diff --git a/apps/x/packages/core/src/knowledge/label_emails.ts b/apps/x/packages/core/src/knowledge/label_emails.ts
index 567e73b6..68bca5a1 100644
--- a/apps/x/packages/core/src/knowledge/label_emails.ts
+++ b/apps/x/packages/core/src/knowledge/label_emails.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
 
 const SYNC_INTERVAL_MS = 15 * 1000; // 15 seconds
 const BATCH_SIZE = 15;
+const DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY = 3;
 const LABELING_AGENT = 'labeling_agent';
 const GMAIL_SYNC_DIR = path.join(WorkDir, 'gmail_sync');
 const MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH = 8000;
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ async function labelEmailBatch(
 /**
  * Process all unlabeled emails in batches
  */
-export async function processUnlabeledEmails(): Promise<void> {
+export async function processUnlabeledEmails(concurrency: number = DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY): Promise<void> {
     console.log('[EmailLabeling] Checking for unlabeled emails...');
 
     const state = loadLabelingState();
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ export async function processUnlabeledEmails(): Promise<void> {
         return;
     }
 
-    console.log(`[EmailLabeling] Found ${unlabeled.length} unlabeled emails`);
+    console.log(`[EmailLabeling] Found ${unlabeled.length} unlabeled emails (concurrency: ${concurrency})`);
 
     const run = await serviceLogger.startRun({
         service: 'email_labeling',
@@ -161,69 +162,81 @@ export async function processUnlabeledEmails(): Promise<void> {
         truncated: limitedFiles.truncated,
     });
 
-    const totalBatches = Math.ceil(unlabeled.length / BATCH_SIZE);
-    let totalEdited = 0;
-    let hadError = false;
-
+    // Build all batches upfront
+    const batches: { batchNumber: number; files: { path: string; content: string }[] }[] = [];
     for (let i = 0; i < unlabeled.length; i += BATCH_SIZE) {
         const batchPaths = unlabeled.slice(i, i + BATCH_SIZE);
         const batchNumber = Math.floor(i / BATCH_SIZE) + 1;
-
-        try {
-            // Read file contents for the batch
-            const files: { path: string; content: string }[] = [];
-            for (const filePath of batchPaths) {
-                try {
-                    const content = fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf-8');
-                    files.push({ path: filePath, content });
-                } catch (error) {
-                    console.error(`[EmailLabeling] Error reading ${filePath}:`, error);
-                }
+        const files: { path: string; content: string }[] = [];
+        for (const filePath of batchPaths) {
+            try {
+                const content = fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf-8');
+                files.push({ path: filePath, content });
+            } catch (error) {
+                console.error(`[EmailLabeling] Error reading ${filePath}:`, error);
             }
-
-            if (files.length === 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            console.log(`[EmailLabeling] Processing batch ${batchNumber}/${totalBatches} (${files.length} files)`);
-            await serviceLogger.log({
-                type: 'progress',
-                service: run.service,
-                runId: run.runId,
-                level: 'info',
-                message: `Processing batch ${batchNumber}/${totalBatches} (${files.length} files)`,
-                step: 'batch',
-                current: batchNumber,
-                total: totalBatches,
-                details: { filesInBatch: files.length },
-            });
-
-            const result = await labelEmailBatch(files);
-            totalEdited += result.filesEdited.size;
-
-            // Only mark files that were actually edited by the agent
-            for (const file of files) {
-                const relativePath = path.relative(WorkDir, file.path);
-                if (result.filesEdited.has(relativePath)) {
-                    markFileAsLabeled(file.path, state);
-                }
-            }
-
-            saveLabelingState(state);
-            console.log(`[EmailLabeling] Batch ${batchNumber}/${totalBatches} complete, ${result.filesEdited.size} files edited`);
-        } catch (error) {
-            hadError = true;
-            console.error(`[EmailLabeling] Error processing batch ${batchNumber}:`, error);
-            await serviceLogger.log({
-                type: 'error',
-                service: run.service,
-                runId: run.runId,
-                level: 'error',
-                message: `Error processing batch ${batchNumber}`,
-                error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
-                context: { batchNumber },
-            });
         }
+        if (files.length > 0) {
+            batches.push({ batchNumber, files });
+        }
+    }
+
+    const totalBatches = batches.length;
+    let totalEdited = 0;
+    let hadError = false;
+
+    // Process batches with concurrency limit
+    for (let i = 0; i < batches.length; i += concurrency) {
+        const chunk = batches.slice(i, i + concurrency);
+
+        const promises = chunk.map(async ({ batchNumber, files }) => {
+            try {
+                console.log(`[EmailLabeling] Processing batch ${batchNumber}/${totalBatches} (${files.length} files)`);
+                await serviceLogger.log({
+                    type: 'progress',
+                    service: run.service,
+                    runId: run.runId,
+                    level: 'info',
+                    message: `Processing batch ${batchNumber}/${totalBatches} (${files.length} files)`,
+                    step: 'batch',
+                    current: batchNumber,
+                    total: totalBatches,
+                    details: { filesInBatch: files.length },
+                });
+
+                const result = await labelEmailBatch(files);
+
+                // Only mark files that were actually edited by the agent
+                for (const file of files) {
+                    const relativePath = path.relative(WorkDir, file.path);
+                    if (result.filesEdited.has(relativePath)) {
+                        markFileAsLabeled(file.path, state);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                console.log(`[EmailLabeling] Batch ${batchNumber}/${totalBatches} complete, ${result.filesEdited.size} files edited`);
+                return result.filesEdited.size;
+            } catch (error) {
+                hadError = true;
+                console.error(`[EmailLabeling] Error processing batch ${batchNumber}:`, error);
+                await serviceLogger.log({
+                    type: 'error',
+                    service: run.service,
+                    runId: run.runId,
+                    level: 'error',
+                    message: `Error processing batch ${batchNumber}`,
+                    error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+                    context: { batchNumber },
+                });
+                return 0;
+            }
+        });
+
+        const results = await Promise.all(promises);
+        totalEdited += results.reduce((sum, n) => sum + n, 0);
+
+        // Save state after each concurrent chunk completes
+        saveLabelingState(state);
     }
 
