Merge pull request #953 from trustgraph-ai/release/v2.5

release/v2.5 -> master

dev-tools/library_client.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ BUCKET_URL = "https://storage.googleapis.com/trustgraph-library"
 INDEX_URL = f"{BUCKET_URL}/index.json"
 
 default_url = os.getenv("TRUSTGRAPH_URL", "http://localhost:8088/")
-default_user = "trustgraph"
+default_workspace = os.getenv("TRUSTGRAPH_WORKSPACE", "default")
 default_token = os.getenv("TRUSTGRAPH_TOKEN", None)
 
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def convert_metadata(metadata_json):
     return triples
 
 
-def load_document(api, user, doc_entry):
+def load_document(api, doc_entry):
     """Fetch metadata and content for a document, then load into TrustGraph."""
     doc_id = doc_entry["id"]
     title = doc_entry["title"]
@@ -133,7 +133,6 @@ def load_document(api, user, doc_entry):
     api.add_document(
         id=doc["id"],
         metadata=metadata,
-        user=user,
         kind=doc["kind"],
         title=doc["title"],
         comments=doc["comments"],
@@ -144,12 +143,12 @@ def load_document(api, user, doc_entry):
     print(f"    done.")
 
 
-def load_documents(api, user, docs):
+def load_documents(api, docs):
     """Load a list of documents."""
     print(f"Loading {len(docs)} document(s)...\n")
     for doc in docs:
         try:
-            load_document(api, user, doc)
+            load_document(api, doc)
         except Exception as e:
             print(f"    FAILED: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
         print()
@@ -166,8 +165,8 @@ def main():
         help=f"TrustGraph API URL (default: {default_url})",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-U", "--user", default=default_user,
-        help=f"User ID (default: {default_user})",
+        "-w", "--workspace", default=default_workspace,
+        help=f"Workspace (default: {default_workspace})",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "-t", "--token", default=default_token,
@@ -212,22 +211,22 @@ def main():
         return
 
     # Load commands need the API
-    api = Api(args.url, token=args.token).library()
+    api = Api(args.url, token=args.token, workspace=args.workspace).library()
 
     if args.command == "load-all":
-        load_documents(api, args.user, index)
+        load_documents(api, index)
 
     elif args.command == "load-doc":
         matches = [d for d in index if str(d.get("id")) == args.id]
         if not matches:
             print(f"No document with ID '{args.id}' found.", file=sys.stderr)
             sys.exit(1)
-        load_documents(api, args.user, matches)
+        load_documents(api, matches)
 
     elif args.command == "load-match":
         results = search_index(index, args.query)
         if results:
-            load_documents(api, args.user, results)
+            load_documents(api, results)
         else:
             print("No matches found.", file=sys.stderr)
             sys.exit(1)

dev-tools/tests/relay/websocket_relay.py

@@ -3,208 +3,278 @@
 WebSocket Relay Test Harness
 
 This script creates a relay server with two WebSocket endpoints:
-- /in  - for test clients to connect to
-- /out - for reverse gateway to connect to
+- /in  - for test clients to connect to (speaks api-gateway protocol)
+- /out - for reverse gateway to connect to (speaks rev-gateway protocol)
 
-Messages are bidirectionally relayed between the two connections.
+Clients on /in authenticate with a first-frame auth message:
+    {"type": "auth", "token": "..."}
+
+The relay stores the token and injects it into each subsequent message
+before forwarding to /out.  Responses from /out are forwarded back to
+the originating /in connection unchanged.
 
 Usage:
     python websocket_relay.py [--port PORT] [--host HOST]
 """
 
 import asyncio
+import json
 import logging
 import argparse
 from aiohttp import web, WSMsgType
-import weakref
-from typing import Optional, Set
+from typing import Dict, Optional
 
-# Configure logging
 logging.basicConfig(
     level=logging.INFO,
     format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
 )
 logger = logging.getLogger("websocket_relay")
 
+
+class InConnection:
+    def __init__(self, ws, conn_id):
+        self.ws = ws
+        self.conn_id = conn_id
+        self.token: Optional[str] = None
+        self.authenticated = False
+
+
 class WebSocketRelay:
-    """WebSocket relay that forwards messages between 'in' and 'out' connections"""
-    
+
     def __init__(self):
-        self.in_connections: Set = weakref.WeakSet()
-        self.out_connections: Set = weakref.WeakSet()
-        
+        self.in_connections: Dict[str, InConnection] = {}
+        self.out_connections: set = set()
+        self._conn_counter = 0
+
+    def _next_conn_id(self):
+        self._conn_counter += 1
+        return f"conn-{self._conn_counter}"
+
     async def handle_in_connection(self, request):
-        """Handle incoming connections on /in endpoint"""
         ws = web.WebSocketResponse()
         await ws.prepare(request)
-        
-        self.in_connections.add(ws)
-        logger.info(f"New 'in' connection. Total in: {len(self.in_connections)}, out: {len(self.out_connections)}")
-        
+
+        conn_id = self._next_conn_id()
+        conn = InConnection(ws, conn_id)
+        self.in_connections[conn_id] = conn
+        logger.info(
+            f"New 'in' connection {conn_id}. "
+            f"Total in: {len(self.in_connections)}, "
+            f"out: {len(self.out_connections)}"
+        )
+
         try:
             async for msg in ws:
                 if msg.type == WSMsgType.TEXT:
-                    data = msg.data
-                    logger.info(f"IN → OUT: {data}")
-                    await self._forward_to_out(data)
-                elif msg.type == WSMsgType.BINARY:
-                    data = msg.data
-                    logger.info(f"IN → OUT: {len(data)} bytes (binary)")
-                    await self._forward_to_out(data, binary=True)
+                    await self._handle_in_message(conn, msg.data)
                 elif msg.type == WSMsgType.ERROR:
-                    logger.error(f"WebSocket error on 'in' connection: {ws.exception()}")
+                    logger.error(
+                        f"WebSocket error on 'in' connection "
+                        f"{conn_id}: {ws.exception()}"
+                    )
                     break
                 else:
                     break
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error in 'in' connection handler: {e}")
+            logger.error(
+                f"Error in 'in' connection {conn_id}: {e}"
+            )
         finally:
-            logger.info(f"'in' connection closed. Remaining in: {len(self.in_connections)}, out: {len(self.out_connections)}")
-            
+            del self.in_connections[conn_id]
+            logger.info(
+                f"'in' connection {conn_id} closed. "
+                f"Remaining in: {len(self.in_connections)}, "
+                f"out: {len(self.out_connections)}"
+            )
+
         return ws
-    
-    async def handle_out_connection(self, request):
-        """Handle outgoing connections on /out endpoint"""
-        ws = web.WebSocketResponse()
-        await ws.prepare(request)
-        
-        self.out_connections.add(ws)
-        logger.info(f"New 'out' connection. Total in: {len(self.in_connections)}, out: {len(self.out_connections)}")
-        
+
+    async def _handle_in_message(self, conn, data):
         try:
-            async for msg in ws:
-                if msg.type == WSMsgType.TEXT:
-                    data = msg.data
-                    logger.info(f"OUT → IN: {data}")
-                    await self._forward_to_in(data)
-                elif msg.type == WSMsgType.BINARY:
-                    data = msg.data
-                    logger.info(f"OUT → IN: {len(data)} bytes (binary)")
-                    await self._forward_to_in(data, binary=True)
-                elif msg.type == WSMsgType.ERROR:
-                    logger.error(f"WebSocket error on 'out' connection: {ws.exception()}")
-                    break
-                else:
-                    break
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error in 'out' connection handler: {e}")
-        finally:
-            logger.info(f"'out' connection closed. Remaining in: {len(self.in_connections)}, out: {len(self.out_connections)}")
-            
-        return ws
-    
-    async def _forward_to_out(self, data, binary=False):
-        """Forward message from 'in' to all 'out' connections"""
-        if not self.out_connections:
-            logger.warning("No 'out' connections available to forward message")
+            message = json.loads(data)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"{conn.conn_id}: received non-JSON message"
+            )
             return
-            
-        closed_connections = []
+
+        if isinstance(message, dict) and message.get("type") == "auth":
+            conn.token = message.get("token", "")
+            conn.authenticated = True
+            logger.info(f"{conn.conn_id}: authenticated")
+            await conn.ws.send_json({
+                "type": "auth-ok",
+                "workspace": "relayed",
+            })
+            return
+
+        if not conn.authenticated:
+            await conn.ws.send_json({
+                "error": {
+                    "message": "auth required",
+                    "type": "auth-required",
+                },
+                "complete": True,
+            })
+            return
+
+        message["token"] = conn.token
+        message["_relay_conn"] = conn.conn_id
+
+        forwarded = json.dumps(message)
+        logger.info(f"IN {conn.conn_id} → OUT: {forwarded}")
+        await self._forward_to_out(forwarded)
+
+    async def handle_out_connection(self, request):
+        ws = web.WebSocketResponse()
+        await ws.prepare(request)
+
+        self.out_connections.add(ws)
+        logger.info(
+            f"New 'out' connection. "
+            f"Total in: {len(self.in_connections)}, "
+            f"out: {len(self.out_connections)}"
+        )
+
+        try:
+            async for msg in ws:
+                if msg.type == WSMsgType.TEXT:
+                    await self._handle_out_message(msg.data)
+                elif msg.type == WSMsgType.ERROR:
+                    logger.error(
+                        f"WebSocket error on 'out' connection: "
+                        f"{ws.exception()}"
+                    )
+                    break
+                else:
+                    break
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Error in 'out' connection: {e}")
+        finally:
+            self.out_connections.discard(ws)
+            logger.info(
+                f"'out' connection closed. "
+                f"Remaining in: {len(self.in_connections)}, "
+                f"out: {len(self.out_connections)}"
+            )
+
+        return ws
+
+    async def _handle_out_message(self, data):
+        try:
+            message = json.loads(data)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            logger.warning("OUT: received non-JSON message")
+            return
+
+        conn_id = message.pop("_relay_conn", None)
+
+        forwarded = json.dumps(message)
+        logger.info(f"OUT → IN {conn_id or 'broadcast'}: {forwarded}")
+
+        if conn_id and conn_id in self.in_connections:
+            conn = self.in_connections[conn_id]
+            try:
+                if not conn.ws.closed:
+                    await conn.ws.send_str(forwarded)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Error forwarding to 'in' {conn_id}: {e}"
+                )
+        else:
+            await self._broadcast_to_in(forwarded)
+
+    async def _broadcast_to_in(self, data):
+        closed = []
+        for conn_id, conn in list(self.in_connections.items()):
+            try:
+                if conn.ws.closed:
+                    closed.append(conn_id)
+                    continue
+                await conn.ws.send_str(data)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Error broadcasting to 'in' {conn_id}: {e}"
+                )
+                closed.append(conn_id)
+        for conn_id in closed:
+            self.in_connections.pop(conn_id, None)
+
+    async def _forward_to_out(self, data):
+        closed = []
         for ws in list(self.out_connections):
             try:
                 if ws.closed:
-                    closed_connections.append(ws)
+                    closed.append(ws)
                     continue
-                    
-                if binary:
-                    await ws.send_bytes(data)
-                else:
-                    await ws.send_str(data)
+                await ws.send_str(data)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Error forwarding to 'out' connection: {e}")
-                closed_connections.append(ws)
-        
-        # Clean up closed connections
-        for ws in closed_connections:
-            if ws in self.out_connections:
-                self.out_connections.discard(ws)
-    
-    async def _forward_to_in(self, data, binary=False):
-        """Forward message from 'out' to all 'in' connections"""
-        if not self.in_connections:
-            logger.warning("No 'in' connections available to forward message")
-            return
-            
-        closed_connections = []
-        for ws in list(self.in_connections):
-            try:
-                if ws.closed:
-                    closed_connections.append(ws)
-                    continue
-                    
-                if binary:
-                    await ws.send_bytes(data)
-                else:
-                    await ws.send_str(data)
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Error forwarding to 'in' connection: {e}")
-                closed_connections.append(ws)
-        
-        # Clean up closed connections
-        for ws in closed_connections:
-            if ws in self.in_connections:
-                self.in_connections.discard(ws)
+                logger.error(f"Error forwarding to 'out': {e}")
+                closed.append(ws)
+        for ws in closed:
+            self.out_connections.discard(ws)
+
 
 async def create_app(relay):
-    """Create the web application with routes"""
     app = web.Application()
-    
-    # Add routes
-    app.router.add_get('/in', relay.handle_in_connection)
+
+    app.router.add_get('/in/api/v1/socket', relay.handle_in_connection)
     app.router.add_get('/out', relay.handle_out_connection)
-    
-    # Add a simple status endpoint
+
     async def status(request):
-        status_info = {
+        return web.json_response({
             'in_connections': len(relay.in_connections),
             'out_connections': len(relay.out_connections),
-            'status': 'running'
-        }
-        return web.json_response(status_info)
-    
+            'status': 'running',
+        })
+
     app.router.add_get('/status', status)
-    app.router.add_get('/', status)  # Root also shows status
-    
+    app.router.add_get('/', status)
+
     return app
 
+
 def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description="WebSocket Relay Test Harness"
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--host', 
+        '--host',
         default='localhost',
-        help='Host to bind to (default: localhost)'
+        help='Host to bind to (default: localhost)',
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--port', 
-        type=int, 
+        '--port',
+        type=int,
         default=8080,
-        help='Port to bind to (default: 8080)'
+        help='Port to bind to (default: 8080)',
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         '--verbose', '-v',
         action='store_true',
-        help='Enable verbose logging'
+        help='Enable verbose logging',
     )
-    
+
     args = parser.parse_args()
-    
+
     if args.verbose:
         logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-    
+
     relay = WebSocketRelay()
-    
+
     print(f"Starting WebSocket Relay on {args.host}:{args.port}")
-    print(f"  'in' endpoint:  ws://{args.host}:{args.port}/in")
+    print(f"  'in' endpoint:  ws://{args.host}:{args.port}/in/api/v1/socket")
     print(f"  'out' endpoint: ws://{args.host}:{args.port}/out")
     print(f"  Status:         http://{args.host}:{args.port}/status")
     print()
-    print("Usage:")
-    print(f"  Test client connects to:     ws://{args.host}:{args.port}/in")
-    print(f"  Reverse gateway connects to: ws://{args.host}:{args.port}/out")
-    
+    print("Client protocol (same as api-gateway):")
+    print('  1. Connect to /in/api/v1/socket')
+    print('  2. Send: {"type": "auth", "token": "tg_..."}')
+    print('  3. Receive: {"type": "auth-ok", "workspace": "relayed"}')
+    print('  4. Send requests as normal')
+
     web.run_app(create_app(relay), host=args.host, port=args.port)
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
+    main()

tests/unit/test_concurrency/test_dispatcher_semaphore.py

@@ -25,16 +25,17 @@ class TestSemaphoreEnforcement:
         max_concurrent = 0
         processing_event = asyncio.Event()
 
-        async def slow_process(message):
+        async def slow_process(message, sender):
             nonlocal concurrent_count, max_concurrent
             concurrent_count += 1
             max_concurrent = max(max_concurrent, concurrent_count)
             await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
             concurrent_count -= 1
-            return {"id": message.get("id"), "response": {"ok": True}}
 
         dispatcher._process_message = slow_process
 
+        sender = AsyncMock()
+
         # Launch more tasks than max_workers
         messages = [
             {"id": f"msg-{i}", "service": "test", "request": {}}
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ class TestSemaphoreEnforcement:
         ]
 
         tasks = [
-            asyncio.create_task(dispatcher.handle_message(m))
+            asyncio.create_task(dispatcher.handle_message(m, sender))
             for m in messages
         ]
 
@@ -66,17 +67,17 @@ class TestSemaphoreEnforcement:
 
         original_process = dispatcher._process_message
 
-        async def tracking_process(message):
+        async def tracking_process(message, sender):
             nonlocal task_was_tracked
             # During processing, our task should be in active_tasks
             if len(dispatcher.active_tasks) > 0:
                 task_was_tracked = True
-            return {"id": message.get("id"), "response": {"ok": True}}
 
         dispatcher._process_message = tracking_process
 
         await dispatcher.handle_message(
-            {"id": "test", "service": "test", "request": {}}
+            {"id": "test", "service": "test", "request": {}},
+            AsyncMock(),
         )
 
         assert task_was_tracked
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ class TestSemaphoreEnforcement:
         """Semaphore should be released even if processing raises."""
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher(max_workers=2)
 
-        async def failing_process(message):
+        async def failing_process(message, sender):
             raise RuntimeError("process failed")
 
         dispatcher._process_message = failing_process
@@ -96,7 +97,8 @@ class TestSemaphoreEnforcement:
         # Should not deadlock — semaphore must be released on error
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
             await dispatcher.handle_message(
-                {"id": "test", "service": "test", "request": {}}
+                {"id": "test", "service": "test", "request": {}},
+                AsyncMock(),
             )
 
         # Semaphore should be back at max
@@ -109,17 +111,18 @@ class TestSemaphoreEnforcement:
 
         order = []
 
