feat: enhance SurfSense with new skills, blog section, and improve SEO metadata
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- Added multiple new skills to skills-lock.json from the repository `aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills`.
- Introduced `fuzzy-search` dependency in package.json for improved search functionality.
- Updated pnpm-lock.yaml to include the new `fuzzy-search` package.
- Enhanced SEO metadata across various pages, including canonical links and descriptions for better search visibility.
- Improved layout and structure of several components, including the homepage and changelog, to enhance user experience.
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---
name: keyword-research
description: 'Find high-value SEO keywords: search volume, difficulty, intent classification, topic clusters. 关键词研究/内容选题'
version: "6.0.0"
license: Apache-2.0
compatibility: "Claude Code ≥1.0, skills.sh marketplace, ClawHub marketplace, Vercel Labs skills ecosystem. No system packages required. Optional: MCP network access for SEO tool integrations."
homepage: "https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills"
when_to_use: "Use when starting keyword research for a new page, topic, or campaign. Also when the user asks about search volume, keyword difficulty, topic clusters, long-tail keywords, or what to write about."
argument-hint: "<topic or seed keyword> [market/language]"
metadata:
author: aaron-he-zhu
version: "6.0.0"
geo-relevance: "medium"
tags:
- seo
- geo
- keywords
- keyword-research
- search-volume
- keyword-difficulty
- topic-clusters
- long-tail-keywords
- search-intent
- content-calendar
- ahrefs
- semrush
- google-keyword-planner
- 关键词研究
- SEO关键词
- キーワード調査
- 키워드분석
- palabras-clave
triggers:
# EN-formal
- "keyword research"
- "find keywords"
- "keyword analysis"
- "keyword discovery"
- "search volume analysis"
- "keyword difficulty"
- "topic research"
- "identify ranking opportunities"
# EN-casual
- "what should I write about"
- "what are people searching for"
- "what are people googling"
- "find me topics to write"
- "give me keyword ideas"
- "which keywords should I target"
- "why is my traffic low"
- "I need content ideas"
# EN-question
- "how do I find good keywords"
- "what keywords should I target"
- "how competitive is this keyword"
# EN-competitor
- "Ahrefs keyword explorer alternative"
- "Semrush keyword magic tool"
- "Google Keyword Planner alternative"
- "Ubersuggest alternative"
# ZH-pro
- "关键词研究"
- "关键词分析"
- "搜索量查询"
- "关键词难度"
- "SEO关键词"
- "长尾关键词"
- "词库整理"
- "关键词布局"
- "关键词挖掘"
# ZH-casual
- "写什么内容好"
- "找选题"
- "帮我挖词"
- "不知道写什么"
- "查关键词"
- "选词"
- "帮我找词"
# JA
- "キーワード調査"
- "キーワードリサーチ"
- "SEOキーワード分析"
- "検索ボリューム"
- "ロングテールキーワード"
- "検索意図分析"
# KO
- "키워드 리서치"
- "키워드 분석"
- "검색량 분석"
- "키워드 어떻게 찾아요?"
- "검색어 분석"
- "경쟁도 낮은 키워드는?"
# ES
- "investigación de palabras clave"
- "análisis de palabras clave"
- "volumen de búsqueda"
- "posicionamiento web"
- "cómo encontrar palabras clave"
# PT
- "pesquisa de palavras-chave"
# Misspellings
- "keywrod research"
- "keywork research"
---
# Keyword Research
> **[SEO & GEO Skills Library](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills)** · 20 skills for SEO + GEO · [ClawHub](https://clawhub.ai/u/aaron-he-zhu) · [skills.sh](https://skills.sh/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills)
> **System Mode**: This research skill follows the shared [Skill Contract](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/references/skill-contract.md) and [State Model](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/references/state-model.md).
Discovers, analyzes, and prioritizes keywords for SEO and GEO content strategies. Identifies high-value opportunities based on search volume, competition, intent, and business relevance.
**System role**: Research layer skill. It turns market signals into reusable strategic inputs for the rest of the library.
## When This Must Trigger
Use this when the conversation involves any of these situations — even if the user does not use SEO terminology:
Use this whenever the task needs reusable market intelligence that should influence strategy, not just an ad hoc answer.
- Starting a new content strategy or campaign
- Expanding into new topics or markets
- Finding keywords for a specific product or service
- Identifying long-tail keyword opportunities
- Understanding search intent for your industry
- Planning content calendars
- Researching keywords for GEO optimization
## What This Skill Does
1. **Keyword Discovery**: Generates comprehensive keyword lists from seed terms
2. **Intent Classification**: Categorizes keywords by user intent (informational, navigational, commercial, transactional)
3. **Difficulty Assessment**: Evaluates competition level and ranking difficulty
4. **Opportunity Scoring**: Prioritizes keywords by potential ROI
5. **Clustering**: Groups related keywords into topic clusters
6. **GEO Relevance**: Identifies keywords likely to trigger AI responses
## Quick Start
Start with one of these prompts. Finish with a short handoff summary using the repository format in [Skill Contract](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/references/skill-contract.md).
### Basic Keyword Research
```
Research keywords for [topic/product/service]
```
```
Find keyword opportunities for a [industry] business targeting [audience]
```
### With Specific Goals
```
Find low-competition keywords for [topic] with commercial intent
```
```
Identify question-based keywords for [topic] that AI systems might answer
```
### Competitive Research
```
What keywords is [competitor URL] ranking for that I should target?
```
## Skill Contract
**Expected output**: a prioritized research brief, evidence-backed findings, and a short handoff summary ready for `memory/research/`.
- **Reads**: user goals, target market inputs, available tool data, and prior strategy from [CLAUDE.md](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/CLAUDE.md) and the shared [State Model](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/references/state-model.md) when available.
- **Writes**: a user-facing research deliverable plus a reusable summary that can be stored under `memory/research/`.
- **Promotes**: durable keyword priorities, competitor facts, entity candidates, and strategic decisions to `CLAUDE.md`, `memory/decisions.md`, and `memory/research/`; hand canonical entity work to `entity-optimizer`.
- **Next handoff**: use the `Next Best Skill` below when the findings are ready to drive action.