     state.lastRunTime = new Date().toISOString();
diff --git a/apps/x/packages/core/src/knowledge/run_pipeline.ts b/apps/x/packages/core/src/knowledge/run_pipeline.ts
index e0072bfd..3bde77c2 100644
--- a/apps/x/packages/core/src/knowledge/run_pipeline.ts
+++ b/apps/x/packages/core/src/knowledge/run_pipeline.ts
@@ -27,28 +27,36 @@ import path from 'path';
 const VALID_STEPS = ['label', 'graph', 'tag'] as const;
 type Step = typeof VALID_STEPS[number];
 
-function parseArgs(): { workdir: string; steps: Step[] } {
+function parseArgs(): { workdir: string; steps: Step[]; concurrency: number } {
     const args = process.argv.slice(2);
     let workdir: string | undefined;
     let stepsRaw: string | undefined;
+    let concurrency = 3;
 
     for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
         if (args[i] === '--workdir' && args[i + 1]) {
             workdir = args[++i];
         } else if (args[i] === '--steps' && args[i + 1]) {
             stepsRaw = args[++i];
+        } else if (args[i] === '--concurrency' && args[i + 1]) {
+            concurrency = parseInt(args[++i], 10);
+            if (isNaN(concurrency) || concurrency < 1) {
+                console.error('Error: --concurrency must be a positive integer');
+                process.exit(1);
+            }
         } else if (args[i] === '--help' || args[i] === '-h') {
             console.log(`
-Usage: run_pipeline --workdir <path> [--steps label,graph,tag]
+Usage: run_pipeline --workdir <path> [--steps label,graph,tag] [--concurrency N]
 
 Options:
-  --workdir <path>   Working directory containing gmail_sync/ folder (required)
-  --steps <list>     Comma-separated steps to run: label, graph, tag (default: all)
-  --help, -h         Show this help message
+  --workdir <path>      Working directory containing gmail_sync/ folder (required)
+  --steps <list>        Comma-separated steps to run: label, graph, tag (default: all)
+  --concurrency <N>     Number of parallel batches for labeling (default: 3)
+  --help, -h            Show this help message
 
 Examples:
   run_pipeline --workdir ./my-emails
-  run_pipeline --workdir ./my-emails --steps label
+  run_pipeline --workdir ./my-emails --steps label --concurrency 5
   run_pipeline --workdir ./my-emails --steps label,graph
   run_pipeline --workdir ./my-emails --steps graph,tag
 `);
@@ -83,10 +91,10 @@ Examples:
         steps = [...VALID_STEPS];
     }
 
-    return { workdir, steps };
+    return { workdir, steps, concurrency };
 }
 
-const { workdir, steps } = parseArgs();
+const { workdir, steps, concurrency } = parseArgs();
 
 // Set env BEFORE importing core modules (WorkDir is read at module load time)
 process.env.ROWBOAT_WORKDIR = workdir;
@@ -96,6 +104,7 @@ process.env.ROWBOAT_WORKDIR = workdir;
 async function main() {
     console.log(`[Pipeline] Working directory: ${workdir}`);
     console.log(`[Pipeline] Steps to run: ${steps.join(', ')}`);
+    console.log(`[Pipeline] Concurrency: ${concurrency}`);
     console.log();
 
     // Verify gmail_sync exists if label or graph step is requested
@@ -109,7 +118,7 @@ async function main() {
     if (steps.includes('label')) {
         console.log('[Pipeline] === Step 1: Email Labeling ===');
         const { processUnlabeledEmails } = await import('./label_emails.js');
-        await processUnlabeledEmails();
+        await processUnlabeledEmails(concurrency);
         console.log();
     }