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On January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into
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its flight, killing all seven crew members aboard. The spacecraft
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disintegrated 46,000 feet (14 km) above the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of
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Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11:39 a.m. EST (16:39 UTC). It was the first fatal
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accident involving an American spacecraft while in flight.
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The mission, designated STS-51-L, was the 10th flight for the orbiter and the
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25th flight of the Space Shuttle fleet. The crew was scheduled to deploy a
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communications satellite and study Halley's Comet while they were in orbit, in
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addition to taking schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe into space under the
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Teacher In Space program. The latter task resulted in a higher-than-usual
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media interest in and coverage of the mission; the launch and subsequent
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disaster were seen live in many schools across the United States.
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The cause of the disaster was the failure of the primary and secondary O-ring
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seals in a joint in the shuttle's right solid rocket booster (SRB). The
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record-low temperatures on the morning of the launch had stiffened the rubber
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O-rings, reducing their ability to seal the joints. Shortly after liftoff, the
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seals were breached, and hot pressurized gas from within the SRB leaked
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through the joint and burned through the aft attachment strut connecting it to
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the external propellant tank (ET), then into the tank itself. The collapse of
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the ET's internal structures and the rotation of the SRB that followed threw
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the shuttle stack, traveling at a speed of Mach 1.92, into a direction that
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allowed aerodynamic forces to tear the orbiter apart. Both SRBs detached from
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the now-destroyed ET and continued to fly uncontrollably until the range
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safety officer destroyed them.
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The crew compartment, human remains, and many other fragments from the shuttle
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were recovered from the ocean floor after a three-month search-and-recovery
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operation. The exact timing of the deaths of the crew is unknown, but several
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crew members are thought to have survived the initial breakup of the
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spacecraft. The orbiter had no escape system, and the impact of the crew
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compartment at terminal velocity with the ocean surface was too violent to be
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survivable.
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The disaster resulted in a 32-month hiatus in the Space Shuttle
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program. President Ronald Reagan created the Rogers Commission to investigate
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the accident. The commission criticized NASA's organizational culture and
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decision-making processes that had contributed to the accident. Test data
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since 1977 demonstrated a potentially catastrophic flaw in the SRBs' O-rings,
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but neither NASA nor SRB manufacturer Morton Thiokol had addressed this known
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defect. NASA managers also disregarded engineers' warnings about the dangers
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of launching in cold temperatures and did not report these technical concerns
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to their superiors.
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As a result of this disaster, NASA established the Office of Safety,
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Reliability, and Quality Assurance, and arranged for deployment of commercial
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satellites from expendable launch vehicles rather than from a crewed
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orbiter. To replace Challenger, the construction of a new Space Shuttle
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orbiter, Endeavour, was approved in 1987, and the new orbiter first flew in
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1992. Subsequent missions were launched with redesigned SRBs and their crews
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wore pressurized suits during ascent and reentry.
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