## Data Sources
> **Note:** All integrations are optional. This skill works without any API keys — users provide data manually when no tools are connected.
> See [CONNECTORS.md](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/CONNECTORS.md) for tool category placeholders.
**With ~~SEO tool + ~~search console connected:**
Automatically pull historical search volume data, keyword difficulty scores, SERP analysis, current rankings from ~~search console, and competitor keyword overlap. The skill will fetch seed keyword metrics, related keyword suggestions, and search trend data.
**With manual data only:**
Ask the user to provide:
1. Seed keywords or topic description
2. Target audience and geographic location
3. Business goals (traffic, leads, sales)
4. Current domain authority (if known) or site age
5. Any known keyword performance data or search volume estimates
Proceed with the full analysis using provided data. Note in the output which metrics are from automated collection vs. user-provided data.
## Instructions
When a user requests keyword research:
At the start of each phase, announce: **[Phase X/8: Name]** so the user can track progress.
### Phase 1/8: Scope
Ask clarifying questions if not provided:
- What is your product/service/topic?
- Who is your target audience?
- What is your business goal? (traffic, leads, sales)
- What is your current domain authority? (new site, established, etc.)
- Any specific geographic targeting?
- Preferred language?
### Phase 2/8: Discover
Start with:
- Core product/service terms
- Problem-focused keywords (what issues do you solve?)
- Solution-focused keywords (how do you help?)
- Audience-specific terms
- Industry terminology
### Phase 3/8: Variations
For each seed keyword, generate variations:
```markdown
## Keyword Expansion Patterns
### Modifiers
- Best [keyword]
- Top [keyword]
- [keyword] for [audience]
- [keyword] near me
- [keyword] [year]
- How to [keyword]
- What is [keyword]
- [keyword] vs [alternative]
- [keyword] examples
- [keyword] tools
### Long-tail Variations
- [keyword] for beginners
- [keyword] for small business
- Free [keyword]
- [keyword] software/tool/service
- [keyword] template
- [keyword] checklist
- [keyword] guide
```
### Phase 4/8: Classify
Categorize each keyword:
| Intent | Signals | Example | Content Type |
|--------|---------|---------|--------------|
| Informational | what, how, why, guide, learn | "what is SEO" | Blog posts, guides |
| Navigational | brand names, specific sites | "google analytics login" | Homepage, product pages |
| Commercial | best, review, vs, compare | "best SEO tools [current year]" | Comparison posts, reviews |
| Transactional | buy, price, discount, order | "buy SEO software" | Product pages, pricing |
### Phase 5/8: Score
Score each keyword (1-100 scale):
```markdown
### Difficulty Factors
**High Difficulty (70-100)**
- Major brands ranking
- High domain authority competitors
- Established content (1000+ backlinks)
- Paid ads dominating SERP
**Medium Difficulty (40-69)**
- Mix of authority and niche sites
- Some opportunities for quality content
- Moderate backlink requirements
**Low Difficulty (1-39)**
- Few authoritative competitors
- Thin or outdated content ranking
- Long-tail variations
- New or emerging topics
```
#### Opportunity Score
Formula: `Opportunity = (Volume × Intent Value) / Difficulty`
**Intent Value** assigns a numeric weight by search intent:
- Informational = 1
- Navigational = 1
- Commercial = 2
- Transactional = 3
```markdown
### Opportunity Matrix
| Scenario | Volume | Difficulty | Intent | Priority |
|----------|--------|------------|--------|----------|
| Quick Win | Low-Med | Low | High | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Growth | High | Medium | High | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Long-term | High | High | High | ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Research | Low | Low | Low | ⭐⭐ |
```
### Phase 6/8: GEO-Check — AI Answer Overlap
Keywords likely to trigger AI responses:
```markdown
### GEO-Relevant Keywords
**High GEO Potential**
- Question formats: "What is...", "How does...", "Why is..."
- Definition queries: "[term] meaning", "[term] definition"
- Comparison queries: "[A] vs [B]", "difference between..."
- List queries: "best [category]", "top [number] [items]"
- How-to queries: "how to [action]", "steps to [goal]"
**AI Answer Indicators**
- Query is factual/definitional
- Answer can be summarized concisely
- Topic is well-documented online
- Low commercial intent
```
### Phase 7/8: Cluster
Group keywords into content clusters:
```markdown
## Topic Cluster: [Main Topic]
**Pillar Content**: [Primary keyword]
- Search volume: [X]
- Difficulty: [X]
- Content type: Comprehensive guide
**Cluster Content**:
### Sub-topic 1: [Secondary keyword]
- Volume: [X]
- Difficulty: [X]
- Links to: Pillar
- Content type: [Blog post/Tutorial/etc.]
### Sub-topic 2: [Secondary keyword]
- Volume: [X]
- Difficulty: [X]
- Links to: Pillar + Sub-topic 1
- Content type: [Blog post/Tutorial/etc.]
[Continue for all cluster keywords...]
```
### Phase 8/8: Deliver
Produce a report containing: Executive Summary, Top Keyword Opportunities (Quick Wins, Growth, GEO), Topic Clusters, Content Calendar, and Next Steps.
**Quality bar** — every recommendation must include at least one specific number. If it reads like the left column, rewrite it before including.
| ❌ Generic (rewrite before including) | ✅ Actionable |
|---|---|
| "Target long-tail keywords for better results" | "Target 'project management for nonprofits' (vol: 320, KD: 22) — no DR>40 sites in top 10" |
| "This keyword has good potential" | "Opportunity 8.4: vol 4,800, KD 28, transactional intent — gap analysis shows no content updated since 2023 in top 5" |
| "Consider creating content around this topic" | "Write '[Tool A] vs [Tool B] for small teams' — 1,200/mo searches, current #1 is a 2022 article with 12 backlinks" |
| "Optimize your page for this keyword" | "Add primary keyword to H1 (currently missing), write a 40-word direct answer in paragraph 1, add 3 internal links from your /blog/ cluster" |
> **Reference**: See [references/example-report.md](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/research/keyword-research/references/example-report.md) for the full report template and example.