-        async def ordered_process(message):
+        async def ordered_process(message, sender):
             msg_id = message["id"]
             order.append(f"start-{msg_id}")
             await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
             order.append(f"end-{msg_id}")
-            return {"id": msg_id, "response": {"ok": True}}
 
         dispatcher._process_message = ordered_process
 
+        sender = AsyncMock()
+
         messages = [{"id": str(i), "service": "t", "request": {}} for i in range(3)]
-        tasks = [asyncio.create_task(dispatcher.handle_message(m)) for m in messages]
+        tasks = [asyncio.create_task(dispatcher.handle_message(m, sender)) for m in messages]
         await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
 
         # With semaphore=1, each message should complete before next starts

tests/unit/test_query/test_ontology_monitoring.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""
+Tests for ontology monitoring metrics.
+"""
+
+from trustgraph.query.ontology.monitoring import (
+    PerformanceMonitor,
+    _extract_metric_label,
+)
+
+
+def test_extract_metric_label_reads_unquoted_label_value():
+    metric_name = "cache_requests_total{cache_type=entity,component=ontology}"
+
+    assert _extract_metric_label(metric_name, "cache_type") == "entity"
+
+
+def test_extract_metric_label_reads_quoted_label_value():
+    metric_name = 'cache_requests_total{cache_type="entity",component="ontology"}'
+
+    assert _extract_metric_label(metric_name, "cache_type") == "entity"
+
+
+def test_extract_metric_label_returns_none_when_label_missing():
+    metric_name = "cache_requests_total{component=ontology}"
+
+    assert _extract_metric_label(metric_name, "cache_type") is None
+
+
+def test_performance_report_ignores_counters_without_cache_type_label():
+    monitor = PerformanceMonitor({"enabled": False})
+    monitor.metrics_collector.increment(
+        "cache_requests_total",
+        labels={"component": "ontology"},
+    )
+    monitor.metrics_collector.increment(
+        "cache_type=not_a_label",
+        labels={"component": "ontology"},
+    )
+    monitor.metrics_collector.increment(
+        "cache_requests_total",
+        labels={"cache_type": "entity"},
+    )
+    monitor.metrics_collector.increment(
+        "cache_hits_total",
+        labels={"cache_type": "entity"},
+    )
+
+    report = monitor.get_performance_report()
+
+    assert report["cache_performance"] == {
+        "entity": {
+            "hit_rate": 1.0,
+            "total_requests": 1.0,
+            "total_hits": 1.0,
+        }
+    }

tests/unit/test_query/test_sparql_algebra.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
 
 from trustgraph.schema import Term, IRI, LITERAL
 from trustgraph.query.sparql.algebra import (
-    evaluate, _query_pattern, _eval_bgp,
+    evaluate, materialise, _query_pattern, _eval_bgp,
 )
 
 
@@ -28,6 +28,32 @@ def lit(v):
     return Term(type=LITERAL, value=v)
 
 
+def make_tc(query_return=None, query_side_effect=None):
+    """Create a mock TriplesClient with both query() and query_gen() support."""
+    tc = AsyncMock()
+
+    if query_side_effect is not None:
+        tc.query.side_effect = query_side_effect
+
+        async def gen_side_effect(**kwargs):
+            results = await query_side_effect(**kwargs)
+            for r in results:
+                yield r
+
+        tc.query_gen = gen_side_effect
+    else:
+        items = query_return or []
+        tc.query.return_value = items
+
+        async def gen(**kwargs):
+            for item in items:
+                yield item
+
+        tc.query_gen = gen
+
+    return tc
+
+
 def make_triple(s, p, o):
     t = MagicMock()
     t.s = s
@@ -84,6 +110,20 @@ def make_distinct(inner):
     return node
 
 
+def make_filter(inner, expr):
+    node = CompValue("Filter")
+    node.p = inner
+    node.expr = expr
+    return node
+
+
+def make_minus(left, right):
+    node = CompValue("Minus")
+    node.p1 = left
+    node.p2 = right
+    return node
+
+
 class TestQueryPattern:
     """Tests for _query_pattern — the leaf that calls TriplesClient."""
 
@@ -136,15 +176,14 @@ class TestEvalBgp:
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_single_pattern_all_variables(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
         triple = make_triple(iri("http://s"), iri("http://p"), lit("o"))
-        tc.query.return_value = [triple]
+        tc = make_tc(query_return=[triple])
 
         bgp = make_bgp(
             (Variable("s"), Variable("p"), Variable("o")),
         )
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(bgp, tc, collection="default", limit=100)
+        solutions = await materialise(bgp, tc, collection="default", limit=100)
 
         assert len(solutions) == 1
         assert solutions[0]["s"].iri == "http://s"
@@ -153,43 +192,37 @@ class TestEvalBgp:
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_single_pattern_bound_subject(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
-        tc.query.return_value = [
+        tc = make_tc(query_return=[
             make_triple(iri("http://s"), iri("http://p"), lit("val")),
-        ]
+        ])
 
         bgp = make_bgp(
             (URIRef("http://s"), Variable("p"), Variable("o")),
         )
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(bgp, tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise(bgp, tc, collection="default")
 
-        tc.query.assert_called_once()
-        kwargs = tc.query.call_args.kwargs
-        assert "workspace" not in kwargs
-        assert kwargs["collection"] == "default"
+        assert len(solutions) == 1
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_empty_bgp_returns_empty_solution(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
+        tc = make_tc()
 
         bgp = make_bgp()
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(bgp, tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise(bgp, tc, collection="default")
 
         assert solutions == [{}]
-        tc.query.assert_not_called()
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_no_results_returns_empty(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
-        tc.query.return_value = []
+        tc = make_tc(query_return=[])
 
         bgp = make_bgp(
             (Variable("s"), Variable("p"), Variable("o")),
         )
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(bgp, tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise(bgp, tc, collection="default")
 
         assert solutions == []
 
@@ -199,17 +232,16 @@ class TestEvaluate:
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_select_query_node(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
-        tc.query.return_value = [
+        tc = make_tc(query_return=[
             make_triple(iri("http://s"), iri("http://p"), lit("o")),
-        ]
+        ])
 
         bgp = make_bgp(
             (Variable("s"), Variable("p"), Variable("o")),
         )
         select = make_select(make_project(bgp, ["s", "p"]))
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(select, tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise(select, tc, collection="default")
 
         assert len(solutions) == 1
         assert "s" in solutions[0]
@@ -220,10 +252,9 @@ class TestEvaluate:
     async def test_workspace_never_in_query_calls(self):
         """Verify that no matter the algebra structure, workspace is never
         passed to TriplesClient.query()."""
-        tc = AsyncMock()
-        tc.query.return_value = [
+        tc = make_tc(query_return=[
             make_triple(iri("http://s"), iri("http://p"), lit("o")),
-        ]
+        ])
 
         bgp1 = make_bgp((Variable("s"), Variable("p"), Variable("o")))
         bgp2 = make_bgp((Variable("a"), Variable("b"), Variable("c")))
@@ -231,72 +262,319 @@ class TestEvaluate:
             make_union(bgp1, bgp2), ["s", "p", "o"]
         ))
 
-        await evaluate(tree, tc, collection="test-coll")
-
-        for c in tc.query.call_args_list:
-            assert "workspace" not in c.kwargs
+        await materialise(tree, tc, collection="test-coll")
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_join(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
-        tc.query.side_effect = [
-            [make_triple(iri("http://a"), iri("http://p"), lit("v"))],
-            [make_triple(iri("http://a"), iri("http://q"), lit("w"))],
-        ]
+        call_count = 0
+
+        async def mock_query(**kwargs):
+            nonlocal call_count
+            call_count += 1
+            if call_count == 1:
+                return [make_triple(iri("http://a"), iri("http://p"), lit("v"))]
+            else:
+                return [make_triple(iri("http://a"), iri("http://q"), lit("w"))]
+
+        tc = make_tc(query_side_effect=mock_query)
 
         bgp1 = make_bgp((Variable("s"), URIRef("http://p"), Variable("v1")))
         bgp2 = make_bgp((Variable("s"), URIRef("http://q"), Variable("v2")))
         tree = make_join(bgp1, bgp2)
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(tree, tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
 
         assert len(solutions) == 1
         assert solutions[0]["s"].iri == "http://a"
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_slice(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
         triples = [
             make_triple(iri(f"http://s{i}"), iri("http://p"), lit(f"o{i}"))
             for i in range(5)
         ]
-        tc.query.return_value = triples
+        tc = make_tc(query_return=triples)
 
         bgp = make_bgp((Variable("s"), Variable("p"), Variable("o")))
         tree = make_slice(bgp, start=1, length=2)
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(tree, tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
 
         assert len(solutions) == 2
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_distinct(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
         triple = make_triple(iri("http://s"), iri("http://p"), lit("o"))
-        tc.query.return_value = [triple, triple]
+        tc = make_tc(query_return=[triple, triple])
 
         bgp = make_bgp((Variable("s"), Variable("p"), Variable("o")))
         tree = make_distinct(bgp)
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(tree, tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
 
         assert len(solutions) == 1
 
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_minus_removes_matching(self):
+        alice = iri("http://example.com/alice")
+        bob = iri("http://example.com/bob")
+        knows = iri("http://example.com/knows")
+        hates = iri("http://example.com/hates")
+        charlie = iri("http://example.com/charlie")
+
+        left_triple = make_triple(alice, knows, bob)
+        right_triple2 = make_triple(alice, hates, charlie)
+
+        async def mock_query(**kwargs):
+            pred = kwargs.get("p")
+            if pred and pred.iri == "http://example.com/knows":
+                return [left_triple]
+            elif pred and pred.iri == "http://example.com/hates":
+                return [right_triple2]
+            return []
+
+        tc = make_tc(query_side_effect=mock_query)
+
+        left_bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("s"), URIRef("http://example.com/knows"), Variable("o"))
+        )
+        right_bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("s"), URIRef("http://example.com/hates"), Variable("r"))
+        )
+
+        tree = make_select(
+            make_project(
+                make_minus(left_bgp, right_bgp),
+                ["s", "o"]
+            )
+        )
+
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
+
+        assert len(solutions) == 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_minus_no_shared_vars_preserves_all(self):
+        alice = iri("http://example.com/alice")
+        bob = iri("http://example.com/bob")
+
+        left_triple = make_triple(alice, iri("http://example.com/p"), bob)
+
+        async def mock_query(**kwargs):
+            pred = kwargs.get("p")
+            if pred and pred.iri == "http://example.com/p":
+                return [left_triple]
+            return []
+
+        tc = make_tc(query_side_effect=mock_query)
+
+        left_bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("s"), URIRef("http://example.com/p"), Variable("o"))
+        )
+        right_bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("x"), URIRef("http://example.com/q"), Variable("y"))
+        )
+
+        tree = make_select(
+            make_project(
+                make_minus(left_bgp, right_bgp),
+                ["s", "o"]
+            )
+        )
+
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
+
+        assert len(solutions) == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_filter_exists_keeps_matching(self):
+        alice = iri("http://example.com/alice")
+        bob = iri("http://example.com/bob")
+        charlie = iri("http://example.com/charlie")
+
+        left_triple1 = make_triple(alice, iri("http://example.com/knows"), bob)
+        left_triple2 = make_triple(alice, iri("http://example.com/knows"), charlie)
+        exists_triple = make_triple(bob, iri("http://example.com/likes"), alice)
+
+        async def mock_query(**kwargs):
+            pred = kwargs.get("p")
+            if pred and pred.iri == "http://example.com/knows":
+                return [left_triple1, left_triple2]
+            elif pred and pred.iri == "http://example.com/likes":
+                return [exists_triple]
+            return []
+
+        tc = make_tc(query_side_effect=mock_query)
+
+        left_bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("s"), URIRef("http://example.com/knows"), Variable("o"))
+        )
+        exists_bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("o"), URIRef("http://example.com/likes"), Variable("_any"))
+        )
+
+        exists_expr = CompValue("Builtin_EXISTS")
+        exists_expr.graph = exists_bgp
+
+        tree = make_select(
+            make_project(
+                make_filter(left_bgp, exists_expr),
+                ["s", "o"]
+            )
+        )
+
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
+
+        result_objects = [s["o"].iri for s in solutions]
+        assert "http://example.com/bob" in result_objects
+        assert "http://example.com/charlie" not in result_objects
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_filter_not_exists_removes_matching(self):
+        alice = iri("http://example.com/alice")
+        bob = iri("http://example.com/bob")
+        charlie = iri("http://example.com/charlie")
+
+        left_triple1 = make_triple(alice, iri("http://example.com/knows"), bob)
+        left_triple2 = make_triple(alice, iri("http://example.com/knows"), charlie)
+        exists_triple = make_triple(bob, iri("http://example.com/likes"), alice)
+
+        async def mock_query(**kwargs):
+            pred = kwargs.get("p")
+            if pred and pred.iri == "http://example.com/knows":
+                return [left_triple1, left_triple2]
+            elif pred and pred.iri == "http://example.com/likes":
+                return [exists_triple]
+            return []
+
+        tc = make_tc(query_side_effect=mock_query)
+
+        left_bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("s"), URIRef("http://example.com/knows"), Variable("o"))
+        )
+        exists_bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("o"), URIRef("http://example.com/likes"), Variable("_any"))
+        )
+
+        not_exists_expr = CompValue("Builtin_NOTEXISTS")
+        not_exists_expr.graph = exists_bgp
+
+        tree = make_select(
+            make_project(
+                make_filter(left_bgp, not_exists_expr),
+                ["s", "o"]
+            )
+        )
+
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
+
+        result_objects = [s["o"].iri for s in solutions]
+        assert "http://example.com/charlie" in result_objects
+        assert "http://example.com/bob" not in result_objects
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_join_values_uses_bind_join(self):
+        """When VALUES is joined with a BGP, the bind join should pass
+        the VALUES bindings into the BGP evaluation so the triple store
+        query is selective (not a wildcard)."""
+        alice = iri("http://example.com/alice")
+        bob = iri("http://example.com/bob")
+        knows = iri("http://example.com/knows")
+
+        queries_issued = []
+
+        async def mock_query(**kwargs):
+            queries_issued.append(kwargs)
+            s, p = kwargs.get("s"), kwargs.get("p")
+            if s and s.iri == "http://example.com/alice" and p and p.iri == "http://example.com/knows":
+                return [make_triple(alice, knows, bob)]
+            return []
+
+        tc = make_tc(query_side_effect=mock_query)
+
+        # VALUES ?s { <alice> }
+        values_node = CompValue("values")
+        values_node.var = [Variable("s")]
+        values_node.value = [[URIRef("http://example.com/alice")]]
+        values_node.res = None
+
+        to_multiset = CompValue("ToMultiSet")
+        to_multiset.p = values_node
+
+        bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("s"), URIRef("http://example.com/knows"), Variable("o")),
+        )
+
+        tree = make_join(to_multiset, bgp)
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
+
+        assert len(solutions) == 1
+        assert solutions[0]["s"].iri == "http://example.com/alice"
+        assert solutions[0]["o"].iri == "http://example.com/bob"
+
+        # The key assertion: the BGP query should have received
+        # s=alice (bound from VALUES), NOT s=None (wildcard)
+        assert len(queries_issued) == 1
+        assert queries_issued[0]["s"] is not None
+        assert queries_issued[0]["s"].iri == "http://example.com/alice"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_join_values_multiple_bindings(self):
+        """Bind join with multiple VALUES bindings."""
+        alice = iri("http://example.com/alice")
+        bob = iri("http://example.com/bob")
+        knows = iri("http://example.com/knows")
+        charlie = iri("http://example.com/charlie")
+
+        async def mock_query(**kwargs):
+            s = kwargs.get("s")
+            if s and s.iri == "http://example.com/alice":
+                return [make_triple(alice, knows, bob)]
+            elif s and s.iri == "http://example.com/bob":
+                return [make_triple(bob, knows, charlie)]
+            return []
+
+        tc = make_tc(query_side_effect=mock_query)
+
+        values_node = CompValue("values")
+        values_node.var = [Variable("s")]
+        values_node.value = [
+            [URIRef("http://example.com/alice")],
+            [URIRef("http://example.com/bob")],
+        ]
+        values_node.res = None
+
+        to_multiset = CompValue("ToMultiSet")
+        to_multiset.p = values_node
+
+        bgp = make_bgp(
+            (Variable("s"), URIRef("http://example.com/knows"), Variable("o")),
+        )
+
+        tree = make_join(to_multiset, bgp)
+        solutions = await materialise(tree, tc, collection="default")
+
+        assert len(solutions) == 2
+        subjects = {s["s"].iri for s in solutions}
+        assert subjects == {
+            "http://example.com/alice",
+            "http://example.com/bob",
+        }
+
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_unsupported_node_returns_empty_solution(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
+        tc = make_tc()
 
         node = CompValue("SomethingUnknown")
 
-        solutions = await evaluate(node, tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise(node, tc, collection="default")
 
         assert solutions == [{}]
-        tc.query.assert_not_called()
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_non_compvalue_returns_empty_solution(self):
-        tc = AsyncMock()
+        tc = make_tc()
 
