70.99 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $89.25 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$55.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $70.99 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Debt - external": {
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"text": "$3.985 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.244 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$3.531 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.985 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
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"text": "$18.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.66 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$18.96 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $18.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
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"text": "$21.59 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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"text": "$22.19 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $21.59 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exchange rates": {
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"text": "Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - ++ 1.379 (2015 est.) ++ 1.2724 (2014 est.) ++ 1.2724 (2013 est.) ++ 1.26 (2012 est.) ++ 1.224 (2011 est.)"
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"text": "Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - ++ 1.69 (2016 est.) ++ 1.379 (2015 est.) ++ 1.379 (2014 est.) ++ 1.2724 (2013 est.) ++ 1.26 (2012 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Energy": {
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"Electricity access": {
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"population without electricity": {
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"text": "13,083"
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},
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"electrification - total population": {
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"text": "99.8%"
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},
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"electrification - urban areas": {
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"text": "100%"
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},
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"electrification - rural areas": {
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"text": "99.1% (2013)"
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}
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},
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"Electricity - production": {
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"text": "35 billion kWh",
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"note": {
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military branches": {
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"text": "note - in transition; government has affiliated Army, Air Force, and Navy forces (2015)"
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"text": "note - in transition; government has affiliated Army, Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard forces (2016)"
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},
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"Military service age and obligation": {
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"text": "18 years of age for mandatory or voluntary service (2012)"
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