## Validation Checkpoints
### Input Validation
- [ ] Seed keywords or topic description clearly provided
- [ ] Target audience and business goals specified
- [ ] Geographic and language targeting confirmed
- [ ] Domain authority or site maturity level established
### Output Validation
- [ ] Every recommendation cites specific data points (not generic advice)
- [ ] Search volume and difficulty scores included for each keyword
- [ ] Keywords grouped by intent and mapped to content types
- [ ] Topic clusters show clear pillar-to-cluster relationships
- [ ] Source of each data point clearly stated (~~SEO tool data, user-provided, or estimated)
## Example
> **Reference**: See [references/example-report.md](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/research/keyword-research/references/example-report.md) for a complete example report for "project management software for small businesses".
### Advanced Usage
- **Intent Mapping**: `Map all keywords for [topic] by search intent and funnel stage`
- **Seasonal Analysis**: `Identify seasonal keyword trends for [industry]`
- **Competitor Gap**: `What keywords do [competitor 1], [competitor 2] rank for that I'm missing?`
- **Local Keywords**: `Research local keywords for [business type] in [city/region]`
## Tips for Success
1. **Start with seed keywords** that describe your core offering
2. **Don't ignore long-tail** - they often have highest conversion rates
3. **Match content to intent** - informational queries need guides, not sales pages
4. **Group into clusters** for topical authority
5. **Prioritize quick wins** to build momentum and credibility
6. **Include GEO keywords** in your strategy for AI visibility
7. **Review quarterly** - keyword dynamics change over time
### Save Results
After delivering findings to the user, ask:
> "Save these results for future sessions?"
If yes, write a dated summary to `memory/research/keyword-research/YYYY-MM-DD-<topic>.md` containing:
- One-line headline finding
- Top 3-5 actionable items
- Open loops or blockers
- Source data references
If any findings should influence ongoing strategy, recommend promoting key conclusions to `memory/hot-cache.md`.
## Reference Materials
- [Keyword Intent Taxonomy](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/research/keyword-research/references/keyword-intent-taxonomy.md) — Complete intent classification with signal words and content strategies
- [Topic Cluster Templates](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/research/keyword-research/references/topic-cluster-templates.md) — Hub-and-spoke architecture templates for pillar and cluster content
- [Keyword Prioritization Framework](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/research/keyword-research/references/keyword-prioritization-framework.md) — Priority scoring matrix, categories, and seasonal keyword patterns
- [Example Report](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/research/keyword-research/references/example-report.md) — Complete example keyword research report for project management software
## Next Best Skill
- **Primary**: [competitor-analysis](https://github.com/aaron-he-zhu/seo-geo-claude-skills/blob/main/research/competitor-analysis/SKILL.md) — turn keyword opportunities into a competitive benchmark.

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# Keyword Research — Example Report
This is a complete example output showing the expected format for keyword research deliverables.
## Prompt
**User**: "Research keywords for a project management software company targeting small businesses"
## Example Output
```markdown
# Keyword Research Report: Project Management Software
**Generated**: [current month and year]
**Target Audience**: Small business owners and teams
**Business Goal**: Software signups and trials
## Executive Summary
- Total keywords analyzed: 150+
- High-priority opportunities: 23
- Estimated traffic potential: 45,000/month
- Recommended focus areas:
- Task management workflows
- Team collaboration
- Small business productivity
## Top Keyword Opportunities
### Quick Wins (Priority: Immediate)
| Keyword | Volume | Difficulty | Intent | Score |
|---------|--------|------------|--------|-------|
| project management for small teams | 1,200 | 28 | Commercial | 92 |
| simple task management software | 890 | 25 | Commercial | 89 |
| best free project management tool | 2,400 | 35 | Commercial | 85 |
| how to manage remote team projects | 720 | 22 | Informational | 82 |
| project tracking spreadsheet alternative | 480 | 18 | Commercial | 80 |
### Growth Keywords (Priority: 3-6 months)
| Keyword | Volume | Difficulty | Intent | Score |
|---------|--------|------------|--------|-------|
| project management software | 18,000 | 72 | Commercial | 65 |
| best project management tools [current year] | 8,500 | 65 | Commercial | 62 |
| project management app | 12,000 | 68 | Commercial | 58 |
### GEO Opportunities (AI-citation potential)
| Keyword | Type | AI Potential | Recommended Format |
|---------|------|--------------|-------------------|
| what is project management | Definition | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | Clear definition + methodology |
| agile vs waterfall | Comparison | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | Side-by-side comparison table |
| project management methodologies | List | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | Comprehensive list with pros/cons |
| how to create a project plan | How-to | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | Step-by-step guide |
| project management best practices | List | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | Numbered best practices |
## Topic Clusters
### Cluster 1: Project Management Fundamentals
**Pillar**: "Complete Guide to Project Management" (8,500 volume)
Cluster articles:
1. What is project management? (2,200 volume)
2. Project management methodologies explained (1,800 volume)
3. How to create a project plan (1,400 volume)
4. Project management best practices (1,200 volume)
5. Project management roles and responsibilities (890 volume)
### Cluster 2: Team Collaboration
**Pillar**: "Team Collaboration Tools Guide" (4,200 volume)
Cluster articles:
1. How to improve team communication (1,600 volume)
2. Remote team management tips (1,400 volume)
3. Best practices for distributed teams (920 volume)
4. Team productivity tools comparison (780 volume)
## Content Calendar Recommendations
| Month | Content | Target Keyword | Type |
|-------|---------|----------------|------|
| Week 1 | Simple Task Management Guide | simple task management software | Blog + Demo |
| Week 2 | Project Management for Small Teams | project management for small teams | Pillar Page |
| Week 3 | Agile vs Waterfall: Complete Comparison | agile vs waterfall | Comparison |
| Week 4 | Free PM Tools Roundup | best free project management tool | Listicle |
## Next Steps
1. **Immediate**: Create landing pages for top 5 quick-win keywords
2. **Week 1-2**: Write pillar content for "Project Management Fundamentals"
3. **Week 3-4**: Build out cluster content with internal linking
4. **Ongoing**: Track rankings and adjust strategy based on performance
```

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# Keyword Intent Taxonomy
A comprehensive classification system for understanding search intent, mapping keywords to content strategies, and aligning with conversion funnels.