-        solutions = await evaluate("not a node", tc, collection="default")
+        solutions = await materialise("not a node", tc, collection="default")
 
         assert solutions == [{}]

tests/unit/test_query/test_sparql_expressions.py

@@ -300,6 +300,438 @@ class TestBuiltinFunctions:
                                   flags=None)
         assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello")}) is False
 
+    def test_substr_three_args(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("SUBSTR",
+                                  arg=Variable("x"),
+                                  start=Literal(1),
+                                  length=Literal(4))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15")})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.value == "2024"
+
+    def test_substr_two_args(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("SUBSTR",
+                                  arg=Variable("x"),
+                                  start=Literal(6),
+                                  length=None)
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15")})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.value == "03-15"
+
+    def test_substr_middle(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("SUBSTR",
+                                  arg=Variable("x"),
+                                  start=Literal(6),
+                                  length=Literal(2))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15")})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.value == "03"
+
+    def test_substr_null_start(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("SUBSTR",
+                                  arg=Variable("x"),
+                                  start=Variable("missing"),
+                                  length=None)
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello")})
+        assert result is None
+
+    def test_year(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("YEAR", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15", datatype=XSD + "date")}
+        )
+        assert result == 2024
+
+    def test_month(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("MONTH", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15", datatype=XSD + "date")}
+        )
+        assert result == 3
+
+    def test_day(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("DAY", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15", datatype=XSD + "date")}
+        )
+        assert result == 15
+
+    def test_hours(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("HOURS", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15T10:30:45", datatype=XSD + "dateTime")}
+        )
+        assert result == 10
+
+    def test_minutes(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("MINUTES", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15T10:30:45", datatype=XSD + "dateTime")}
+        )
+        assert result == 30
+
+    def test_seconds(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("SECONDS", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15T10:30:45", datatype=XSD + "dateTime")}
+        )
+        assert result == 45
+
+    def test_year_from_datetime(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("YEAR", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15T10:30:45", datatype=XSD + "dateTime")}
+        )
+        assert result == 2024
+
+    def test_hours_from_date_returns_zero(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("HOURS", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15", datatype=XSD + "date")}
+        )
+        assert result == 0
+
+    def test_year_invalid_date(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("YEAR", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("not-a-date")}
+        )
+        assert result is None
+
+    def test_floor(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("FLOOR", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("3.7")}) == 3
+
+    def test_floor_negative(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("FLOOR", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("-2.3")}) == -3
+
+    def test_floor_none(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("FLOOR", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("abc")}) is None
+
+    def test_ceil(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("CEIL", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("3.2")}) == 4
+
+    def test_ceil_negative(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("CEIL", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("-2.7")}) == -2
+
+    def test_abs_positive(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("ABS", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("42")}) == 42
+
+    def test_abs_negative(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("ABS", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("-42")}) == 42
+
+    def test_abs_none(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("ABS", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("abc")}) is None
+
+    def test_replace_simple(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("REPLACE",
+                                  arg=Variable("x"),
+                                  pattern=Literal(" BC"),
+                                  replacement=Literal(""),
+                                  flags=None)
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("500 BC")})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.value == "500"
+
+    def test_replace_regex(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("REPLACE",
+                                  arg=Variable("x"),
+                                  pattern=Literal("[0-9]+"),
+                                  replacement=Literal("X"),
+                                  flags=None)
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("abc123def456")})
+        assert result.value == "abcXdefX"
+
+    def test_replace_case_insensitive(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("REPLACE",
+                                  arg=Variable("x"),
+                                  pattern=Literal("hello"),
+                                  replacement=Literal("world"),
+                                  flags=Literal("i"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("HELLO there")})
+        assert result.value == "world there"
+
+    def test_round_up(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("ROUND", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("3.7")}) == 4
+
+    def test_round_down(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("ROUND", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("3.2")}) == 3
+
+    def test_round_none(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("ROUND", arg=Variable("x"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("abc")}) is None
+
+    def test_strbefore(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("STRBEFORE",
+                                  arg1=Variable("x"), arg2=Literal("-"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15")})
+        assert result.value == "2024"
+
+    def test_strbefore_not_found(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("STRBEFORE",
+                                  arg1=Variable("x"), arg2=Literal("/"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello")})
+        assert result.value == ""
+
+    def test_strafter(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("STRAFTER",
+                                  arg1=Variable("x"), arg2=Literal("-"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15")})
+        assert result.value == "03-15"
+
+    def test_strafter_not_found(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("STRAFTER",
+                                  arg1=Variable("x"), arg2=Literal("/"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello")})
+        assert result.value == ""
+
+    def test_encode_for_uri(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("ENCODE_FOR_URI", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello world")})
+        assert result.value == "hello%20world"
+
+    def test_encode_for_uri_special_chars(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("ENCODE_FOR_URI", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("a/b?c=d&e")})
+        assert result.value == "a%2Fb%3Fc%3Dd%26e"
+
+    def test_langmatches_basic(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("LANGMATCHES",
+                                  arg1=Literal("en"), arg2=Literal("en"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {}) is True
+
+    def test_langmatches_subtag(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("LANGMATCHES",
+                                  arg1=Literal("en-US"), arg2=Literal("en"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {}) is True
+
+    def test_langmatches_wildcard(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("LANGMATCHES",
+                                  arg1=Literal("fr"), arg2=Literal("*"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {}) is True
+
+    def test_langmatches_wildcard_empty(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("LANGMATCHES",
+                                  arg1=Literal(""), arg2=Literal("*"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {}) is False
+
+    def test_langmatches_no_match(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("LANGMATCHES",
+                                  arg1=Literal("fr"), arg2=Literal("en"))
+        assert evaluate_expression(expr, {}) is False
+
+    def test_iri_constructor(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("IRI", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("http://example.com/test")}
+        )
+        assert result.type == IRI
+        assert result.iri == "http://example.com/test"
+
+    def test_uri_constructor(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("URI", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("http://example.com/test")}
+        )
+        assert result.type == IRI
+        assert result.iri == "http://example.com/test"
+
+    def test_bnode_no_arg(self):
+        expr = self._make_builtin("BNODE")
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {})
+        assert result.type == BLANK
+        assert len(result.id) > 0
+
+    def test_bnode_with_label(self):
+        from rdflib import Literal
+        expr = self._make_builtin("BNODE", arg=Literal("mynode"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {})
+        assert result.type == BLANK
+        assert result.id == "mynode"
+
+    def test_now(self):
+        import re as re_mod
+        expr = self._make_builtin("NOW")
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.datatype == XSD + "dateTime"
+        assert re_mod.match(r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}", result.value)
+
+    def test_tz_with_utc(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("TZ", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15T10:30:45+0000",
+                            datatype=XSD + "dateTime")}
+        )
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.value == "+00:00"
+
+    def test_tz_no_timezone(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("TZ", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(
+            expr, {"x": lit("2024-03-15T10:30:45",
+                            datatype=XSD + "dateTime")}
+        )
+        assert result.value == ""
+
+    def test_rand(self):
+        expr = self._make_builtin("RAND")
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {})
+        assert isinstance(result, float)
+        assert 0.0 <= result < 1.0
+
+    def test_uuid(self):
+        import re as re_mod
+        expr = self._make_builtin("UUID")
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {})
+        assert result.type == IRI
+        assert result.iri.startswith("urn:uuid:")
+        uuid_part = result.iri[len("urn:uuid:"):]
+        assert re_mod.match(
+            r"[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}",
+            uuid_part
+        )
+
+    def test_struuid(self):
+        import re as re_mod
+        expr = self._make_builtin("STRUUID")
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert re_mod.match(
+            r"[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}",
+            result.value
+        )
+
+    def test_md5(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("MD5", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello")})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.value == "5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592"
+
+    def test_sha1(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("SHA1", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello")})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.value == "aaf4c61ddcc5e8a2dabede0f3b482cd9aea9434d"
+
+    def test_sha256(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("SHA256", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello")})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert result.value == (
+            "2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e"
+            "1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824"
+        )
+
+    def test_sha512(self):
+        from rdflib.term import Variable
+        expr = self._make_builtin("SHA512", arg=Variable("x"))
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {"x": lit("hello")})
+        assert result.type == LITERAL
+        assert len(result.value) == 128
+
+    def test_exists_with_callback(self):
+        from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
+        graph = CompValue("BGP")
+        expr = self._make_builtin("EXISTS", graph=graph)
+        cb = lambda g, s: True
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {}, exists_cb=cb)
+        assert result is True
+
+    def test_exists_callback_false(self):
+        from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
+        graph = CompValue("BGP")
+        expr = self._make_builtin("EXISTS", graph=graph)
+        cb = lambda g, s: False
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {}, exists_cb=cb)
+        assert result is False
+
+    def test_notexists_with_callback(self):
+        from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
+        graph = CompValue("BGP")
+        expr = self._make_builtin("NOTEXISTS", graph=graph)
+        cb = lambda g, s: True
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {}, exists_cb=cb)
+        assert result is False
+
+    def test_notexists_callback_false(self):
+        from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
+        graph = CompValue("BGP")
+        expr = self._make_builtin("NOTEXISTS", graph=graph)
+        cb = lambda g, s: False
+        result = evaluate_expression(expr, {}, exists_cb=cb)
+        assert result is True
+
 
 class TestEffectiveBoolean:
 

tests/unit/test_query/test_sparql_solutions.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Tests for SPARQL solution sequence operations.
 import pytest
 from trustgraph.schema import Term, IRI, LITERAL
 from trustgraph.query.sparql.solutions import (
-    hash_join, left_join, union, project, distinct,
+    hash_join, left_join, minus, union, project, distinct,
     order_by, slice_solutions, _terms_equal, _compatible,
 )
 
@@ -311,6 +311,30 @@ class TestOrderBy:
         result = order_by(solutions, [])
         assert len(result) == 1
 
+    def test_order_by_numeric_literals(self):
+        solutions = [
+            {"year": lit("1950")},
+            {"year": lit("700")},
+            {"year": lit("2000")},
+            {"year": lit("450")},
+            {"year": lit("1200")},
+        ]
+        key_fns = [(lambda sol: sol.get("year"), True)]
+        result = order_by(solutions, key_fns)
+        values = [s["year"].value for s in result]
+        assert values == ["450", "700", "1200", "1950", "2000"]
+
+    def test_order_by_numeric_descending(self):
+        solutions = [
+            {"year": lit("1950")},
+            {"year": lit("700")},
+            {"year": lit("2000")},
+        ]
+        key_fns = [(lambda sol: sol.get("year"), False)]
+        result = order_by(solutions, key_fns)
+        values = [s["year"].value for s in result]
+        assert values == ["2000", "1950", "700"]
+
 
 class TestSlice:
 
@@ -343,3 +367,37 @@ class TestSlice:
         solutions = [{"s": alice}, {"s": bob}]
         result = slice_solutions(solutions)
         assert len(result) == 2
+
+
+class TestMinus:
+
+    def test_removes_compatible(self, alice, bob):
+        left = [{"s": alice}, {"s": bob}]
+        right = [{"s": alice}]
+        result = minus(left, right)
+        assert len(result) == 1
+        assert result[0]["s"].iri == "http://example.com/bob"
+
+    def test_empty_right_preserves_all(self, alice, bob):
+        left = [{"s": alice}, {"s": bob}]
+        result = minus(left, [])
+        assert len(result) == 2
+
+    def test_no_shared_variables_preserves_all(self, alice, bob):
+        left = [{"s": alice}]
+        right = [{"t": bob}]
+        result = minus(left, right)
+        assert len(result) == 1
+
+    def test_all_removed(self, alice):
+        left = [{"s": alice}]
+        right = [{"s": alice}]
+        result = minus(left, right)
+        assert len(result) == 0
+
+    def test_partial_shared_variables(self, alice, bob):
+        left = [{"s": alice, "p": lit("x")}, {"s": bob, "p": lit("y")}]
+        right = [{"s": alice}]
+        result = minus(left, right)
+        assert len(result) == 1
+        assert result[0]["s"].iri == "http://example.com/bob"

tests/unit/test_rev_gateway/test_dispatcher.py

@@ -3,275 +3,279 @@ Tests for Reverse Gateway Dispatcher
 """
 
 import pytest
-from unittest.mock import MagicMock, AsyncMock, patch
+import asyncio
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, AsyncMock, patch, ANY
 
-from trustgraph.rev_gateway.dispatcher import WebSocketResponder, MessageDispatcher
-
-
-class TestWebSocketResponder:
-    """Test cases for WebSocketResponder class"""
-
-    def test_websocket_responder_initialization(self):
-        """Test WebSocketResponder initialization"""
-        responder = WebSocketResponder()
-        
-        assert responder.response is None
-        assert responder.completed is False
-
-    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_websocket_responder_send_method(self):
-        """Test WebSocketResponder send method"""
-        responder = WebSocketResponder()
-        
-        test_response = {"data": "test response"}
-        
-        # Call send method
-        await responder.send(test_response)
-        
-        # Verify response was stored
-        assert responder.response == test_response
-
-    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_websocket_responder_call_method(self):
-        """Test WebSocketResponder __call__ method"""
-        responder = WebSocketResponder()
-        
-        test_response = {"result": "success"}
-        test_completed = True
-        
-        # Call the responder
-        await responder(test_response, test_completed)
-        
-        # Verify response and completed status were set
-        assert responder.response == test_response
-        assert responder.completed == test_completed
-
-    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_websocket_responder_call_method_with_false_completion(self):
-        """Test WebSocketResponder __call__ method with incomplete response"""
-        responder = WebSocketResponder()
-        
-        test_response = {"partial": "data"}
-        test_completed = False
-        
-        # Call the responder
-        await responder(test_response, test_completed)
-        
-        # Verify response was set and completed is True (since send() always sets completed=True)
-        assert responder.response == test_response
-        assert responder.completed is True
+from trustgraph.rev_gateway.dispatcher import MessageDispatcher
 
 
 class TestMessageDispatcher:
     """Test cases for MessageDispatcher class"""
 
     def test_message_dispatcher_initialization_with_defaults(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher initialization with default parameters"""
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        
+
         assert dispatcher.max_workers == 10
         assert dispatcher.semaphore._value == 10
         assert dispatcher.active_tasks == set()
         assert dispatcher.backend is None
+        assert dispatcher.auth is None
         assert dispatcher.dispatcher_manager is None
         assert len(dispatcher.service_mapping) > 0
 
     def test_message_dispatcher_initialization_with_custom_workers(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher initialization with custom max_workers"""
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher(max_workers=5)
-        
+
         assert dispatcher.max_workers == 5
         assert dispatcher.semaphore._value == 5
 
     @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.dispatcher.DispatcherManager')
-    def test_message_dispatcher_initialization_with_pulsar_client(self, mock_dispatcher_manager):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher initialization with pulsar_client and config_receiver"""
+    def test_message_dispatcher_initialization_with_backend(
+        self, mock_dispatcher_manager,
+    ):
         mock_backend = MagicMock()
         mock_config_receiver = MagicMock()
+        mock_auth = MagicMock()
         mock_dispatcher_instance = MagicMock()
         mock_dispatcher_manager.return_value = mock_dispatcher_instance
-        
+
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher(
             max_workers=8,
             config_receiver=mock_config_receiver,
-            backend=mock_backend
+            backend=mock_backend,
+            auth=mock_auth,
+            timeout=300,
         )
-        
+
         assert dispatcher.max_workers == 8
         assert dispatcher.backend == mock_backend
+        assert dispatcher.auth == mock_auth
         assert dispatcher.dispatcher_manager == mock_dispatcher_instance
         mock_dispatcher_manager.assert_called_once_with(
-            mock_backend, mock_config_receiver, prefix="rev-gateway"
+            mock_backend, mock_config_receiver,
+            auth=mock_auth, prefix="rev-gateway", timeout=300,
         )
 
     def test_message_dispatcher_service_mapping(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher service mapping contains expected services"""
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        
+
         expected_services = [
             "text-completion", "graph-rag", "agent", "embeddings",
             "graph-embeddings", "triples", "document-load", "text-load",
-            "flow", "knowledge", "config", "librarian", "document-rag"
+            "flow", "knowledge", "config", "librarian", "document-rag",
         ]
-        
+
         for service in expected_services:
             assert service in dispatcher.service_mapping
-        
-        # Test specific mappings
-        assert dispatcher.service_mapping["text-completion"] == "text-completion"
+
         assert dispatcher.service_mapping["document-load"] == "document"
         assert dispatcher.service_mapping["text-load"] == "text-document"
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_message_dispatcher_handle_message_without_dispatcher_manager(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher handle_message without dispatcher manager"""
+    async def test_handle_message_without_dispatcher_manager(self):
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        
-        test_message = {
-            "id": "test-123",
-            "service": "test-service",
-            "request": {"data": "test"}
-        }
-        
-        result = await dispatcher.handle_message(test_message)
-        
-        assert result["id"] == "test-123"
-        assert "error" in result["response"]
-        assert "DispatcherManager not available" in result["response"]["error"]
+        dispatcher.auth = MagicMock()
+        dispatcher.auth.authenticate = AsyncMock(
+            return_value=MagicMock(workspace="default")
+        )
+
+        sender = AsyncMock()
+
+        await dispatcher.handle_message(
+            {"id": "test-1", "service": "test", "request": {}},
+            sender,
+        )
+
+        sender.assert_called_once()
+        sent = sender.call_args[0][0]
+        assert sent["id"] == "test-1"
+        assert sent["error"]["message"] == "DispatcherManager not available"
+        assert sent["error"]["type"] == "error"
+        assert sent["complete"] is True
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_message_dispatcher_handle_message_with_exception(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher handle_message with exception during processing"""
-        mock_dispatcher_manager = MagicMock()
-        mock_dispatcher_manager.invoke_global_service = AsyncMock(side_effect=Exception("Test error"))
-        
+    async def test_handle_message_auth_failure(self):
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = mock_dispatcher_manager
-        
-        test_message = {
-            "id": "test-456",
-            "service": "text-completion",
-            "request": {"prompt": "test"}
-        }
-        
-        with patch('trustgraph.gateway.dispatch.manager.global_dispatchers', {"text-completion": True}):
-            result = await dispatcher.handle_message(test_message)
-        
-        assert result["id"] == "test-456"
-        assert "error" in result["response"]
-        assert "Test error" in result["response"]["error"]
+        dispatcher.auth = MagicMock()
+        dispatcher.auth.authenticate = AsyncMock(
+            side_effect=Exception("auth failure")
+        )
+        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = MagicMock()
+
+        sender = AsyncMock()
+
+        await dispatcher.handle_message(
+            {"id": "test-2", "token": "bad", "service": "test", "request": {}},
+            sender,
+        )
+
+        sender.assert_called_once()
+        sent = sender.call_args[0][0]
+        assert sent["id"] == "test-2"
+        assert "auth failure" in sent["error"]["message"]
+        assert sent["complete"] is True
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_message_dispatcher_handle_message_global_service(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher handle_message with global service"""
-        mock_dispatcher_manager = MagicMock()
-        mock_dispatcher_manager.invoke_global_service = AsyncMock()
-        mock_responder = MagicMock()
-        mock_responder.completed = True
-        mock_responder.response = {"result": "success"}
-        
+    async def test_handle_message_global_service(self):
+        mock_dm = MagicMock()
+        mock_dm.invoke_global_service = AsyncMock()
+
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = mock_dispatcher_manager
-        
-        test_message = {
-            "id": "test-789",
-            "service": "text-completion",
-            "request": {"prompt": "hello"}
-        }
-        
-        with patch('trustgraph.gateway.dispatch.manager.global_dispatchers', {"text-completion": True}):
-            with patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.dispatcher.WebSocketResponder', return_value=mock_responder):
-                result = await dispatcher.handle_message(test_message)
-        
-        assert result["id"] == "test-789"
-        assert result["response"] == {"result": "success"}
-        mock_dispatcher_manager.invoke_global_service.assert_called_once()
+        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = mock_dm
+        dispatcher.auth = MagicMock()
+        dispatcher.auth.authenticate = AsyncMock(
+            return_value=MagicMock(workspace="ws1")
+        )
+
+        sender = AsyncMock()
+
+        with patch(
+            'trustgraph.gateway.dispatch.manager.global_dispatchers',
+            {"text-completion": True},
+        ):
+            await dispatcher.handle_message(
+                {
+                    "id": "test-3",
+                    "token": "tg_key",
+                    "service": "text-completion",
+                    "request": {"prompt": "hello"},
+                },
+                sender,
+            )
+
+        mock_dm.invoke_global_service.assert_called_once()
+        args, kwargs = mock_dm.invoke_global_service.call_args
+        assert args[0] == {"prompt": "hello"}
+        assert args[2] == "text-completion"
+        assert kwargs["workspace"] == "ws1"
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_message_dispatcher_handle_message_flow_service(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher handle_message with flow service"""
-        mock_dispatcher_manager = MagicMock()
-        mock_dispatcher_manager.invoke_flow_service = AsyncMock()
-        mock_responder = MagicMock()
-        mock_responder.completed = True
-        mock_responder.response = {"data": "flow_result"}
-        
+    async def test_handle_message_flow_service(self):
+        mock_dm = MagicMock()
+        mock_dm.invoke_flow_service = AsyncMock()
+
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = mock_dispatcher_manager
-        
-        test_message = {
-            "id": "test-flow-123",
-            "service": "document-rag",
-            "request": {"query": "test"},
-            "flow": "custom-flow"
-        }
-        
-        with patch('trustgraph.gateway.dispatch.manager.global_dispatchers', {}):
-            with patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.dispatcher.WebSocketResponder', return_value=mock_responder):
-                result = await dispatcher.handle_message(test_message)
-        
-        assert result["id"] == "test-flow-123"
-        assert result["response"] == {"data": "flow_result"}
-        mock_dispatcher_manager.invoke_flow_service.assert_called_once_with(
-            {"query": "test"}, mock_responder, "custom-flow", "document-rag"
+        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = mock_dm
+        dispatcher.auth = MagicMock()
+        dispatcher.auth.authenticate = AsyncMock(
+            return_value=MagicMock(workspace="ws2")
+        )
+
+        sender = AsyncMock()
+
+        with patch(
+            'trustgraph.gateway.dispatch.manager.global_dispatchers', {},
+        ):
+            await dispatcher.handle_message(
+                {
+                    "id": "test-4",
+                    "token": "tg_key",
+                    "service": "document-rag",
+                    "request": {"query": "test"},
+                    "flow": "my-flow",
+                },
+                sender,
+            )
+
+        mock_dm.invoke_flow_service.assert_called_once_with(
+            {"query": "test"}, ANY, "ws2", "my-flow", "document-rag",
         )
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_message_dispatcher_handle_message_incomplete_response(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher handle_message with incomplete response"""
-        mock_dispatcher_manager = MagicMock()
-        mock_dispatcher_manager.invoke_flow_service = AsyncMock()
-        mock_responder = MagicMock()
-        mock_responder.completed = False
-        mock_responder.response = None
-        
+    async def test_handle_message_responder_sends_frames(self):
+        mock_dm = MagicMock()
+
+        async def fake_invoke(data, responder, svc, workspace=None):
+            await responder({"partial": 1}, False)
+            await responder({"partial": 2}, True)
+
+        mock_dm.invoke_global_service = AsyncMock(side_effect=fake_invoke)
+
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = mock_dispatcher_manager
-        
-        test_message = {
-            "id": "test-incomplete",
-            "service": "agent",
-            "request": {"input": "test"}
+        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = mock_dm
+        dispatcher.auth = MagicMock()
+        dispatcher.auth.authenticate = AsyncMock(
+            return_value=MagicMock(workspace="ws1")
+        )
+
+        sender = AsyncMock()
+
+        with patch(
+            'trustgraph.gateway.dispatch.manager.global_dispatchers',
+            {"text-completion": True},
+        ):
+            await dispatcher.handle_message(
+                {
+                    "id": "test-5",
+                    "token": "tg_key",
+                    "service": "text-completion",
+                    "request": {"prompt": "hi"},
+                },
+                sender,
+            )
+
+        assert sender.call_count == 2
+        first = sender.call_args_list[0][0][0]
+        second = sender.call_args_list[1][0][0]
+
+        assert first == {
+            "id": "test-5", "response": {"partial": 1}, "complete": False,
+        }
+        assert second == {
+            "id": "test-5", "response": {"partial": 2}, "complete": True,
         }
-        
-        with patch('trustgraph.gateway.dispatch.manager.global_dispatchers', {}):
-            with patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.dispatcher.WebSocketResponder', return_value=mock_responder):
-                result = await dispatcher.handle_message(test_message)
-        
-        assert result["id"] == "test-incomplete"
-        assert result["response"] == {"error": "No response received"}
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_message_dispatcher_shutdown(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher shutdown method"""
-        import asyncio
-        
+    async def test_handle_message_workspace_from_identity(self):
+        mock_dm = MagicMock()
+        mock_dm.invoke_flow_service = AsyncMock()
+
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        
-        # Create actual async tasks
+        dispatcher.dispatcher_manager = mock_dm
+        dispatcher.auth = MagicMock()
+        dispatcher.auth.authenticate = AsyncMock(
+            return_value=MagicMock(workspace="derived-ws")
+        )
+
+        sender = AsyncMock()
+
+        with patch(
+            'trustgraph.gateway.dispatch.manager.global_dispatchers', {},
+        ):
+            await dispatcher.handle_message(
+                {
+                    "id": "test-6",
+                    "token": "tg_key",
+                    "service": "agent",
+                    "request": {"question": "test"},
+                    "flow": "default",
+                },
+                sender,
+            )
+
+        args = mock_dm.invoke_flow_service.call_args[0]
+        assert args[2] == "derived-ws"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_shutdown(self):
+        dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
+
         async def dummy_task():
             await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
-            return "done"
-        
+
         task1 = asyncio.create_task(dummy_task())
         task2 = asyncio.create_task(dummy_task())
         dispatcher.active_tasks = {task1, task2}
-        
-        # Call shutdown
+
         await dispatcher.shutdown()
-        
-        # Verify tasks were completed
+
         assert task1.done()
         assert task2.done()
-        assert len(dispatcher.active_tasks) == 2  # Tasks remain in set but are completed
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_message_dispatcher_shutdown_with_no_tasks(self):
-        """Test MessageDispatcher shutdown with no active tasks"""
+    async def test_shutdown_with_no_tasks(self):
         dispatcher = MessageDispatcher()
-        
-        # Call shutdown with no active tasks
+
         await dispatcher.shutdown()
-        
-        # Should complete without error
-        assert dispatcher.active_tasks == set()
+
+        assert dispatcher.active_tasks == set()

tests/unit/test_rev_gateway/test_rev_gateway_service.py

@@ -8,22 +8,38 @@ from unittest.mock import MagicMock, AsyncMock, patch, Mock
 from aiohttp import WSMsgType, ClientWebSocketResponse
 import json
 
-from trustgraph.rev_gateway.service import ReverseGateway, parse_args, run
+from trustgraph.rev_gateway.service import ReverseGateway, run
+
+
+MOCK_PATCHES = [
+    'trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.IamAuth',
+    'trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver',
+    'trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher',
+    'trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub',
+]
+
+
+def make_gateway(**overrides):
+    config = {"websocket_uri": "ws://localhost:7650/out"}
+    config.update(overrides)
+    return ReverseGateway(**config)
 
 
 class TestReverseGateway:
     """Test cases for ReverseGateway class"""
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
-    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_defaults(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway initialization with default parameters"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_defaults(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
         assert gateway.websocket_uri == "ws://localhost:7650/out"
         assert gateway.host == "localhost"
         assert gateway.port == 7650
@@ -33,25 +49,22 @@ class TestReverseGateway:
         assert gateway.max_workers == 10
         assert gateway.running is False
         assert gateway.reconnect_delay == 3.0
-        assert gateway.pulsar_host == "pulsar://pulsar:6650"
-        assert gateway.pulsar_api_key is None
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
-    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_custom_params(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway initialization with custom parameters"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway(
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_custom_params(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway(
             websocket_uri="wss://example.com:8080/websocket",
             max_workers=20,
-            pulsar_host="pulsar://custom:6650",
-            pulsar_api_key="test-key",
-            pulsar_listener="test-listener"
         )
-        
+
         assert gateway.websocket_uri == "wss://example.com:8080/websocket"
         assert gateway.host == "example.com"
         assert gateway.port == 8080
@@ -59,340 +72,360 @@ class TestReverseGateway:
         assert gateway.path == "/websocket"
         assert gateway.url == "wss://example.com:8080/websocket"
         assert gateway.max_workers == 20
-        assert gateway.pulsar_host == "pulsar://custom:6650"
-        assert gateway.pulsar_api_key == "test-key"
-        assert gateway.pulsar_listener == "test-listener"
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
-    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_with_missing_path(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway initialization with WebSocket URI missing path"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway(websocket_uri="ws://example.com")
-        
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_with_missing_path(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway(websocket_uri="ws://example.com")
+
         assert gateway.path == "/ws"
         assert gateway.url == "ws://example.com/ws"
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
-    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_invalid_scheme(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway initialization with invalid WebSocket scheme"""
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_invalid_scheme(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="WebSocket URI must use ws:// or wss:// scheme"):
-            ReverseGateway(websocket_uri="http://example.com")
+            make_gateway(websocket_uri="http://example.com")
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
-    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_missing_hostname(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway initialization with missing hostname"""
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    def test_reverse_gateway_initialization_missing_hostname(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="WebSocket URI must include hostname"):
-            ReverseGateway(websocket_uri="ws://")
+            make_gateway(websocket_uri="ws://")
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
-    def test_reverse_gateway_pulsar_client_with_auth(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway creates backend with authentication"""
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    def test_reverse_gateway_iam_auth_created(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
         mock_backend = MagicMock()
         mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
 
-        gateway = ReverseGateway(
-            pulsar_api_key="test-key",
-            pulsar_listener="test-listener"
+        gateway = make_gateway(id="test-rev-gw")
+
+        mock_iam_auth.assert_called_once_with(
+            backend=mock_backend,
+            id="test-rev-gw",
         )
 
-        # Verify get_pubsub was called with the correct parameters
-        mock_get_pubsub.assert_called_once_with(
-            pulsar_host="pulsar://pulsar:6650",
-            pulsar_api_key="test-key",
-            pulsar_listener="test-listener"
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    def test_reverse_gateway_config_receiver_gets_auth(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_backend = MagicMock()
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
+        mock_auth_instance = MagicMock()
+        mock_iam_auth.return_value = mock_auth_instance
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
+        mock_config_receiver.assert_called_once_with(
+            mock_backend, auth=mock_auth_instance,
         )
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ClientSession')
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_connect_success(self, mock_session_class, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway successful connection"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_connect_success(
+        self, mock_session_class, mock_get_pubsub,
+        mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
         mock_session = AsyncMock()
         mock_ws = AsyncMock()
         mock_session.ws_connect.return_value = mock_ws
         mock_session_class.return_value = mock_session
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
         result = await gateway.connect()
-        
+
         assert result is True
         assert gateway.session == mock_session
         assert gateway.ws == mock_ws
         mock_session.ws_connect.assert_called_once_with(gateway.url)
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ClientSession')
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_connect_failure(self, mock_session_class, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway connection failure"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_connect_failure(
+        self, mock_session_class, mock_get_pubsub,
+        mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
         mock_session = AsyncMock()
         mock_session.ws_connect.side_effect = Exception("Connection failed")
         mock_session_class.return_value = mock_session
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
         result = await gateway.connect()
-        
+
         assert result is False
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_disconnect(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway disconnect"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
-        # Mock websocket and session
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_disconnect(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
         mock_ws = AsyncMock()
         mock_ws.closed = False
         mock_session = AsyncMock()
         mock_session.closed = False
-        
+
         gateway.ws = mock_ws
         gateway.session = mock_session
-        
+
         await gateway.disconnect()
-        
+
         mock_ws.close.assert_called_once()
         mock_session.close.assert_called_once()
         assert gateway.ws is None
         assert gateway.session is None
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_send_message(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway send message"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
-        # Mock websocket
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_send_message(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
         mock_ws = AsyncMock()
         mock_ws.closed = False
         gateway.ws = mock_ws
-        
+
         test_message = {"id": "test", "data": "hello"}
-        
+
         await gateway.send_message(test_message)
-        
+
         mock_ws.send_str.assert_called_once_with(json.dumps(test_message))
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_send_message_closed_connection(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway send message with closed connection"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
-        # Mock closed websocket
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_send_message_closed_connection(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
         mock_ws = AsyncMock()
         mock_ws.closed = True
         gateway.ws = mock_ws
-        
+
         test_message = {"id": "test", "data": "hello"}
-        
+
         await gateway.send_message(test_message)
-        
-        # Should not call send_str on closed connection
+
         mock_ws.send_str.assert_not_called()
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_handle_message(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway handle message"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        mock_dispatcher_instance = AsyncMock()
-        mock_dispatcher_instance.handle_message.return_value = {"response": "success"}
-        mock_dispatcher.return_value = mock_dispatcher_instance
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
-        # Mock send_message
-        gateway.send_message = AsyncMock()
-        
-        test_message = '{"id": "test", "service": "test-service", "request": {"data": "test"}}'
-        
-        await gateway.handle_message(test_message)
-        
-        mock_dispatcher_instance.handle_message.assert_called_once_with({
-            "id": "test",
-            "service": "test-service", 
-            "request": {"data": "test"}
-        })
-        gateway.send_message.assert_called_once_with({"response": "success"})
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_handle_message(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        mock_dispatcher_instance = AsyncMock()
+        mock_dispatcher.return_value = mock_dispatcher_instance
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
-    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_handle_message_invalid_json(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway handle message with invalid JSON"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
-        # Mock send_message
         gateway.send_message = AsyncMock()
-        
-        test_message = 'invalid json'
-        
-        # Should not raise exception
+
+        test_message = '{"id": "test", "service": "test-service", "request": {"data": "test"}}'
+
         await gateway.handle_message(test_message)
-        
-        # Should not call send_message due to error
+
+        mock_dispatcher_instance.handle_message.assert_called_once_with(
+            {
+                "id": "test",
+                "service": "test-service",
+                "request": {"data": "test"},
+            },
+            gateway.send_message,
+        )
+
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_handle_message_invalid_json(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
+        gateway.send_message = AsyncMock()
+
+        await gateway.handle_message('invalid json')
+
         gateway.send_message.assert_not_called()
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_listen_text_message(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway listen with text message"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_listen_text_message(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
         gateway.running = True
-        
-        # Mock websocket
+
         mock_ws = AsyncMock()
         mock_ws.closed = False
         gateway.ws = mock_ws
-        
-        # Mock handle_message
+
         gateway.handle_message = AsyncMock()
-        
-        # Mock message
+
         mock_msg = MagicMock()
         mock_msg.type = WSMsgType.TEXT
         mock_msg.data = '{"test": "message"}'
-        
-        # Mock receive to return message once, then raise exception to stop loop
+
         mock_ws.receive.side_effect = [mock_msg, Exception("Test stop")]
-        
-        # listen() catches exceptions and breaks, so no exception should be raised
+
         await gateway.listen()
-        
+
         gateway.handle_message.assert_called_once_with('{"test": "message"}')
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_listen_binary_message(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway listen with binary message"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_listen_binary_message(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
         gateway.running = True
-        
-        # Mock websocket
+
         mock_ws = AsyncMock()
         mock_ws.closed = False
         gateway.ws = mock_ws
-        
-        # Mock handle_message
+
         gateway.handle_message = AsyncMock()
-        
-        # Mock message
+
         mock_msg = MagicMock()
         mock_msg.type = WSMsgType.BINARY
         mock_msg.data = b'{"test": "binary"}'
-        
-        # Mock receive to return message once, then raise exception to stop loop
+
         mock_ws.receive.side_effect = [mock_msg, Exception("Test stop")]
-        
-        # listen() catches exceptions and breaks, so no exception should be raised
+
         await gateway.listen()
-        
+
         gateway.handle_message.assert_called_once_with('{"test": "binary"}')
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_listen_close_message(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway listen with close message"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_listen_close_message(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
         gateway.running = True
-        
-        # Mock websocket
+
         mock_ws = AsyncMock()
         mock_ws.closed = False
         gateway.ws = mock_ws
-        
-        # Mock handle_message
+
         gateway.handle_message = AsyncMock()
-        
-        # Mock message
+
         mock_msg = MagicMock()
         mock_msg.type = WSMsgType.CLOSE
-        
-        # Mock receive to return close message
+
         mock_ws.receive.return_value = mock_msg
-        
+
         await gateway.listen()
-        
-        # Should not call handle_message for close message
+
         gateway.handle_message.assert_not_called()
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_shutdown(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway shutdown"""
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_shutdown(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
         mock_backend = MagicMock()
         mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
 