## Overview
Search intent (also called user intent or query intent) is the underlying goal a user has when typing a query into a search engine or AI system. Correctly classifying intent determines content format, tone, depth, and conversion strategy.
This taxonomy defines **4 primary intent types**, each with **3-4 sub-categories**, along with signal words, SERP feature correlations, and content format recommendations.
---
## Primary Intent Types
### 1. Informational Intent
The user wants to **learn something**. They are seeking knowledge, not a product.
#### Sub-categories
| Sub-category | Description | Example Queries |
|-------------|------------|----------------|
| **Educational** | Broad learning about a topic | "what is SEO", "content marketing explained", "how search engines work" |
| **Instructional** | Step-by-step guidance on completing a task | "how to set up Google Analytics", "how to write a meta description", "how to do keyword research" |
| **Exploratory** | Open-ended research to understand options | "types of SEO strategies", "content marketing trends", "link building techniques" |
| **Troubleshooting** | Diagnosing and fixing a problem | "why is my site not ranking", "Google indexing issues", "404 error fix" |
#### Signal Words and Modifiers
**Strong informational signals:**
- what, what is, what are, what does
- how, how to, how does, how do I
- why, why is, why does, why do
- when, when to, when should
- who, who is, who does
- where, where to, where can I
- guide, tutorial, learn, explain
- examples, tips, ideas, ways
- definition, meaning, difference between
- history of, basics of, introduction to
- pros and cons, advantages, disadvantages
- best practices, checklist, steps
**Weak informational signals (may overlap with commercial):**
- overview, comparison, review (can be commercial)
- list of, types of, methods
#### SERP Feature Correlation
| SERP Feature | Frequency for Informational | Notes |
|-------------|---------------------------|-------|
| Featured Snippet | Very High | Especially for "what is" and "how to" queries |
| People Also Ask | Very High | Almost always present for informational queries |
| Knowledge Panel | High | For entity-related informational queries |
| AI Overview | Very High | AI systems prioritize informational answers |
| Video Carousel | Medium-High | Especially for instructional queries |
| Image Pack | Medium | For visual/diagram-seeking queries |
| Shopping Results | Very Low | Rarely appears for pure informational |
#### Content Format Recommendations
| Sub-category | Best Formats | Target Length | Key Elements |
|-------------|-------------|--------------|-------------|
| Educational | Definitive guides, explainers, glossary entries | 1,500-3,000 words | Clear definitions, examples, visuals |
| Instructional | Step-by-step tutorials, how-to guides, video walkthroughs | 2,000-4,000 words | Numbered steps, screenshots, code samples |
| Exploratory | Listicles, roundups, trend reports, comparison tables | 2,000-3,500 words | Categories, pros/cons, use cases |
| Troubleshooting | FAQ pages, debug guides, knowledge base articles | 800-2,000 words | Problem-solution pairs, error codes, screenshots |
---
### 2. Navigational Intent
The user wants to **find a specific website, page, or resource**. They already know where they want to go.
#### Sub-categories
| Sub-category | Description | Example Queries |
|-------------|------------|----------------|
| **Brand Search** | Looking for a specific company or product | "Ahrefs", "HubSpot CRM", "Moz Pro" |
| **Product/Feature Search** | Looking for a specific feature or tool within a known brand | "Ahrefs keyword explorer", "Google Search Console coverage report" |
| **Login/Access** | Trying to access an account or dashboard | "Ahrefs login", "Google Analytics sign in", "SEMrush dashboard" |
| **Support/Docs** | Seeking help documentation for a known product | "Ahrefs API documentation", "Google Search Console help" |
#### Signal Words and Modifiers
**Strong navigational signals:**
- [brand name] (standalone)
- [brand name] login, sign in, sign up
- [brand name] pricing, plans
- [brand name] support, help, docs
- [brand name] [feature name]
- [brand name] download, app
- official, website, site
- [brand name] alternatives (borderline commercial)
#### SERP Feature Correlation
| SERP Feature | Frequency for Navigational | Notes |
|-------------|---------------------------|-------|
| Sitelinks | Very High | Brand queries almost always show sitelinks |
| Knowledge Panel | High | For established brands with Google entity |
| Featured Snippet | Low | Rarely for pure navigational |
| People Also Ask | Medium | Often brand-related questions |
| AI Overview | Low | AI usually defers to direct navigation |
#### Content Format Recommendations
| Sub-category | Best Formats | Key Elements |
|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| Brand Search | Homepage, about page, landing pages | Clear branding, value prop, navigation |
| Product/Feature Search | Product pages, feature pages | Feature details, CTAs, screenshots |
| Login/Access | Login page, getting started guide | Fast load, clear login form, password reset |
| Support/Docs | Knowledge base, documentation hub | Search functionality, categorized articles |
---
### 3. Commercial Investigation Intent
The user is **researching before making a purchase decision**. They are comparing options, reading reviews, and evaluating alternatives.
#### Sub-categories
| Sub-category | Description | Example Queries |
|-------------|------------|----------------|
| **Comparison** | Evaluating two or more specific options | "Ahrefs vs SEMrush", "WordPress vs Squarespace for SEO" |
| **Review-seeking** | Looking for opinions and evaluations | "Ahrefs review 2026", "best SEO tool reviews", "is Moz worth it" |
| **Best-of Research** | Seeking curated top options in a category | "best SEO tools", "top keyword research tools", "best free backlink checkers" |
| **Evaluation** | Assessing fit for a specific need | "SEO tools for small business", "enterprise SEO platform features", "SEO tool for agencies" |
#### Signal Words and Modifiers
**Strong commercial signals:**
- best, top, leading
- vs, versus, compared to, comparison
- review, reviews, rating, ratings
- alternative, alternatives to
- like [brand], similar to
- for [audience], for [use case]
- pros and cons (when about products)
- worth it, is [product] good
- features, capabilities, integrations
- pricing, cost, how much
- free vs paid, premium
**Seasonal/temporal commercial signals:**
- [product] [year] (e.g., "best SEO tools 2026")
- new, latest, updated
#### SERP Feature Correlation
| SERP Feature | Frequency for Commercial | Notes |
|-------------|------------------------|-------|
| People Also Ask | Very High | Comparison and evaluation questions |
| Featured Snippet | High | Especially for "best" and comparison queries |
| AI Overview | High | AI often synthesizes comparisons |
| Shopping Results | Medium | When products have direct purchase path |
| Video Carousel | Medium | Review and comparison videos |
| Ads (top) | Very High | Advertisers target commercial intent heavily |
#### Content Format Recommendations
| Sub-category | Best Formats | Target Length | Key Elements |
|-------------|-------------|--------------|-------------|
| Comparison | Side-by-side comparison pages, "X vs Y" articles | 2,500-4,000 words | Feature tables, pricing tables, verdict |
| Review-seeking | In-depth reviews, user testimonials, case studies | 2,000-3,500 words | Honest pros/cons, screenshots, scoring |
| Best-of Research | Ranked listicles, category roundups | 3,000-5,000 words | Criteria explanation, mini-reviews, comparison table |
| Evaluation | Buying guides, use-case guides, ROI calculators | 2,000-3,500 words | Decision criteria, audience segmentation, recommendations |
---
### 4. Transactional Intent
The user wants to **complete a specific action**, typically a purchase, signup, or download.
#### Sub-categories
| Sub-category | Description | Example Queries |
|-------------|------------|----------------|
| **Purchase** | Ready to buy a product or service | "buy Ahrefs subscription", "SEMrush pricing plans", "order SEO audit" |
| **Signup/Trial** | Ready to create an account or start a trial | "Ahrefs free trial", "sign up for Moz", "create Google Search Console account" |
| **Download** | Wants to download software, template, or resource | "download Screaming Frog", "SEO checklist PDF download", "free keyword template" |
| **Hire/Engage** | Ready to hire a professional or agency | "hire SEO consultant", "SEO agency near me", "freelance SEO expert" |
#### Signal Words and Modifiers
**Strong transactional signals:**
- buy, purchase, order, subscribe
- price, pricing, cost, discount, coupon, deal
- free trial, demo, signup, sign up, register
- download, install, get
- hire, book, schedule, request quote
- near me, in [location]
- cheap, affordable, budget
- premium, pro, enterprise
- [product] discount code, [product] coupon
#### SERP Feature Correlation
| SERP Feature | Frequency for Transactional | Notes |
|-------------|---------------------------|-------|
| Shopping Results | Very High | Dominant for product purchase queries |
| Ads (top + bottom) | Very High | Maximum ad coverage |
| Local Pack | High | For service-based transactional queries |
| Sitelinks | Medium | For brand-specific transactional |
| Featured Snippet | Low | Rarely for pure transactional |
| AI Overview | Low-Medium | Sometimes for pricing/comparison |
#### Content Format Recommendations
| Sub-category | Best Formats | Key Elements |
|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| Purchase | Product pages, pricing pages, checkout | Clear pricing, CTAs, trust signals, reviews |
| Signup/Trial | Landing pages, signup forms, onboarding | Minimal friction, benefits, social proof |
| Download | Resource landing pages, gated content | Preview, form, instant delivery |
| Hire/Engage | Service pages, contact forms, portfolios | Credentials, case studies, clear next step |
---
## Intent Mapping to Conversion Funnel
### Full Funnel Alignment
```
FUNNEL STAGE INTENT TYPE CONTENT GOAL
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Awareness → Informational Attract & educate
(Educational, Exploratory)
Interest → Informational Deepen engagement
(Instructional)
Consideration → Commercial Investigation Build preference
(Best-of, Comparison)
Evaluation → Commercial Investigation Overcome objections
(Review, Evaluation)
Decision → Transactional Convert
(Purchase, Signup, Hire)
Retention → Navigational Support & retain
(Support/Docs, Login)
Advocacy → Informational Enable sharing
(Educational — about you)
```
### Conversion Potential by Intent
| Intent Type | Avg. Conversion Rate | Typical CTA | Nurture Length |
|------------|---------------------|-------------|---------------|
| Informational | 0.5-2% | Newsletter signup, content download | Long (weeks-months) |
| Navigational | N/A (already engaged) | Login, access feature | N/A |
| Commercial Investigation | 2-5% | Free trial, demo request, comparison download | Medium (days-weeks) |
| Transactional | 5-15% | Buy now, subscribe, hire | Short (immediate-days) |
---
## Mixed Intent Queries
Many real-world queries blend multiple intent types. Recognize and address the dominant + secondary intent.
### Common Mixed Intent Patterns
| Query Pattern | Primary Intent | Secondary Intent | Content Strategy |
|--------------|---------------|-----------------|-----------------|
| "best [product] for [use case]" | Commercial | Informational | Buying guide with educational context |
| "how to [task] with [product]" | Instructional | Navigational | Tutorial featuring the product |
| "[product] review and pricing" | Commercial | Transactional | Review with clear pricing CTAs |
| "what is [concept] tools" | Informational | Commercial | Explainer that transitions to tool recommendations |
| "[product] free download" | Transactional | Navigational | Landing page with download + product info |
### Handling Mixed Intent in Content
1. **Lead with the primary intent** -- answer the dominant question first
2. **Bridge to the secondary intent** -- naturally transition to the secondary need
3. **Match SERP format** -- if SERPs show mixed results, your content should too
4. **Segment CTAs** -- provide different CTAs for different intent segments within the page
---
## SEO-Specific Keyword Intent Examples
### SEO Industry Keyword Classification
| Keyword | Intent | Sub-category | Recommended Content |
|---------|--------|-------------|-------------------|
| what is SEO | Informational | Educational | Definitive guide with visuals |
| how to do keyword research | Informational | Instructional | Step-by-step tutorial |
| best SEO tools 2026 | Commercial | Best-of Research | Ranked listicle with mini-reviews |
| Ahrefs vs SEMrush | Commercial | Comparison | Side-by-side feature comparison |
| buy Ahrefs subscription | Transactional | Purchase | Pricing/product page |
| Google Search Console login | Navigational | Login/Access | Login page or redirect |
| why is my site not indexing | Informational | Troubleshooting | Debug guide with solutions |
| SEO agency for ecommerce | Transactional | Hire/Engage | Service page with portfolio |
| is Moz worth it | Commercial | Review-seeking | Honest review with alternatives |
| SEO checklist template | Transactional | Download | Gated resource landing page |
| types of backlinks | Informational | Exploratory | Categorized explainer |
| SEMrush pricing | Commercial | Evaluation | Pricing breakdown page |
---
## Applying Intent Taxonomy in Keyword Research
### Step-by-Step Classification Process
1. **Read the query literally** -- what is the user asking for?