         mock_dispatcher_instance = AsyncMock()
         mock_dispatcher.return_value = mock_dispatcher_instance
 
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
+        gateway = make_gateway()
         gateway.running = True
 
-        # Mock disconnect
         gateway.disconnect = AsyncMock()
 
         await gateway.shutdown()
@@ -402,46 +435,50 @@ class TestReverseGateway:
         gateway.disconnect.assert_called_once()
         mock_backend.close.assert_called_once()
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
-    def test_reverse_gateway_stop(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway stop"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
+    def test_reverse_gateway_stop(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
         gateway.running = True
-        
+
         gateway.stop()
-        
+
         assert gateway.running is False
 
 
 class TestReverseGatewayRun:
     """Test cases for ReverseGateway run method"""
 
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ConfigReceiver')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.MessageDispatcher')
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.get_pubsub')
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[0:1])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[1:2])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[2:3])
+    @patch(*MOCK_PATCHES[3:4])
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_reverse_gateway_run_successful_cycle(self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher, mock_config_receiver):
-        """Test ReverseGateway run method with successful connect/listen cycle"""
-        mock_backend = MagicMock()
-        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = mock_backend
-        
+    async def test_reverse_gateway_run_successful_cycle(
+        self, mock_get_pubsub, mock_dispatcher,
+        mock_config_receiver, mock_iam_auth,
+    ):
+        mock_get_pubsub.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+        mock_auth_instance = AsyncMock()
+        mock_iam_auth.return_value = mock_auth_instance
+
         mock_config_receiver_instance = AsyncMock()
         mock_config_receiver.return_value = mock_config_receiver_instance
-        
-        gateway = ReverseGateway()
-        
-        # Mock methods
-        gateway.connect = AsyncMock(return_value=True)
+
+        gateway = make_gateway()
+
         gateway.listen = AsyncMock()
         gateway.disconnect = AsyncMock()
         gateway.shutdown = AsyncMock()
-        
-        # Stop after one iteration
+
         call_count = 0
         async def mock_connect():
             nonlocal call_count
@@ -451,91 +488,13 @@ class TestReverseGatewayRun:
             else:
                 gateway.running = False
                 return False
-        
+
         gateway.connect = mock_connect
-        
+
         await gateway.run()
-        
+
+        mock_auth_instance.start.assert_called_once()
         mock_config_receiver_instance.start.assert_called_once()
         gateway.listen.assert_called_once()
-        # disconnect is called twice: once in the main loop, once in shutdown
         assert gateway.disconnect.call_count == 2
         gateway.shutdown.assert_called_once()
-
-
-class TestReverseGatewayArgs:
-    """Test cases for argument parsing and run function"""
-
-    def test_parse_args_defaults(self):
-        """Test parse_args with default values"""
-        import sys
-        
-        # Mock sys.argv
-        original_argv = sys.argv
-        sys.argv = ['reverse-gateway']
-        
-        try:
-            args = parse_args()
-            
-            assert args.websocket_uri is None
-            assert args.max_workers == 10
-            assert args.pulsar_host is None
-            assert args.pulsar_api_key is None
-            assert args.pulsar_listener is None
-        finally:
-            sys.argv = original_argv
-
-    def test_parse_args_custom_values(self):
-        """Test parse_args with custom values"""
-        import sys
-        
-        # Mock sys.argv
-        original_argv = sys.argv
-        sys.argv = [
-            'reverse-gateway',
-            '--websocket-uri', 'ws://custom:8080/ws',
-            '--max-workers', '20',
-            '--pulsar-host', 'pulsar://custom:6650',
-            '--pulsar-api-key', 'test-key',
-            '--pulsar-listener', 'test-listener'
-        ]
-        
-        try:
-            args = parse_args()
-            
-            assert args.websocket_uri == 'ws://custom:8080/ws'
-            assert args.max_workers == 20
-            assert args.pulsar_host == 'pulsar://custom:6650'
-            assert args.pulsar_api_key == 'test-key'
-            assert args.pulsar_listener == 'test-listener'
-        finally:
-            sys.argv = original_argv
-
-    @patch('trustgraph.rev_gateway.service.ReverseGateway')
-    @patch('asyncio.run')
-    def test_run_function(self, mock_asyncio_run, mock_gateway_class):
-        """Test run function"""
-        import sys
-        
-        # Mock sys.argv
-        original_argv = sys.argv
-        sys.argv = ['reverse-gateway', '--max-workers', '15']
-        
-        try:
-            mock_gateway_instance = MagicMock()
-            mock_gateway_instance.url = "ws://localhost:7650/out"
-            mock_gateway_instance.pulsar_host = "pulsar://pulsar:6650"
-            mock_gateway_class.return_value = mock_gateway_instance
-            
-            run()
-            
-            mock_gateway_class.assert_called_once_with(
-                websocket_uri=None,
-                max_workers=15,
-                pulsar_host=None,
-                pulsar_api_key=None,
-                pulsar_listener=None
-            )
-            mock_asyncio_run.assert_called_once_with(mock_gateway_instance.run())
-        finally:
-            sys.argv = original_argv

trustgraph-base/trustgraph/base/triples_client.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 from typing import Any
 
 from . request_response_spec import RequestResponse, RequestResponseSpec
@@ -44,6 +45,60 @@ def from_value(x: Any) -> Any:
         return Term(type=LITERAL, value=str(x))
 
 class TriplesClient(RequestResponse):
+
+    async def query_gen(self, s=None, p=None, o=None, limit=20,
+                        collection="default",
+                        batch_size=20, timeout=30, g=None):
+        """Async generator yielding Triple objects as batches arrive."""
+        queue = asyncio.Queue()
+        done = False
+
+        async def recipient(resp):
+            if resp.error:
+                raise RuntimeError(resp.error.message)
+
+            batch = [
+                Triple(to_value(v.s), to_value(v.p), to_value(v.o))
+                for v in resp.triples
+            ]
+            await queue.put(batch)
+
+            if resp.is_final:
+                await queue.put(None)
+
+            return resp.is_final
+
+        # Launch the streaming request as a background task
+        task = asyncio.ensure_future(self.request(
+            TriplesQueryRequest(
+                s=from_value(s),
+                p=from_value(p),
+                o=from_value(o),
+                limit=limit,
+                collection=collection,
+                streaming=True,
+                batch_size=batch_size,
+                g=g,
+            ),
+            timeout=timeout,
+            recipient=recipient,
+        ))
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                batch = await queue.get()
+                if batch is None:
+                    break
+                for triple in batch:
+                    yield triple
+        finally:
+            if not task.done():
+                task.cancel()
+                try:
+                    await task
+                except (asyncio.CancelledError, Exception):
+                    pass
+
     async def query(self, s=None, p=None, o=None, limit=20,
                     collection="default",
                     timeout=30, g=None):

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/ontology/__init__.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Provides semantic query understanding, ontology matching, and answer generation.
 
 from .query_service import OntoRAGQueryService, QueryRequest, QueryResponse
 from .question_analyzer import QuestionAnalyzer, QuestionComponents, QuestionType
-from .ontology_matcher import OntologyMatcher, QueryOntologySubset
+from .ontology_matcher import OntologyMatcherForQueries, QueryOntologySubset
 from .backend_router import BackendRouter, BackendType, QueryRoute
 from .sparql_generator import SPARQLGenerator, SPARQLQuery
 from .sparql_cassandra import SPARQLCassandraEngine, SPARQLResult
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ __all__ = [
     'QuestionType',
 
     # Ontology matching
-    'OntologyMatcher',
+    'OntologyMatcherForQueries',
     'QueryOntologySubset',
 
     # Backend routing

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/ontology/monitoring.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Provides comprehensive monitoring of system performance, query patterns, and res
 """
 
 import logging
+import re
 import time
 import asyncio
 import inspect
@@ -276,6 +277,26 @@ class MetricsCollector:
         return f"{name}{{{label_str}}}"
 
 
+def _extract_metric_label(metric_name: str, label: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Extract a label value from an internal metric key."""
+    labels_start = metric_name.find('{')
+    labels_end = metric_name.find('}', labels_start + 1)
+
+    if labels_start == -1 or labels_end == -1:
+        return None
+
+    labels = metric_name[labels_start + 1:labels_end]
+    label_match = re.search(
+        rf'(?:^|,){re.escape(label)}=(?:"([^"]*)"|([^,]*))',
+        labels,
+    )
+    if not label_match:
+        return None
+
+    quoted_value, unquoted_value = label_match.groups()
+    return quoted_value if quoted_value is not None else unquoted_value
+
+
 class PerformanceMonitor:
     """Monitors system performance and component health."""
 
@@ -474,8 +495,8 @@ class PerformanceMonitor:
         # Cache performance
         cache_types = set()
         for metric_name in self.metrics_collector.counters.keys():
-            if 'cache_type=' in metric_name:
-                cache_type = metric_name.split('cache_type=')[1].split(',')[0].split('}')[0]
+            cache_type = _extract_metric_label(metric_name, 'cache_type')
+            if cache_type is not None:
                 cache_types.add(cache_type)
 
         for cache_type in cache_types:

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/ontology/ontology_matcher.py

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ import logging
 from typing import List, Dict, Any, Set, Optional
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
-from ...extract.kg.ontology.ontology_loader import Ontology, OntologyLoader
-from ...extract.kg.ontology.ontology_embedder import OntologyEmbedder
-from ...extract.kg.ontology.text_processor import TextSegment
-from ...extract.kg.ontology.ontology_selector import OntologySelector, OntologySubset
+from trustgraph.extract.kg.ontology.ontology_loader import Ontology, OntologyLoader
+from trustgraph.extract.kg.ontology.ontology_embedder import OntologyEmbedder
+from trustgraph.extract.kg.ontology.text_processor import TextSegment
+from trustgraph.extract.kg.ontology.ontology_selector import OntologySelector, OntologySubset
 from .question_analyzer import QuestionComponents, QuestionType
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/ontology/query_service.py

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional, Union
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from datetime import datetime
 
-from ....flow.flow_processor import FlowProcessor
-from ....tables.config import ConfigTableStore
-from ...extract.kg.ontology.ontology_loader import OntologyLoader
-from ...extract.kg.ontology.vector_store import InMemoryVectorStore
+from trustgraph.base.flow_processor import FlowProcessor
+from trustgraph.tables.config import ConfigTableStore
+from trustgraph.extract.kg.ontology.ontology_loader import OntologyLoader
+from trustgraph.extract.kg.ontology.vector_store import InMemoryVectorStore
 
 from .question_analyzer import QuestionAnalyzer, QuestionComponents
-from .ontology_matcher import OntologyMatcher, QueryOntologySubset
+from .ontology_matcher import OntologyMatcherForQueries, QueryOntologySubset
 from .backend_router import BackendRouter, QueryRoute, BackendType
 from .sparql_generator import SPARQLGenerator, SPARQLQuery
 from .sparql_cassandra import SPARQLCassandraEngine, SPARQLResult
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class OntoRAGQueryService(FlowProcessor):
 
         # Initialize ontology matcher
         matcher_config = self.config.get('ontology_matcher', {})
-        self.ontology_matcher = OntologyMatcher(
+        self.ontology_matcher = OntologyMatcherForQueries(
             vector_store=self.vector_store,
             embedding_service=self.embedding_service,
             config=matcher_config

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/ontology/sparql_cassandra.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
     CASSANDRA_AVAILABLE = False
 
-from ....tables.config import ConfigTableStore
+from trustgraph.tables.config import ConfigTableStore
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/sparql/algebra.py

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ SPARQL algebra evaluator.
 Recursively evaluates an rdflib SPARQL algebra tree by issuing triple
 pattern queries via TriplesClient (streaming) and performing in-memory
 joins, filters, and projections.
+
+Handlers are async generators that yield solutions incrementally.
+Blocking operators (joins, sort, group, distinct) materialise their
+upstream into a list at the boundary, then yield results.
 """
 
 import logging
@@ -17,7 +21,7 @@ from ... knowledge import Uri
 from ... knowledge import Literal as KgLiteral
 from . parser import rdflib_term_to_term
 from . solutions import (
-    hash_join, left_join, union, project, distinct,
+    hash_join, left_join, minus, union, project, distinct,
     order_by, slice_solutions, _term_key,
 )
 from . expressions import evaluate_expression, _effective_boolean
@@ -34,56 +38,56 @@ async def evaluate(node, triples_client, collection, limit=10000):
     """
     Evaluate a SPARQL algebra node.
 
-    Args:
-        node: rdflib CompValue algebra node
-        triples_client: TriplesClient instance for triple pattern queries
-        collection: collection identifier
-        limit: safety limit on results
-
-    Returns:
-        list of solutions (dicts mapping variable names to Term values)
+    Yields solutions (dicts mapping variable names to Term values)
+    incrementally as an async generator.
     """
     if not isinstance(node, CompValue):
         logger.warning(f"Expected CompValue, got {type(node)}: {node}")
-        return [{}]
+        yield {}
+        return
 
     name = node.name
     handler = _HANDLERS.get(name)
 
     if handler is None:
         logger.warning(f"Unsupported algebra node: {name}")
-        return [{}]
+        yield {}
+        return
 
-    return await handler(node, triples_client, collection, limit)
+    async for sol in handler(node, triples_client, collection, limit):
+        yield sol
 
 
-# --- Node handlers ---
+async def materialise(node, triples_client, collection, limit=10000):
+    """Collect all solutions from evaluate() into a list."""
+    return [sol async for sol in evaluate(node, triples_client, collection, limit)]
+
+
+# --- Node handlers (async generators) ---
 
 async def _eval_select_query(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a SelectQuery node."""
-    return await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
+        yield sol
 
 
 async def _eval_project(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Project node (SELECT variable projection)."""
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
     variables = [str(v) for v in node.PV]
-    return project(solutions, variables)
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
+        yield {v: sol[v] for v in variables if v in sol}
 
 
 async def _eval_bgp(node, tc, collection, limit):
     """
     Evaluate a Basic Graph Pattern.
 