2. **Check for signal words** -- match against the signal word tables above
3. **Verify against SERP** -- what does Google actually show? The SERP is the ground truth
4. **Identify sub-category** -- narrow from primary intent to sub-category
5. **Check for mixed intent** -- does the query blend two types?
6. **Map to content format** -- select format based on intent + sub-category
7. **Assign funnel stage** -- determine where this fits in the buyer journey
8. **Set conversion expectation** -- align CTA and goals with intent type
### Common Classification Mistakes
| Mistake | Example | Why It's Wrong | Correct Classification |
|---------|---------|---------------|----------------------|
| Treating all "best" queries as informational | "best CRM software" | User is comparing products to buy | Commercial Investigation |
| Treating all questions as informational | "how much does Ahrefs cost" | User is evaluating a purchase | Commercial / Transactional |
| Ignoring local intent | "SEO services" | May have strong local intent in many contexts | Transactional (local) |
| Missing navigational intent | "HubSpot blog" | User wants a specific page | Navigational |
| Assuming single intent | "SEO tools" | Could be informational OR commercial | Mixed -- check SERP |

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# Keyword Prioritization Framework
Systematic scoring methodology for ranking keywords by strategic value.
## Relationship to Opportunity Score
**Which score to use**: Use the Priority Score (below) for initial keyword triage and shortlisting. Use the Opportunity Score (Step 6 in the main workflow) for final content calendar prioritization, where the additional GEO and competitive factors provide more nuanced ranking.
## Priority Scoring Matrix
Score each keyword 1-5 on these factors, then calculate weighted total:
| Factor | Weight | Score 1 (Low) | Score 5 (High) |
|--------|--------|---------------|----------------|
| Search Volume | 20% | <100/mo | >10,000/mo |
| Keyword Difficulty | 25% | KD >80 (hard) | KD <20 (easy) |
| Business Relevance | 30% | Tangential to offering | Core to offering |
| Search Intent Match | 15% | Informational only | Transactional/commercial |
| Trend Direction | 10% | Declining | Growing |
**Priority Score** = Σ(Factor Weight × Score) / 5
## Priority Categories
| Priority | Score Range | Action |
|----------|------------|--------|
| P0 — Must Target | 4.0-5.0 | Create content immediately |
| P1 — High Value | 3.0-3.9 | Queue for next content sprint |
| P2 — Opportunity | 2.0-2.9 | Plan for future content calendar |
| P3 — Monitor | 1.0-1.9 | Track but don't prioritize |
## Seasonal Keyword Patterns
### Seasonal Analysis Framework
| Season Trigger | Example Keywords | Planning Lead Time | Content Strategy |
|---------------|-----------------|-------------------|-----------------|
| Calendar events | "Black Friday SEO", "New Year marketing plan" | 3-4 months ahead | Publish 6-8 weeks before peak |
| Industry events | "[Conference] takeaways", "Google algorithm update" | 1-2 months / reactive | Pre-plan templates, react quickly |
| Budget cycles | "marketing budget template Q1", "SEO ROI report" | 2-3 months ahead | Target planning season (Oct-Dec) |
| Seasonal demand | "summer marketing ideas", "holiday email campaigns" | 2-3 months ahead | Refresh annually with new data |

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# Topic Cluster Templates
Planning worksheets, architecture patterns, and measurement frameworks for building topic clusters that establish topical authority and drive organic traffic.
## Overview
A topic cluster is a group of interlinked content pieces organized around a central pillar page. The pillar covers a broad topic comprehensively, while cluster pages dive deep into specific subtopics. Internal links bind the cluster together, signaling topical authority to search engines and AI systems.
---
## Topic Cluster Planning Worksheet
### Step 1: Define the Pillar Topic
Use this template to evaluate whether a topic deserves a full cluster:
| Field | Your Input |
|-------|-----------|
| **Pillar Topic** | [Broad topic name] |
| **Pillar Keyword** | [Head keyword, typically 1-3 words] |
| **Monthly Search Volume** | [Volume] |
| **Keyword Difficulty** | [KD score] |
| **Business Relevance** | [1-5 scale: how core is this to your product/service?] |
| **Current Ranking** | [Your current position, or "Not ranking"] |
| **Competitor Coverage** | [How many competitors have pillar content on this?] |
| **Estimated Cluster Size** | [How many subtopics can you identify?] |
| **Content Assets Available** | [Existing content you can repurpose or link] |