-    Issues streaming triple pattern queries and joins results. Patterns
-    are ordered by selectivity (more bound terms first) and evaluated
-    sequentially with bound-variable substitution.
+    Patterns are ordered by selectivity and evaluated sequentially.
+    For the final pattern, results stream directly from the triple store.
     """
     triples = node.triples
     if not triples:
-        return [{}]
+        yield {}
+        return
 
-    # Sort patterns by selectivity: more bound terms = more selective
     def selectivity(pattern):
         return sum(1 for t in pattern if not isinstance(t, Variable))
 
@@ -91,55 +95,222 @@ async def _eval_bgp(node, tc, collection, limit):
         enumerate(triples), key=lambda x: -selectivity(x[1])
     )
 
+    # For all patterns except the last, we must materialise intermediate
+    # solutions because each pattern depends on bindings from prior ones.
+    # The last pattern streams directly.
     solutions = [{}]
 
-    for _, pattern in sorted_patterns:
+    for pattern_idx, (_, pattern) in enumerate(sorted_patterns):
         s_tmpl, p_tmpl, o_tmpl = pattern
+        is_last = (pattern_idx == len(sorted_patterns) - 1)
 
-        new_solutions = []
+        if is_last:
+            # Stream the final pattern — yield as triples arrive
+            count = 0
+            for sol in solutions:
+                s_val = _resolve_term(s_tmpl, sol)
+                p_val = _resolve_term(p_tmpl, sol)
+                o_val = _resolve_term(o_tmpl, sol)
 
-        for sol in solutions:
-            # Substitute known bindings into the pattern
-            s_val = _resolve_term(s_tmpl, sol)
-            p_val = _resolve_term(p_tmpl, sol)
-            o_val = _resolve_term(o_tmpl, sol)
+                async for triple in tc.query_gen(
+                    s=s_val, p=p_val, o=o_val,
+                    limit=limit, collection=collection,
+                ):
+                    binding = dict(sol)
+                    if isinstance(s_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(s_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.s)
+                    if isinstance(p_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(p_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.p)
+                    if isinstance(o_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(o_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.o)
+                    yield binding
+                    count += 1
+                    if count >= limit:
+                        return
+        else:
+            # Materialise intermediate patterns
+            new_solutions = []
+            for sol in solutions:
+                s_val = _resolve_term(s_tmpl, sol)
+                p_val = _resolve_term(p_tmpl, sol)
+                o_val = _resolve_term(o_tmpl, sol)
 
-            # Query the triples store
-            results = await _query_pattern(
-                tc, s_val, p_val, o_val, collection, limit
-            )
+                async for triple in tc.query_gen(
+                    s=s_val, p=p_val, o=o_val,
+                    limit=limit, collection=collection,
+                ):
+                    binding = dict(sol)
+                    if isinstance(s_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(s_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.s)
+                    if isinstance(p_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(p_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.p)
+                    if isinstance(o_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(o_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.o)
+                    new_solutions.append(binding)
 
-            # Map results back to variable bindings,
-            # converting Uri/Literal to Term objects
-            for triple in results:
-                binding = dict(sol)
-                if isinstance(s_tmpl, Variable):
-                    binding[str(s_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.s)
-                if isinstance(p_tmpl, Variable):
-                    binding[str(p_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.p)
-                if isinstance(o_tmpl, Variable):
-                    binding[str(o_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.o)
-                new_solutions.append(binding)
+            solutions = new_solutions
+            if not solutions:
+                return
 
-        solutions = new_solutions
 
-        if not solutions:
-            break
+# --- Blocking operators: materialise upstream, then yield ---
 
-    return solutions[:limit]
+def _is_small_node(node):
+    """Check if a node is likely to produce a small number of solutions."""
+    if not isinstance(node, CompValue):
+        return False
+    if node.name in ("values", "ToMultiSet"):
+        return True
+    if node.name == "Extend" and hasattr(node, "p"):
+        return _is_small_node(node.p)
+    return False
 
 
 async def _eval_join(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Join node."""
-    left = await evaluate(node.p1, tc, collection, limit)
-    right = await evaluate(node.p2, tc, collection, limit)
-    return hash_join(left, right)[:limit]
+    # Bind join: if one side is small (e.g. VALUES), materialise it and
+    # substitute its bindings into the other side's evaluation.  This
+    # turns wildcard BGP queries into selective ones.
+    if _is_small_node(node.p1):
+        yield_from = _bind_join(node.p1, node.p2, tc, collection, limit)
+    elif _is_small_node(node.p2):
+        yield_from = _bind_join(node.p2, node.p1, tc, collection, limit)
+    else:
+        yield_from = _hash_join(node, tc, collection, limit)
+
+    async for sol in yield_from:
+        yield sol
+
+
+async def _hash_join(node, tc, collection, limit):
+    left = await materialise(node.p1, tc, collection, limit)
+    right = await materialise(node.p2, tc, collection, limit)
+    for sol in hash_join(left, right)[:limit]:
+        yield sol
+
+
+async def _bind_join(small_node, big_node, tc, collection, limit):
+    """Iterate over the small side and inject bindings into the big side."""
+    small_sols = await materialise(small_node, tc, collection, limit)
+
+    count = 0
+    for binding in small_sols:
+        async for sol in _evaluate_with_bindings(
+            big_node, binding, tc, collection, limit
+        ):
+            yield sol
+            count += 1
+            if count >= limit:
+                return
+
+
+def _merge_compatible(left, right):
+    """Merge two solutions if compatible (shared vars have equal values)."""
+    merged = dict(left)
+    for k, v in right.items():
+        if k in merged:
+            if _term_key(merged[k]) != _term_key(v):
+                return None
+        else:
+            merged[k] = v
+    return merged
+
+
+async def _evaluate_with_bindings(node, bindings, tc, collection, limit):
+    """Evaluate a node with pre-seeded variable bindings.
+
+    For BGP nodes, the bindings are injected so _resolve_term sees them,
+    turning wildcard queries into selective ones.  For other node types,
+    evaluate normally and merge/filter against the bindings.
+    """
+    if isinstance(node, CompValue) and node.name == "BGP":
+        async for sol in _eval_bgp_with_bindings(
+            node, bindings, tc, collection, limit
+        ):
+            yield sol
+    else:
+        async for sol in evaluate(node, tc, collection, limit):
+            merged = _merge_compatible(bindings, sol)
+            if merged is not None:
+                yield merged
+
+
+async def _eval_bgp_with_bindings(node, bindings, tc, collection, limit):
+    """Evaluate a BGP with pre-seeded bindings so variables resolve to terms."""
+    triples = node.triples
+    if not triples:
+        yield dict(bindings)
+        return
+
+    def selectivity(pattern):
+        score = 0
+        for t in pattern:
+            if not isinstance(t, Variable):
+                score += 1
+            elif str(t) in bindings:
+                score += 1
+        return score
+
+    sorted_patterns = sorted(
+        enumerate(triples), key=lambda x: -selectivity(x[1])
+    )
+
+    solutions = [dict(bindings)]
+
+    for pattern_idx, (_, pattern) in enumerate(sorted_patterns):
+        s_tmpl, p_tmpl, o_tmpl = pattern
+        is_last = (pattern_idx == len(sorted_patterns) - 1)
+
+        if is_last:
+            count = 0
+            for sol in solutions:
+                s_val = _resolve_term(s_tmpl, sol)
+                p_val = _resolve_term(p_tmpl, sol)
+                o_val = _resolve_term(o_tmpl, sol)
+
+                async for triple in tc.query_gen(
+                    s=s_val, p=p_val, o=o_val,
+                    limit=limit, collection=collection,
+                ):
+                    binding = dict(sol)
+                    if isinstance(s_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(s_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.s)
+                    if isinstance(p_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(p_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.p)
+                    if isinstance(o_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(o_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.o)
+                    yield binding
+                    count += 1
+                    if count >= limit:
+                        return
+        else:
+            new_solutions = []
+            for sol in solutions:
+                s_val = _resolve_term(s_tmpl, sol)
+                p_val = _resolve_term(p_tmpl, sol)
+                o_val = _resolve_term(o_tmpl, sol)
+
+                async for triple in tc.query_gen(
+                    s=s_val, p=p_val, o=o_val,
+                    limit=limit, collection=collection,
+                ):
+                    binding = dict(sol)
+                    if isinstance(s_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(s_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.s)
+                    if isinstance(p_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(p_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.p)
+                    if isinstance(o_tmpl, Variable):
+                        binding[str(o_tmpl)] = _to_term(triple.o)
+                    new_solutions.append(binding)
+
+            solutions = new_solutions
+            if not solutions:
+                return
 
 
 async def _eval_left_join(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a LeftJoin node (OPTIONAL)."""
-    left_sols = await evaluate(node.p1, tc, collection, limit)
-    right_sols = await evaluate(node.p2, tc, collection, limit)
+    # Buffer right side for hash index; stream left through probe
+    left_sols = await materialise(node.p1, tc, collection, limit)
+    right_sols = await materialise(node.p2, tc, collection, limit)
 
     filter_fn = None
     if hasattr(node, "expr") and node.expr is not None:
@@ -149,42 +320,35 @@ async def _eval_left_join(node, tc, collection, limit):
                 evaluate_expression(expr, sol)
             )
 
-    return left_join(left_sols, right_sols, filter_fn)[:limit]
+    for sol in left_join(left_sols, right_sols, filter_fn)[:limit]:
+        yield sol
 
 
-async def _eval_union(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Union node."""
-    left = await evaluate(node.p1, tc, collection, limit)
-    right = await evaluate(node.p2, tc, collection, limit)
-    return union(left, right)[:limit]
-
-
-async def _eval_filter(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Filter node."""
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
-    expr = node.expr
-    return [
-        sol for sol in solutions
-        if _effective_boolean(evaluate_expression(expr, sol))
-    ]
+async def _eval_minus(node, tc, collection, limit):
+    left = await materialise(node.p1, tc, collection, limit)
+    right = await materialise(node.p2, tc, collection, limit)
+    for sol in minus(left, right):
+        yield sol
 
 
 async def _eval_distinct(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Distinct node."""
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
-    return distinct(solutions)
+    seen = set()
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
+        key = tuple(sorted(
+            (k, _term_key(v)) for k, v in sol.items()
+        ))
+        if key not in seen:
+            seen.add(key)
+            yield sol
 
 
 async def _eval_reduced(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Reduced node (like Distinct but implementation-defined)."""
-    # Treat same as Distinct
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
-    return distinct(solutions)
+    async for sol in _eval_distinct(node, tc, collection, limit):
+        yield sol
 
 
 async def _eval_order_by(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate an OrderBy node."""
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
+    solutions = await materialise(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
 
     key_fns = []
     for cond in node.expr:
@@ -196,36 +360,104 @@ async def _eval_order_by(node, tc, collection, limit):
                 ascending,
             ))
         else:
-            # Simple variable or expression
             key_fns.append((
                 lambda sol, e=cond: evaluate_expression(e, sol),
                 True,
             ))
 
-    return order_by(solutions, key_fns)
+    for sol in order_by(solutions, key_fns):
+        yield sol
 
 
+# --- Streamable operators ---
+
 async def _eval_slice(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Slice node (LIMIT/OFFSET)."""
-    # Pass tighter limit downstream if possible
-    inner_limit = limit
-    if node.length is not None:
-        offset = node.start or 0
-        inner_limit = min(limit, offset + node.length)
+    offset = node.start or 0
+    length = node.length
+    skipped = 0
+    emitted = 0
 
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, inner_limit)
-    return slice_solutions(solutions, node.start or 0, node.length)
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
+        if skipped < offset:
+            skipped += 1
+            continue
+        yield sol
+        emitted += 1
+        if length is not None and emitted >= length:
+            return
+
+
+async def _eval_union(node, tc, collection, limit):
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p1, tc, collection, limit):
+        yield sol
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p2, tc, collection, limit):
+        yield sol
+
+
+async def _check_exists(graph_node, sol, tc, collection, limit):
+    """Evaluate an EXISTS graph pattern against a solution."""
+    async for r in evaluate(graph_node, tc, collection, limit):
+        shared = set(sol.keys()) & set(r.keys())
+        if all(
+            _term_key(sol[v]) == _term_key(r[v])
+            for v in shared
+            if sol.get(v) is not None and r.get(v) is not None
+        ):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+async def _pre_eval_exists(expr, sol, tc, collection, limit, cache):
+    """Walk an expression tree, pre-evaluate EXISTS/NOT EXISTS, cache results."""
+    if not isinstance(expr, CompValue):
+        return
+    if expr.name in ("Builtin_EXISTS", "Builtin_NOTEXISTS"):
+        key = id(expr.graph), id(sol)
+        if key not in cache:
+            cache[key] = await _check_exists(
+                expr.graph, sol, tc, collection, limit
+            )
+        return
+    for attr in ("expr", "other", "arg", "arg1", "arg2", "arg3"):
+        child = getattr(expr, attr, None)
+        if child is None:
+            continue
+        if isinstance(child, CompValue):
+            await _pre_eval_exists(child, sol, tc, collection, limit, cache)
+        elif isinstance(child, (list, tuple)):
+            for item in child:
+                if isinstance(item, CompValue):
+                    await _pre_eval_exists(
+                        item, sol, tc, collection, limit, cache
+                    )
+
+
+async def _eval_filter(node, tc, collection, limit):
+    expr = node.expr
+    exists_cache = {}
+
+    def exists_cb(graph_node, sol):
+        key = id(graph_node), id(sol)
+        return exists_cache.get(key, False)
+
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
+        await _pre_eval_exists(expr, sol, tc, collection, limit, exists_cache)
+        if _effective_boolean(evaluate_expression(expr, sol, exists_cb=exists_cb)):
+            yield sol
 
 
 async def _eval_extend(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate an Extend node (BIND)."""
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
     var_name = str(node.var)
     expr = node.expr
+    exists_cache = {}
 
-    result = []
-    for sol in solutions:
-        val = evaluate_expression(expr, sol)
+    def exists_cb(graph_node, sol):
+        key = id(graph_node), id(sol)
+        return exists_cache.get(key, False)
+
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
+        await _pre_eval_exists(expr, sol, tc, collection, limit, exists_cache)
+        val = evaluate_expression(expr, sol, exists_cb=exists_cb)
         new_sol = dict(sol)
         if isinstance(val, Term):
             new_sol[var_name] = val
@@ -240,16 +472,14 @@ async def _eval_extend(node, tc, collection, limit):
             )
         elif val is not None:
             new_sol[var_name] = Term(type=LITERAL, value=str(val))
-        result.append(new_sol)
+        yield new_sol
 
-    return result
 
+# --- Aggregation (blocking) ---
 
 async def _eval_group(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Group node (GROUP BY with aggregation)."""
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
+    solutions = await materialise(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
 
-    # Extract grouping expressions
     group_exprs = []
     if hasattr(node, "expr") and node.expr:
         for expr in node.expr:
@@ -260,7 +490,6 @@ async def _eval_group(node, tc, collection, limit):
             else:
                 group_exprs.append((expr, None))
 
-    # Group solutions
     groups = defaultdict(list)
     for sol in solutions:
         key_parts = []
@@ -270,81 +499,72 @@ async def _eval_group(node, tc, collection, limit):
         groups[tuple(key_parts)].append(sol)
 
     if not group_exprs:
-        # No GROUP BY - entire result is one group
         groups[()].extend(solutions)
 
-    # Build grouped solutions (one per group)
-    result = []
     for key, group_sols in groups.items():
         sol = {}
-        # Include group key variables
         if group_sols:
             for (expr, var_name), k in zip(group_exprs, key):
                 if var_name and group_sols:
                     sol[var_name] = evaluate_expression(expr, group_sols[0])
         sol["__group__"] = group_sols
-        result.append(sol)
-
-    return result
+        yield sol
 
 
 async def _eval_aggregate_join(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate an AggregateJoin (aggregation functions after GROUP BY)."""
-    solutions = await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
-
-    result = []
-    for sol in solutions:
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
         group = sol.get("__group__", [sol])
         new_sol = {k: v for k, v in sol.items() if k != "__group__"}
 
-        # Apply aggregate functions
         if hasattr(node, "A") and node.A:
             for agg in node.A:
                 var_name = str(agg.res)
                 agg_val = _compute_aggregate(agg, group)
                 new_sol[var_name] = agg_val
 
-        result.append(new_sol)
-
-    return result
+        yield new_sol
 
 
 async def _eval_graph(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a Graph node (GRAPH clause)."""
     term = node.term
 
     if isinstance(term, URIRef):
-        # GRAPH <uri> { ... } — fixed graph
-        # We'd need to pass graph to triples queries
-        # For now, evaluate inner pattern normally
         logger.info(f"GRAPH <{term}> clause - graph filtering not yet wired")
-        return await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
     elif isinstance(term, Variable):
-        # GRAPH ?g { ... } — variable graph
         logger.info(f"GRAPH ?{term} clause - variable graph not yet wired")
-        return await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
-    else:
-        return await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
+
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
+        yield sol
 
 
 async def _eval_values(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a VALUES clause (inline data)."""
-    variables = [str(v) for v in node.var]
-    solutions = []
+    # rdflib has two representations for VALUES:
+    # 1. var=[Variable...], value=[[val, ...], ...] — positional
+    # 2. var=None, res=[{Variable: val, ...}, ...] — dict-based
+    if hasattr(node, "res") and node.res:
+        for row in node.res:
+            sol = {}
+            for var, val in row.items():
+                if val is not None and str(val) != "UNDEF":
+                    sol[str(var)] = rdflib_term_to_term(val)
+            yield sol
+        return
 
+    if not node.var or not node.value:
+        yield {}
+        return
+    variables = [str(v) for v in node.var]
     for row in node.value:
         sol = {}
         for var_name, val in zip(variables, row):
             if val is not None and str(val) != "UNDEF":
                 sol[var_name] = rdflib_term_to_term(val)
-        solutions.append(sol)
-
-    return solutions
+        yield sol
 
 
 async def _eval_to_multiset(node, tc, collection, limit):
-    """Evaluate a ToMultiSet node (subquery)."""
-    return await evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit)
+    async for sol in evaluate(node.p, tc, collection, limit):
+        yield sol
 
 
 # --- Aggregate computation ---
@@ -353,7 +573,6 @@ def _compute_aggregate(agg, group):
     """Compute a single aggregate function over a group of solutions."""
     agg_name = agg.name if hasattr(agg, "name") else ""
 
-    # Get the expression to aggregate
     expr = agg.vars if hasattr(agg, "vars") else None
 
     if agg_name == "Aggregate_Count":
@@ -525,6 +744,7 @@ _HANDLERS = {
     "Join": _eval_join,
     "LeftJoin": _eval_left_join,
     "Union": _eval_union,
+    "Minus": _eval_minus,
     "Filter": _eval_filter,
     "Distinct": _eval_distinct,
     "Reduced": _eval_reduced,

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/sparql/expressions.py

@@ -5,9 +5,15 @@ Evaluates rdflib algebra expression nodes against a solution (variable
 binding) to produce a value or boolean result.
 """
 
+import hashlib
+import math
+import random
 import re
 import logging
 import operator
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, date, timezone
+from urllib.parse import quote
 
 from rdflib.term import Variable, URIRef, Literal, BNode
 from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
@@ -17,23 +23,31 @@ from . parser import rdflib_term_to_term
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+_exists_callback = None
+
 
 class ExpressionError(Exception):
     """Raised when a SPARQL expression cannot be evaluated."""
     pass
 
 
-def evaluate_expression(expr, solution):
+def evaluate_expression(expr, solution, exists_cb=None):
     """
     Evaluate a SPARQL expression against a solution binding.
 