**Pillar viability checklist:**
- [ ] At least 8-12 subtopics can be identified
- [ ] Combined cluster keyword volume exceeds 5,000/month
- [ ] Topic is directly relevant to your product or service
- [ ] You can provide unique expertise or data on this topic
- [ ] Competitors have not yet built a dominant cluster
### Step 2: Map Cluster Subtopics
| # | Subtopic | Target Keyword | Volume | KD | Intent | Content Format | Status |
|---|---------|---------------|--------|-----|--------|---------------|--------|
| 1 | [Subtopic name] | [Long-tail keyword] | [Vol] | [KD] | [I/N/C/T] | [Guide/Tutorial/List/etc.] | [Idea/Draft/Published] |
| 2 | [Subtopic name] | [Long-tail keyword] | [Vol] | [KD] | [I/N/C/T] | [Guide/Tutorial/List/etc.] | [Idea/Draft/Published] |
| 3 | [Subtopic name] | [Long-tail keyword] | [Vol] | [KD] | [I/N/C/T] | [Guide/Tutorial/List/etc.] | [Idea/Draft/Published] |
| 4 | [Subtopic name] | [Long-tail keyword] | [Vol] | [KD] | [I/N/C/T] | [Guide/Tutorial/List/etc.] | [Idea/Draft/Published] |
| 5 | [Subtopic name] | [Long-tail keyword] | [Vol] | [KD] | [I/N/C/T] | [Guide/Tutorial/List/etc.] | [Idea/Draft/Published] |
| 6 | [Subtopic name] | [Long-tail keyword] | [Vol] | [KD] | [I/N/C/T] | [Guide/Tutorial/List/etc.] | [Idea/Draft/Published] |
| 7 | [Subtopic name] | [Long-tail keyword] | [Vol] | [KD] | [I/N/C/T] | [Guide/Tutorial/List/etc.] | [Idea/Draft/Published] |
| 8 | [Subtopic name] | [Long-tail keyword] | [Vol] | [KD] | [I/N/C/T] | [Guide/Tutorial/List/etc.] | [Idea/Draft/Published] |
### Step 3: Define Internal Linking Map
| Source Page | Links To | Anchor Text Strategy |
|------------|---------|---------------------|
| Pillar | Cluster 1, 2, 3... (all) | Descriptive, keyword-relevant anchors |
| Cluster 1 | Pillar + Cluster 2, 3 | Natural contextual links |
| Cluster 2 | Pillar + Cluster 1, 4 | Natural contextual links |
| Cluster 3 | Pillar + Cluster 1 | Natural contextual links |
**Linking rules:**
- Every cluster page MUST link to the pillar page
- The pillar page MUST link to every cluster page
- Cluster pages SHOULD link to 2-3 related cluster pages where contextually relevant
- Use descriptive anchor text (not "click here" or bare URLs)
- Link placement should be within body content, not just in a footer list
---
## Hub-and-Spoke Architecture Patterns
### Pattern 1: Classic Hub-Spoke (Best for Educational Topics)
```
┌──────────────────┐
┌────│ What is [Topic]? │
│ └──────────────────┘
│ ┌──────────────────┐
├────│ [Topic] Benefits │
│ └──────────────────┘
┌───────────────┐ │ ┌──────────────────┐
│ PILLAR: │───┼────│ [Topic] Examples │
│ Complete │ │ └──────────────────┘
│ Guide to │ │ ┌──────────────────┐
│ [Topic] │ ├────│ [Topic] Tools │
└───────────────┘ │ └──────────────────┘
│ ┌──────────────────┐
├────│ [Topic] Mistakes │
│ └──────────────────┘
│ ┌──────────────────┐
└────│ [Topic] Checklist │
└──────────────────┘
```
**Best for:** Broad educational topics where subtopics don't overlap much.
**Example:** "Content Marketing" pillar with spokes for strategy, types, examples, tools, metrics, mistakes.
### Pattern 2: Layered Cluster (Best for Technical Topics)
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
┌────│ BEGINNER CLUSTER │
│ │ - Getting Started │
│ │ - Basic Concepts │
│ │ - First Steps Tutorial │
│ └─────────────────────────────┘
┌──────────┐ │ ┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ PILLAR: │───┼────│ INTERMEDIATE CLUSTER │
│ Complete │ │ │ - Advanced Techniques │
│ Guide │ │ │ - Common Patterns │
└──────────┘ │ │ - Optimization Strategies │
│ └─────────────────────────────┘
│ ┌─────────────────────────────┐
└────│ ADVANCED CLUSTER │
│ - Expert Strategies │
│ - Edge Cases │
│ - Integration Guides │
└─────────────────────────────┘
```
**Best for:** Topics with clear skill progressions (programming, technical SEO, data analysis).
**Example:** "Technical SEO" pillar with beginner (crawling basics), intermediate (JavaScript rendering), advanced (log file analysis) layers.
### Pattern 3: Use-Case Cluster (Best for Product/Service Topics)
```
┌──────────────────────┐
┌────│ [Topic] for SMBs │
│ └──────────────────────┘
│ ┌──────────────────────┐
┌──────────┐ ├────│ [Topic] for Enterprise│
│ PILLAR: │───┤ └──────────────────────┘
│ [Topic] │ │ ┌──────────────────────┐
│ Guide │ ├────│ [Topic] for Agencies │
└──────────┘ │ └──────────────────────┘
│ ┌──────────────────────┐
├────│ [Topic] for Ecommerce │
│ └──────────────────────┘
│ ┌──────────────────────┐
└────│ [Topic] for SaaS │
└──────────────────────┘
```
**Best for:** Products/services with distinct audience segments.
**Example:** "SEO Strategy" pillar with spokes for different business types (ecommerce SEO, SaaS SEO, local SEO, B2B SEO).