     Args:
         expr: rdflib algebra expression node
         solution: dict mapping variable names to Term values
+        exists_cb: optional callback(graph_node, solution) -> bool for
+            EXISTS/NOT EXISTS evaluation; provided by algebra.py
 
     Returns:
         The result value (Term, bool, number, string, or None)
     """
+    global _exists_callback
+    if exists_cb is not None:
+        _exists_callback = exists_cb
+
     if expr is None:
         return True
 
@@ -111,6 +125,13 @@ def _evaluate_comp_value(node, solution):
     if name == "MultiplicativeExpression":
         return _eval_multiplicative(node, solution)
 
+    # IN / NOT IN — must be checked before the generic Builtin_ dispatch
+    if name == "Builtin_IN":
+        return _eval_in(node, solution)
+
+    if name == "Builtin_NOTIN":
+        return not _eval_in(node, solution)
+
     # SPARQL built-in functions
     if name.startswith("Builtin_"):
         return _eval_builtin(name, node, solution)
@@ -119,27 +140,10 @@ def _evaluate_comp_value(node, solution):
     if name == "Function":
         return _eval_function(node, solution)
 
-    # Exists / NotExists
-    if name == "Builtin_EXISTS":
-        # EXISTS requires graph pattern evaluation - not handled here
-        logger.warning("EXISTS not supported in filter expressions")
-        return True
-
-    if name == "Builtin_NOTEXISTS":
-        logger.warning("NOT EXISTS not supported in filter expressions")
-        return True
-
     # TrueFilter (used with OPTIONAL)
     if name == "TrueFilter":
         return True
 
-    # IN / NOT IN
-    if name == "Builtin_IN":
-        return _eval_in(node, solution)
-
-    if name == "Builtin_NOTIN":
-        return not _eval_in(node, solution)
-
     logger.warning(f"Unknown CompValue expression: {name}")
     return None
 
@@ -165,6 +169,22 @@ def _eval_relational(node, solution):
         ">=": operator.ge,
     }
 
+    if str(op) == "IN":
+        items = node.other if isinstance(node.other, list) else [node.other]
+        for item in items:
+            other_val = evaluate_expression(item, solution)
+            if _comparable_value(left) == _comparable_value(other_val):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    if str(op) == "NOT IN":
+        items = node.other if isinstance(node.other, list) else [node.other]
+        for item in items:
+            other_val = evaluate_expression(item, solution)
+            if _comparable_value(left) == _comparable_value(other_val):
+                return False
+        return True
+
     op_fn = ops.get(str(op))
     if op_fn is None:
         logger.warning(f"Unknown relational operator: {op}")
@@ -335,6 +355,197 @@ def _eval_builtin(name, node, solution):
                 return val
         return None
 
+    if builtin == "YEAR":
+        dt = _to_datetime(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return dt.year if dt is not None else None
+
+    if builtin == "MONTH":
+        dt = _to_datetime(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return dt.month if dt is not None else None
+
+    if builtin == "DAY":
+        dt = _to_datetime(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return dt.day if dt is not None else None
+
+    if builtin == "HOURS":
+        dt = _to_datetime(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        if dt is None:
+            return None
+        return dt.hour if isinstance(dt, datetime) else 0
+
+    if builtin == "MINUTES":
+        dt = _to_datetime(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        if dt is None:
+            return None
+        return dt.minute if isinstance(dt, datetime) else 0
+
+    if builtin == "SECONDS":
+        dt = _to_datetime(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        if dt is None:
+            return None
+        return dt.second if isinstance(dt, datetime) else 0
+
+    if builtin == "FLOOR":
+        val = _to_numeric(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        if val is None:
+            return None
+        return int(math.floor(val))
+
+    if builtin == "CEIL":
+        val = _to_numeric(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        if val is None:
+            return None
+        return int(math.ceil(val))
+
+    if builtin == "ABS":
+        val = _to_numeric(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        if val is None:
+            return None
+        return abs(val)
+
+    if builtin == "ROUND":
+        val = _to_numeric(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        if val is None:
+            return None
+        return round(val)
+
+    if builtin == "STRBEFORE":
+        string = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg1, solution))
+        sep = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg2, solution))
+        idx = string.find(sep)
+        if idx < 0:
+            return Term(type=LITERAL, value="")
+        return Term(type=LITERAL, value=string[:idx])
+
+    if builtin == "STRAFTER":
+        string = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg1, solution))
+        sep = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg2, solution))
+        idx = string.find(sep)
+        if idx < 0:
+            return Term(type=LITERAL, value="")
+        return Term(type=LITERAL, value=string[idx + len(sep):])
+
+    if builtin == "ENCODE_FOR_URI":
+        val = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return Term(type=LITERAL, value=quote(val, safe=""))
+
+    if builtin == "REPLACE":
+        string = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        pattern = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.pattern, solution))
+        replacement = _to_string(
+            evaluate_expression(node.replacement, solution)
+        )
+        flags_str = ""
+        if hasattr(node, "flags") and node.flags is not None:
+            flags_str = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.flags, solution))
+        re_flags = 0
+        if "i" in flags_str:
+            re_flags |= re.IGNORECASE
+        if "m" in flags_str:
+            re_flags |= re.MULTILINE
+        if "s" in flags_str:
+            re_flags |= re.DOTALL
+        try:
+            result = re.sub(pattern, replacement, string, flags=re_flags)
+            return Term(type=LITERAL, value=result)
+        except re.error:
+            return None
+
+    if builtin == "SUBSTR":
+        string = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        start = _to_numeric(evaluate_expression(node.start, solution))
+        if start is None:
+            return None
+        start_idx = max(int(start) - 1, 0)
+        if hasattr(node, "length") and node.length is not None:
+            length = _to_numeric(evaluate_expression(node.length, solution))
+            if length is None:
+                return None
+            return Term(
+                type=LITERAL, value=string[start_idx:start_idx + int(length)]
+            )
+        return Term(type=LITERAL, value=string[start_idx:])
+
+    if builtin == "EXISTS":
+        if _exists_callback is not None:
+            return _exists_callback(node.graph, solution)
+        logger.warning("EXISTS requires an exists_cb; not available")
+        return True
+
+    if builtin == "NOTEXISTS":
+        if _exists_callback is not None:
+            return not _exists_callback(node.graph, solution)
+        logger.warning("NOT EXISTS requires an exists_cb; not available")
+        return True
+
+    if builtin == "LANGMATCHES":
+        tag = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg1, solution))
+        rng = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg2, solution))
+        if rng == "*":
+            return len(tag) > 0
+        return tag.lower().startswith(rng.lower())
+
+    if builtin == "IRI" or builtin == "URI":
+        val = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return Term(type=IRI, iri=val)
+
+    if builtin == "BNODE":
+        if hasattr(node, "arg") and node.arg is not None:
+            label = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+            return Term(type=BLANK, id=label)
+        return Term(type=BLANK, id=str(uuid.uuid4()))
+
+    if builtin == "NOW":
+        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        return Term(
+            type=LITERAL,
+            value=now.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z"),
+            datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime",
+        )
+
+    if builtin == "TZ":
+        dt = _to_datetime(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        if dt is None:
+            return Term(type=LITERAL, value="")
+        if dt.tzinfo is not None:
+            offset = dt.strftime("%z")
+            if offset:
+                return Term(type=LITERAL, value=offset[:3] + ":" + offset[3:])
+        return Term(type=LITERAL, value="")
+
+    if builtin == "RAND":
+        return random.random()
+
+    if builtin == "UUID":
+        return Term(type=IRI, iri="urn:uuid:" + str(uuid.uuid4()))
+
+    if builtin == "STRUUID":
+        return Term(type=LITERAL, value=str(uuid.uuid4()))
+
+    if builtin == "MD5":
+        val = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return Term(
+            type=LITERAL, value=hashlib.md5(val.encode()).hexdigest()
+        )
+
+    if builtin == "SHA1":
+        val = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return Term(
+            type=LITERAL, value=hashlib.sha1(val.encode()).hexdigest()
+        )
+
+    if builtin == "SHA256":
+        val = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return Term(
+            type=LITERAL, value=hashlib.sha256(val.encode()).hexdigest()
+        )
+
+    if builtin == "SHA512":
+        val = _to_string(evaluate_expression(node.arg, solution))
+        return Term(
+            type=LITERAL, value=hashlib.sha512(val.encode()).hexdigest()
+        )
+
     if builtin == "sameTerm":
         left = evaluate_expression(node.arg1, solution)
         right = evaluate_expression(node.arg2, solution)
@@ -454,6 +665,27 @@ def _to_numeric(val):
     return None
 
 
+def _to_datetime(val):
+    """Convert a value to a date or datetime object."""
+    if val is None:
+        return None
+    s = _to_string(val)
+    for fmt in (
+        "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z",
+        "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M",
+        "%Y-%m-%d",
+    ):
+        try:
+            return datetime.strptime(s, fmt)
+        except ValueError:
+            continue
+    try:
+        return datetime.fromisoformat(s)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    return None
+
+
 def _comparable_value(val):
     """
     Convert a value to a form suitable for comparison.

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/sparql/service.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from ... base import FlowProcessor, ConsumerSpec, ProducerSpec
 from ... base import TriplesClientSpec
 
 from . parser import parse_sparql, ParseError
-from . algebra import evaluate, EvaluationError
+from . algebra import evaluate, materialise, EvaluationError
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -66,11 +66,10 @@ class Processor(FlowProcessor):
 
             logger.debug(f"Handling SPARQL query request {id}...")
 
-            response = await self.execute_sparql(request, flow)
-
-            if request.streaming and response.query_type == "select":
-                await self.send_streaming(response, flow, id, request)
+            if request.streaming:
+                await self.execute_sparql_streaming(request, flow, id)
             else:
+                response = await self.execute_sparql(request, flow)
                 await flow("response").send(
                     response, properties={"id": id}
                 )
@@ -92,37 +91,77 @@ class Processor(FlowProcessor):
 
             await flow("response").send(r, properties={"id": id})
 
-    async def send_streaming(self, response, flow, id, request):
-        """Send SELECT results in batches."""
+    async def execute_sparql_streaming(self, request, flow, id):
+        """Execute a SPARQL query and stream results as they arrive."""
 
-        bindings = response.bindings
+        try:
+            parsed = parse_sparql(request.query)
+        except ParseError as e:
+            await flow("response").send(
+                SparqlQueryResponse(
+                    error=Error(
+                        type="sparql-parse-error",
+                        message=str(e),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                properties={"id": id}
+            )
+            return
+
+        if parsed.query_type != "select":
+            response = await self._execute_non_select(parsed, request, flow)
+            await flow("response").send(response, properties={"id": id})
+            return
+
+        triples_client = flow("triples-request")
+        variables = parsed.variables
         batch_size = request.batch_size if request.batch_size > 0 else 20
+        batch = []
 
-        for i in range(0, len(bindings), batch_size):
-            batch = bindings[i:i + batch_size]
-            is_final = (i + batch_size >= len(bindings))
-            r = SparqlQueryResponse(
-                query_type=response.query_type,
-                variables=response.variables,
-                bindings=batch,
-                is_final=is_final,
-            )
-            await flow("response").send(r, properties={"id": id})
+        try:
+            async for sol in evaluate(
+                parsed.algebra,
+                triples_client,
+                collection=request.collection or "default",
+                limit=request.limit or 10000,
+            ):
+                values = [sol.get(v) for v in variables]
+                batch.append(SparqlBinding(values=values))
 
-        # Handle empty results
-        if len(bindings) == 0:
-            r = SparqlQueryResponse(
-                query_type=response.query_type,
-                variables=response.variables,
-                bindings=[],
-                is_final=True,
+                if len(batch) >= batch_size:
+                    r = SparqlQueryResponse(
+                        query_type="select",
+                        variables=variables,
+                        bindings=batch,
+                        is_final=False,
+                    )
+                    await flow("response").send(r, properties={"id": id})
+                    batch = []
+
+        except EvaluationError as e:
+            await flow("response").send(
+                SparqlQueryResponse(
+                    error=Error(
+                        type="sparql-evaluation-error",
+                        message=str(e),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                properties={"id": id}
             )
-            await flow("response").send(r, properties={"id": id})
+            return
+
+        # Final batch (may be empty for zero results)
+        r = SparqlQueryResponse(
+            query_type="select",
+            variables=variables,
+            bindings=batch,
+            is_final=True,
+        )
+        await flow("response").send(r, properties={"id": id})
 
     async def execute_sparql(self, request, flow):
-        """Parse and evaluate a SPARQL query."""
+        """Parse and evaluate a SPARQL query (non-streaming)."""
 
-        # Parse the SPARQL query
         try:
             parsed = parse_sparql(request.query)
         except ParseError as e:
@@ -133,12 +172,31 @@ class Processor(FlowProcessor):
                 ),
             )
 
-        # Get the triples client from the flow
-        triples_client = flow("triples-request")
+        if parsed.query_type == "select":
+            triples_client = flow("triples-request")
+            try:
+                solutions = await materialise(
+                    parsed.algebra,
+                    triples_client,
+                    collection=request.collection or "default",
+                    limit=request.limit or 10000,
+                )
+            except EvaluationError as e:
+                return SparqlQueryResponse(
+                    error=Error(
+                        type="sparql-evaluation-error",
+                        message=str(e),
+                    ),
+                )
+            return self._build_select_response(parsed, solutions)
 
-        # Evaluate the algebra
+        return await self._execute_non_select(parsed, request, flow)
+
+    async def _execute_non_select(self, parsed, request, flow):
+        """Execute ASK, CONSTRUCT, or DESCRIBE queries."""
+        triples_client = flow("triples-request")
         try:
-            solutions = await evaluate(
+            solutions = await materialise(
                 parsed.algebra,
                 triples_client,
                 collection=request.collection or "default",
@@ -152,10 +210,7 @@ class Processor(FlowProcessor):
                 ),
             )
 
-        # Build response based on query type
-        if parsed.query_type == "select":
-            return self._build_select_response(parsed, solutions)
-        elif parsed.query_type == "ask":
+        if parsed.query_type == "ask":
             return self._build_ask_response(solutions)
         elif parsed.query_type == "construct":
             return self._build_construct_response(parsed, solutions)

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/query/sparql/solutions.py

@@ -150,6 +150,30 @@ def left_join(left, right, filter_fn=None):
     return results
 
 
+def minus(left, right):
+    """
+    MINUS operation: remove left solutions that are compatible with any
+    right solution sharing at least one variable.
+    """
+    if not right:
+        return list(left)
+
+    right_vars = set()
+    for sol in right:
+        right_vars.update(sol.keys())
+
+    results = []
+    for sol_l in left:
+        shared = set(sol_l.keys()) & right_vars
+        if not shared:
+            results.append(sol_l)
+            continue
+        if not any(_compatible(sol_l, sol_r) for sol_r in right):
+            results.append(sol_l)
+
+    return results
+
+
 def union(left, right):
     """Union two solution sequences (concatenation)."""
     return list(left) + list(right)
@@ -177,6 +201,28 @@ def distinct(solutions):
     return results
 