### Pattern 4: Process Cluster (Best for How-To Topics)
```
┌──────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐
│ PILLAR: │────→│ Step 1: │────→│ Step 2: │────→│ Step 3: │────→│ Step 4: │
│ How to │ │ Research │ │ Plan │ │ Execute │ │ Measure │
│ [Process]│ └─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘
└──────────┘ │ │ │ │
┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐
│Sub-guide │ │Template │ │Tutorial │ │Dashboard │
│ 1a │ │ 2a │ │ 3a │ │ Guide │
└─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘
```
**Best for:** Multi-step processes where each step is complex enough for its own article.
**Example:** "Link Building" pillar with sequential steps (prospecting, outreach, content creation, tracking).
---
## Internal Linking Patterns Within Clusters
### Linking Density Guidelines
| Cluster Size | Min Links Per Cluster Page | Max Links Per Cluster Page | Pillar Link Density |
|-------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------|
| 5-8 pages | 2-3 internal links | 5-6 internal links | Link to every cluster page |
| 9-15 pages | 3-4 internal links | 6-8 internal links | Link to every cluster page |
| 16+ pages | 4-5 internal links | 8-10 internal links | Link to top cluster pages, categorize rest |
### Anchor Text Strategy
| Link Type | Anchor Text Approach | Example |
|-----------|---------------------|---------|
| Cluster → Pillar | Broad keyword or branded | "our complete guide to keyword research" |
| Pillar → Cluster | Specific keyword for that cluster page | "learn about long-tail keyword strategies" |
| Cluster → Cluster | Contextual, conversational | "this connects to how you assess keyword difficulty" |
### Linking Anti-Patterns to Avoid
| Anti-Pattern | Why It's Bad | Fix |
|-------------|-------------|-----|
| Footer-only links to cluster pages | Low link equity, poor UX | Move links into body content |
| Generic anchors ("click here", "read more") | No keyword signal | Use descriptive, keyword-relevant anchors |
| Orphan cluster pages (no inbound links) | Search engines can't discover/value them | Add contextual links from pillar and related clusters |
| Over-linking (20+ internal links per page) | Dilutes link equity, feels spammy | Keep to 5-10 relevant internal links |
| Linking only to pillar (ignoring sibling clusters) | Misses cross-cluster relevance | Link to 2-3 related sibling pages |
---
## Content Calendar Integration
### Cluster Build Sequence
The order you publish cluster content matters. Follow this sequence for maximum impact:
| Phase | What to Publish | Why This Order |
|-------|----------------|---------------|
| **Phase 1: Pillar** | Publish the pillar page first | Establishes the hub; cluster pages need something to link to |
| **Phase 2: Quick-win clusters** | Publish 3-4 lowest-difficulty cluster pages | Build early traffic and indexing momentum |
| **Phase 3: High-value clusters** | Publish highest-volume cluster pages | Leverage pillar authority for competitive terms |
| **Phase 4: Long-tail clusters** | Publish remaining niche subtopics | Fill coverage gaps, capture long-tail traffic |
| **Phase 5: Update cycle** | Refresh pillar with new links; update outdated clusters | Maintain freshness signals |
### Sample Content Calendar for One Cluster
| Week | Content Piece | Type | Target Keyword | Word Count | Dependencies |
|------|--------------|------|---------------|-----------|-------------|
| 1 | Complete Guide to [Pillar Topic] | Pillar | [Head keyword] | 3,500-5,000 | None |
| 2 | What is [Subtopic A]? | Cluster | [Long-tail A] | 1,500-2,000 | Pillar published |
| 3 | How to [Subtopic B] | Cluster | [Long-tail B] | 2,000-2,500 | Pillar published |
| 4 | [Subtopic C] vs [Subtopic D] | Cluster | [Long-tail C] | 2,000-2,500 | Pillar published |
| 5 | Best [Subtopic E] Tools | Cluster | [Long-tail E] | 2,500-3,000 | Pillar published |
| 6 | [Subtopic F] for Beginners | Cluster | [Long-tail F] | 1,500-2,000 | Pillar published |
| 7 | [Subtopic G] Checklist | Cluster | [Long-tail G] | 1,000-1,500 | Pillar published |
| 8 | Update Pillar + add all internal links | Update | -- | -- | All clusters published |
### Publishing Cadence Recommendations
| Team Size | Cluster Build Time | Recommended Cadence |
|-----------|-------------------|-------------------|
| Solo content creator | 6-8 weeks per cluster | 1 cluster per quarter |
| Small team (2-3 writers) | 3-4 weeks per cluster | 1 cluster per month |
| Content team (4-6 writers) | 2-3 weeks per cluster | 2 clusters per month |
| Large team (7+ writers) | 1-2 weeks per cluster | 1 cluster per week |
---
## Cluster Performance Measurement Framework
### Key Metrics by Level
#### Cluster-Level Metrics
| Metric | What It Measures | Target | How to Track |
|--------|-----------------|--------|-------------|
| Total cluster traffic | Aggregate organic visits to all pages in cluster | Growing month-over-month | Analytics: filter by URL folder/tag |
| Keyword coverage | Number of keywords cluster ranks for | 50+ keywords per mature cluster | SEO tool: filter by cluster URLs |
| Average position | Mean ranking across all cluster keywords | Improving trend toward top 10 | SEO tool: average position report |
| Internal link equity | PageRank flow within cluster | Pillar has highest internal links | Site audit tool: internal link report |
| Cluster completeness | Percentage of planned subtopics published | 100% within planned timeframe | Content calendar tracking |
#### Page-Level Metrics (Per Cluster Page)
| Metric | Pillar Target | Cluster Page Target |
|--------|-------------|-------------------|
| Organic traffic | Highest in cluster | Proportional to keyword volume |
| Keywords ranking | 50-200+ | 10-50 |
| Backlinks | Attracts most links | Some organic links |
| Avg. time on page | 4-8 minutes | 2-5 minutes |
| Bounce rate | <60% | <70% |
| Internal CTR | High clicks to cluster pages | Clicks to pillar + sibling pages |
### Performance Review Cadence
| Timeframe | What to Review | Action If Underperforming |
|-----------|---------------|--------------------------|
| 2 weeks post-publish | Indexing status, initial impressions | Fix indexing issues, check for crawl errors |
| 1 month post-publish | Early ranking signals, traffic | Optimize titles/metas, add internal links |
| 3 months post-publish | Ranking positions, traffic trends | Content refresh, add missing subtopics, build links |
| 6 months post-publish | Full performance assessment | Major content update or strategic pivot |
| Quarterly (ongoing) | Cluster-level aggregate trends | Identify declining pages, plan refreshes |
### Cluster Health Scorecard
Rate each cluster quarterly on these dimensions:
| Dimension | Score 1 (Poor) | Score 3 (Average) | Score 5 (Excellent) |
|-----------|---------------|-------------------|-------------------|
| Traffic growth | Declining | Flat | Growing 10%+ MoM |
| Keyword coverage | <20 keywords | 20-50 keywords | 50+ keywords |
| Top 10 rankings | 0 keywords in top 10 | 1-5 in top 10 | 5+ in top 10 |
| Content freshness | Not updated in 12+ months | Updated within 6 months | Updated within 3 months |
| Internal linking | Missing links, orphan pages | Basic linking in place | Full cross-linking with relevant anchors |
| Completeness | <50% of subtopics covered | 50-80% covered | 80-100% covered |
**Cluster Health Score** = Average of all dimension scores
| Score Range | Health Status | Action |
|------------|--------------|--------|
| 4.0-5.0 | Healthy | Maintain cadence, expand to adjacent clusters |
| 3.0-3.9 | Needs attention | Refresh outdated content, fill subtopic gaps |
| 2.0-2.9 | At risk | Major content update, link building campaign |
| 1.0-1.9 | Failing | Strategic review -- consider merging, rewriting, or retiring |