 
+def _sort_comparable(val):
+    """Convert a value to a form suitable for sort ordering."""
+    if val is None:
+        return (0, "")
+    if isinstance(val, (int, float)):
+        return (2, val)
+    if isinstance(val, Term):
+        if val.type == LITERAL:
+            try:
+                if "." in val.value:
+                    return (2, float(val.value))
+                return (2, int(val.value))
+            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                pass
+            return (3, val.value)
+        elif val.type == IRI:
+            return (4, val.iri)
+        elif val.type == BLANK:
+            return (5, val.id)
+    return (6, str(val))
+
+
 def order_by(solutions, key_fns):
     """
     Sort solutions by the given key functions.
@@ -191,14 +237,7 @@ def order_by(solutions, key_fns):
         keys = []
         for fn, ascending in key_fns:
             val = fn(sol)
-            # Convert to comparable form
-            if val is None:
-                comparable = ("", "")
-            elif isinstance(val, Term):
-                comparable = _term_key(val)
-            else:
-                comparable = ("v", str(val))
-            keys.append(comparable)
+            keys.append(_sort_comparable(val))
         return keys
 
     # Handle ascending/descending
@@ -224,10 +263,8 @@ def _mixed_sort(solutions, key_fns):
 
     def compare(a, b):
         for fn, ascending in key_fns:
-            va = fn(a)
-            vb = fn(b)
-            ka = _term_key(va) if isinstance(va, Term) else ("v", str(va)) if va is not None else ("", "")
-            kb = _term_key(vb) if isinstance(vb, Term) else ("v", str(vb)) if vb is not None else ("", "")
+            ka = _sort_comparable(fn(a))
+            kb = _sort_comparable(fn(b))
 
             if ka < kb:
                 return -1 if ascending else 1

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/rev_gateway/dispatcher.py

@@ -1,130 +1,140 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
 import uuid
-from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
-from trustgraph.messaging import TranslatorRegistry
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional, Callable, Awaitable
 from ..gateway.dispatch.manager import DispatcherManager
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("dispatcher")
-logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 
-class WebSocketResponder:
-    """Simple responder that captures response for websocket return"""
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.response = None
-        self.completed = False
-        
-    async def send(self, data):
-        """Capture the response data"""
-        self.response = data
-        self.completed = True
-    
-    async def __call__(self, data, final=False):
-        """Make the responder callable for compatibility with requestor"""
-        await self.send(data)
-        if final:
-            self.completed = True
+
+class _TokenShim:
+    def __init__(self, token):
+        self.headers = (
+            {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"} if token else {}
+        )
+
 
 class MessageDispatcher:
 
-    def __init__(self, max_workers: int = 10, config_receiver=None, backend=None):
+    def __init__(self, max_workers=10, config_receiver=None, backend=None,
+                 auth=None, timeout=120):
         self.max_workers = max_workers
         self.semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(max_workers)
         self.active_tasks = set()
         self.backend = backend
+        self.auth = auth
 
-        # Use DispatcherManager for flow and service management
-        if backend and config_receiver:
-            self.dispatcher_manager = DispatcherManager(backend, config_receiver, prefix="rev-gateway")
+        if backend and config_receiver and auth:
+            self.dispatcher_manager = DispatcherManager(
+                backend, config_receiver,
+                auth=auth,
+                prefix="rev-gateway",
+                timeout=timeout,
+            )
         else:
             self.dispatcher_manager = None
-            logger.warning("No backend or config_receiver provided - using fallback mode")
-        
-        # Service name mapping from websocket protocol to translator registry
+            logger.warning(
+                "Missing backend, config_receiver, or auth "
+                "— using fallback mode"
+            )
+
         self.service_mapping = {
             "text-completion": "text-completion",
-            "graph-rag": "graph-rag", 
+            "graph-rag": "graph-rag",
             "agent": "agent",
             "embeddings": "embeddings",
             "graph-embeddings": "graph-embeddings",
             "triples": "triples",
             "document-load": "document",
-            "text-load": "text-document", 
+            "text-load": "text-document",
             "flow": "flow",
             "knowledge": "knowledge",
             "config": "config",
             "librarian": "librarian",
-            "document-rag": "document-rag"
+            "document-rag": "document-rag",
         }
-        
-    async def handle_message(self, message: Dict[Any, Any]) -> Optional[Dict[Any, Any]]:
+
+    async def handle_message(
+        self, message: Dict[Any, Any],
+        sender: Callable[[dict], Awaitable[None]],
+    ):
         async with self.semaphore:
-            task = asyncio.create_task(self._process_message(message))
+            task = asyncio.create_task(
+                self._process_message(message, sender)
+            )
             self.active_tasks.add(task)
-            
+
             try:
-                result = await task
-                return result
+                await task
             finally:
                 self.active_tasks.discard(task)
-    
-    async def _process_message(self, message: Dict[Any, Any]) -> Dict[Any, Any]:
+
+    async def _authenticate(self, token):
+        if not self.auth:
+            raise RuntimeError("Auth not configured")
+        return await self.auth.authenticate(_TokenShim(token))
+
+    async def _process_message(
+        self, message: Dict[Any, Any],
+        sender: Callable[[dict], Awaitable[None]],
+    ):
         request_id = message.get('id', str(uuid.uuid4()))
         service = message.get('service')
         request_data = message.get('request', {})
-        flow_id = message.get('flow', 'default')  # Default flow
-        
-        logger.info(f"Processing message {request_id} for service {service} on flow {flow_id}")
-        
+        token = message.get('token', '')
+        flow_id = message.get('flow', 'default')
+
+        logger.info(
+            f"Processing message {request_id} for service "
+            f"{service} on flow {flow_id}"
+        )
+
         try:
             if not self.dispatcher_manager:
-                raise RuntimeError("DispatcherManager not available - backend and config_receiver required")
-            
-            # Use DispatcherManager for flow-based processing
-            responder = WebSocketResponder()
-            
-            # Map websocket service name to dispatcher service name
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "DispatcherManager not available"
+                )
+
+            identity = await self._authenticate(token)
+            workspace = identity.workspace
+
+            async def responder(resp, fin):
+                await sender({
+                    "id": request_id,
+                    "response": resp,
+                    "complete": fin,
+                })
+
             dispatcher_service = self.service_mapping.get(service, service)
-            
-            # Check if this is a global service or flow service
+
             from ..gateway.dispatch.manager import global_dispatchers
             if dispatcher_service in global_dispatchers:
-                # Use global service dispatcher
                 await self.dispatcher_manager.invoke_global_service(
-                    request_data, responder, dispatcher_service
+                    request_data, responder, dispatcher_service,
+                    workspace=workspace,
                 )
             else:
-                # Use DispatcherManager to process the request through Pulsar queues
                 await self.dispatcher_manager.invoke_flow_service(
-                    request_data, responder, flow_id, dispatcher_service
+                    request_data, responder, workspace, flow_id,
+                    dispatcher_service,
                 )
-            
-            # Get the response from the responder
-            if responder.completed:
-                response_data = responder.response
-            else:
-                response_data = {'error': 'No response received'}
-                
-            response = {
-                'id': request_id,
-                'response': response_data
-            }
-                
+
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f"Error processing message {request_id}: {e}")
-            response = {
-                'id': request_id,
-                'response': {'error': str(e)}
-            }
-        
+            await sender({
+                "id": request_id,
+                "error": {"message": str(e), "type": "error"},
+                "complete": True,
+            })
+
         logger.info(f"Completed processing message {request_id}")
-        return response
-    
-    
+
     async def shutdown(self):
         if self.active_tasks:
-            logger.info(f"Waiting for {len(self.active_tasks)} active tasks to complete")
+            logger.info(
+                f"Waiting for {len(self.active_tasks)} active "
+                f"tasks to complete"
+            )
             await asyncio.gather(*self.active_tasks, return_exceptions=True)
-            
-        # DispatcherManager handles its own cleanup
+
         logger.info("Dispatcher shutdown complete")

trustgraph-flow/trustgraph/rev_gateway/service.py

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+"""
+Reverse gateway.  Initiates outbound WebSocket connections to a remote
+relay and dispatches incoming requests through the same DispatcherManager
+pipeline as api-gateway.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import argparse
 import logging
@@ -9,82 +15,86 @@ from typing import Optional
 from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
 
 from .dispatcher import MessageDispatcher
+from ..gateway.auth import IamAuth
 from ..gateway.config.receiver import ConfigReceiver
-from ..base import get_pubsub
+from ..base.pubsub import get_pubsub, add_pubsub_args
+from ..base.logging import setup_logging, add_logging_args
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("rev_gateway")
-logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 
 default_websocket = "ws://localhost:7650/out"
+default_timeout = 600
 
 class ReverseGateway:
-    
-    def __init__(self, websocket_uri: str = None, max_workers: int = 10, 
-                 pulsar_host: str = None, pulsar_api_key: str = None, 
-                 pulsar_listener: str = None):
-        # Set default WebSocket URI with environment variable support
+
+    def __init__(self, **config):
+        websocket_uri = config.get("websocket_uri")
         if websocket_uri is None:
             websocket_uri = os.getenv("WEBSOCKET_URI", default_websocket)
-        
-        # Parse and validate the WebSocket URI
+
         parsed_uri = urlparse(websocket_uri)
         if parsed_uri.scheme not in ('ws', 'wss'):
-            raise ValueError(f"WebSocket URI must use ws:// or wss:// scheme, got: {parsed_uri.scheme}")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"WebSocket URI must use ws:// or wss:// scheme, "
+                f"got: {parsed_uri.scheme}"
+            )
         if not parsed_uri.netloc:
-            raise ValueError(f"WebSocket URI must include hostname, got: {websocket_uri}")
-        
-        # Store parsed components for debugging/logging
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"WebSocket URI must include hostname, "
+                f"got: {websocket_uri}"
+            )
+
         self.websocket_uri = websocket_uri
         self.host = parsed_uri.hostname
         self.port = parsed_uri.port
         self.scheme = parsed_uri.scheme
         self.path = parsed_uri.path or "/ws"
-        
-        # Construct the full URL (in case path was missing)
+
         if not parsed_uri.path:
             self.url = f"{self.scheme}://{parsed_uri.netloc}/ws"
         else:
             self.url = websocket_uri
-            
-        self.max_workers = max_workers
+
+        self.max_workers = int(config.get("max_workers", 10))
+        self.timeout = int(config.get("timeout", default_timeout))
         self.ws: Optional[ClientWebSocketResponse] = None
         self.session: Optional[ClientSession] = None
         self.running = False
         self.reconnect_delay = 3.0
-        
-        # Pulsar configuration
-        self.pulsar_host = pulsar_host or os.getenv("PULSAR_HOST", "pulsar://pulsar:6650")
-        self.pulsar_api_key = pulsar_api_key or os.getenv("PULSAR_API_KEY", None)
-        self.pulsar_listener = pulsar_listener
 
-        # Create backend using factory
-        backend_params = {
-            'pulsar_host': self.pulsar_host,
-            'pulsar_api_key': self.pulsar_api_key,
-            'pulsar_listener': self.pulsar_listener,
-        }
-        self.backend = get_pubsub(**backend_params)
+        self.backend = get_pubsub(**config)
 
-        # Initialize config receiver
-        self.config_receiver = ConfigReceiver(self.backend)
+        self.auth = IamAuth(
+            backend=self.backend,
+            id=config.get("id", "rev-gateway"),
+        )
+
+        self.config_receiver = ConfigReceiver(
+            self.backend, auth=self.auth,
+        )
+
+        self.dispatcher = MessageDispatcher(
+            self.max_workers, self.config_receiver, self.backend,
+            auth=self.auth, timeout=self.timeout,
+        )
 
-        # Initialize dispatcher with config_receiver and backend - must be created after config_receiver
-        self.dispatcher = MessageDispatcher(max_workers, self.config_receiver, self.backend)
-        
     async def connect(self) -> bool:
         try:
             if self.session is None:
                 self.session = ClientSession()
-                
+
             logger.info(f"Connecting to {self.url}")
             self.ws = await self.session.ws_connect(self.url)
-            logger.info(f"WebSocket connection established to {self.host}:{self.port or 'default'}")
+            logger.info(
+                f"WebSocket connection established to "
+                f"{self.host}:{self.port or 'default'}"
+            )
             return True
-            
+
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f"Failed to connect to {self.url}: {e}")
             return False
-    
+
     async def disconnect(self):
         if self.ws and not self.ws.closed:
             await self.ws.close()
@@ -92,32 +102,31 @@ class ReverseGateway:
             await self.session.close()
         self.ws = None
         self.session = None
-    
+
     async def send_message(self, message: dict):
         if self.ws and not self.ws.closed:
             try:
                 await self.ws.send_str(json.dumps(message))
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.error(f"Failed to send message: {e}")
-    
+
     async def handle_message(self, message: str):
         try:
             logger.debug(f"Received message: {message}")
-            
+
             msg_data = json.loads(message)
-            response = await self.dispatcher.handle_message(msg_data)
-            
-            if response:
-                await self.send_message(response)
-                
+            await self.dispatcher.handle_message(
+                msg_data, self.send_message,
+            )
+
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f"Error handling message: {e}")
-    
+
     async def listen(self):
         while self.running and self.ws and not self.ws.closed:
             try:
                 msg = await self.ws.receive()
-                
+
                 if msg.type == WSMsgType.TEXT:
                     await self.handle_message(msg.data)
                 elif msg.type == WSMsgType.BINARY:
@@ -125,31 +134,33 @@ class ReverseGateway:
                 elif msg.type in (WSMsgType.CLOSE, WSMsgType.ERROR):
                     logger.warning("WebSocket closed or error occurred")
                     break
-                    
+
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.error(f"Error in listen loop: {e}")
                 break
-    
+
     async def run(self):
         self.running = True
         logger.info("Starting reverse gateway")
-        
-        # Start config receiver
-        logger.info("Starting config receiver")
+
+        await self.auth.start()
         await self.config_receiver.start()
-        
+
         while self.running:
             try:
                 if await self.connect():
                     await self.listen()
                 else:
-                    logger.warning(f"Connection failed, retrying in {self.reconnect_delay} seconds")
-                
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Connection failed, retrying in "
+                        f"{self.reconnect_delay} seconds"
+                    )
+
                 await self.disconnect()
-                
+
                 if self.running:
                     await asyncio.sleep(self.reconnect_delay)
-                    
+
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 logger.info("Shutdown requested")
                 break
@@ -157,77 +168,69 @@ class ReverseGateway:
                 logger.error(f"Unexpected error: {e}")
                 if self.running:
                     await asyncio.sleep(self.reconnect_delay)
-        
+
         await self.shutdown()
-    
+
     async def shutdown(self):
         logger.info("Shutting down reverse gateway")
         self.running = False
         await self.dispatcher.shutdown()
         await self.disconnect()
 
-        # Close backend
         if hasattr(self, 'backend'):
             self.backend.close()
-    
+
     def stop(self):
         self.running = False
 
-def parse_args():
+
+def run():
+
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         prog="reverse-gateway",
-        description="TrustGraph Reverse Gateway - WebSocket to Pulsar bridge"
+        description=__doc__,
     )
-    
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--id',
+        default='rev-gateway',
+        help='Service identifier (default: rev-gateway)',
+    )
+
     parser.add_argument(
         '--websocket-uri',
         default=None,
-        help=f'WebSocket URI to connect to (default: {default_websocket} or WEBSOCKET_URI env var)'
+        help=f'WebSocket URI to connect to (default: {default_websocket})',
     )
-    
+
     parser.add_argument(
         '--max-workers',
         type=int,
         default=10,
-        help='Maximum concurrent message handlers (default: 10)'
+        help='Maximum concurrent message handlers (default: 10)',
     )
-    
-    parser.add_argument(
-        '-p', '--pulsar-host',
-        default=None,
-        help='Pulsar host URL (default: pulsar://pulsar:6650 or PULSAR_HOST env var)'
-    )
-    
-    parser.add_argument(
-        '--pulsar-api-key',
-        default=None,
-        help='Pulsar API key for authentication (default: PULSAR_API_KEY env var)'
-    )
-    
-    parser.add_argument(
-        '--pulsar-listener',
-        default=None,
-        help='Pulsar listener name'
-    )
-    
-    return parser.parse_args()
 
-def run():
-    args = parse_args()
-    
-    gateway = ReverseGateway(
-        websocket_uri=args.websocket_uri,
-        max_workers=args.max_workers,
-        pulsar_host=args.pulsar_host,
-        pulsar_api_key=args.pulsar_api_key,
-        pulsar_listener=args.pulsar_listener
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--timeout',
+        type=int,
+        default=default_timeout,
+        help=f'Request timeout in seconds (default: {default_timeout})',
     )
-    
+
+    add_pubsub_args(parser)
+    add_logging_args(parser)
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    args = vars(args)
+
+    setup_logging(args)
+
+    gateway = ReverseGateway(**args)
+
     logger.info(f"Starting reverse gateway:")
     logger.info(f"  WebSocket URI: {gateway.url}")
-    logger.info(f"  Max workers: {args.max_workers}")
-    logger.info(f"  Pulsar host: {gateway.pulsar_host}")
-    
+    logger.info(f"  Max workers: {gateway.max_workers}")
+
     try:
         asyncio.run(gateway.run())
     except KeyboardInterrupt: