diff --git a/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/control-service.ts b/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/control-service.ts
index 55f76d35..d018ea68 100644
--- a/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/control-service.ts
+++ b/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/control-service.ts
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
       switch (input.action) {
         case 'open': {
           await browserViewManager.ensureActiveTabReady(signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('open', 'Opened the browser pane.', page);
         }
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
             return buildErrorResult('new-tab', result.error ?? 'Failed to open a new tab.');
           }
           await browserViewManager.ensureActiveTabReady(signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult(
             'new-tab',
             target ? `Opened a new tab for ${target}.` : 'Opened a new tab.',
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
             return buildErrorResult('switch-tab', `No browser tab exists with id ${tabId}.`);
           }
           await browserViewManager.ensureActiveTabReady(signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('switch-tab', `Switched to tab ${tabId}.`, page);
         }
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
             return buildErrorResult('close-tab', `Could not close tab ${tabId}.`);
           }
           await browserViewManager.ensureActiveTabReady(signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('close-tab', `Closed tab ${tabId}.`, page);
         }
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
             return buildErrorResult('navigate', result.error ?? `Failed to navigate to ${target}.`);
           }
           await browserViewManager.ensureActiveTabReady(signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('navigate', `Navigated to ${target}.`, page);
         }
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
             return buildErrorResult('back', 'The active tab cannot go back.');
           }
           await browserViewManager.ensureActiveTabReady(signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('back', 'Went back in the active tab.', page);
         }
 
@@ -134,14 +134,14 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
             return buildErrorResult('forward', 'The active tab cannot go forward.');
           }
           await browserViewManager.ensureActiveTabReady(signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('forward', 'Went forward in the active tab.', page);
         }
 
         case 'reload': {
           browserViewManager.reload();
           await browserViewManager.ensureActiveTabReady(signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('reload', 'Reloaded the active tab.', page);
         }
 
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
           if (!result.ok) {
             return buildErrorResult('click', result.error ?? 'Failed to click the requested element.');
           }
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult(
             'click',
             result.description ? `Clicked ${result.description}.` : 'Clicked the requested element.',
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
           if (!result.ok) {
             return buildErrorResult('type', result.error ?? 'Failed to type into the requested element.');
           }
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult(
             'type',
             result.description ? `Typed into ${result.description}.` : 'Typed into the requested element.',
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
           if (!result.ok) {
             return buildErrorResult('press', result.error ?? `Failed to press ${key}.`);
           }
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult(
             'press',
             result.description ? `Pressed ${result.description}.` : `Pressed ${key}.`,
@@ -238,14 +238,14 @@ export class ElectronBrowserControlService implements IBrowserControlService {
           if (!result.ok) {
             return buildErrorResult('scroll', result.error ?? 'Failed to scroll the page.');
           }
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('scroll', `Scrolled ${input.direction ?? 'down'}.`, page);
         }
 
         case 'wait': {
           const duration = input.ms ?? 1000;
           await browserViewManager.wait(duration, signal);
-          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal) ?? undefined;
+          const page = await browserViewManager.readPageSummary(signal, { waitForReady: false }) ?? undefined;
           return buildSuccessResult('wait', `Waited ${duration}ms for the page to settle.`, page);
         }
       }
diff --git a/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/navigation.ts b/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/navigation.ts
index c99165ab..ac840956 100644
--- a/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/navigation.ts
+++ b/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/navigation.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 const SEARCH_ENGINE_BASE_URL = 'https://www.google.com/search?q=';
 
+const HAS_SCHEME_RE = /^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:/i;
+const IPV4_HOST_RE = /^\d{1,3}(?:\.\d{1,3}){3}(?::\d+)?(?:\/.*)?$/;
+const LOCALHOST_RE = /^localhost(?::\d+)?(?:\/.*)?$/i;
+const DOMAIN_LIKE_RE = /^[\w.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:\/.*)?$/i;
+
 export function normalizeNavigationTarget(target: string): string {
   const trimmed = target.trim();
   if (!trimmed) {
@@ -16,17 +21,20 @@ export function normalizeNavigationTarget(target: string): string {
     throw new Error('That URL scheme is not allowed in the embedded browser.');
   }
 
-  if (/^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:/i.test(trimmed)) {
+  if (HAS_SCHEME_RE.test(trimmed)) {
     return trimmed;
   }
 
   const looksLikeHost =
-    trimmed.startsWith('localhost')
-    || /^[\w.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}/i.test(trimmed)
-    || /^\d{1,3}(?:\.\d{1,3}){3}(?::\d+)?(?:\/.*)?$/.test(trimmed);
+    LOCALHOST_RE.test(trimmed)
+    || DOMAIN_LIKE_RE.test(trimmed)
+    || IPV4_HOST_RE.test(trimmed);
 
   if (looksLikeHost && !/\s/.test(trimmed)) {
-    return trimmed;
+    const scheme = LOCALHOST_RE.test(trimmed) || IPV4_HOST_RE.test(trimmed)
+      ? 'http://'
+      : 'https://';
+    return `${scheme}${trimmed}`;
   }
 
   return `${SEARCH_ENGINE_BASE_URL}${encodeURIComponent(trimmed)}`;
diff --git a/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/view.ts b/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/view.ts
index 75a55cd0..24e7c037 100644
--- a/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/view.ts
+++ b/apps/x/apps/main/src/browser/view.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
 import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
-import { BrowserWindow, WebContentsView, session, shell, type Session, type WebContents } from 'electron';
+import { BrowserWindow, WebContentsView, session, shell, type Session } from 'electron';
 import type {
   BrowserPageElement,
   BrowserPageSnapshot,
@@ -202,6 +202,8 @@ export interface BrowserBounds {
 type BrowserTab = {
   id: string;
   view: WebContentsView;
+  domReadyAt: number | null;
+  loadError: string | null;
 };
 
 type CachedSnapshot = {
@@ -483,7 +485,7 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
     return /^https?:\/\//i.test(url) || url === 'about:blank';
   }
 
-  private createView(tabId: string): WebContentsView {
+  private createView(): WebContentsView {
     const view = new WebContentsView({
       webPreferences: {
         session: this.getSession(),
@@ -494,11 +496,11 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
     });
 
     view.webContents.setUserAgent(SPOOF_UA);
-    this.wireEvents(tabId, view);
     return view;
   }
 
-  private wireEvents(tabId: string, view: WebContentsView): void {
+  private wireEvents(tab: BrowserTab): void {
+    const { id: tabId, view } = tab;
     const wc = view.webContents;
 
     const reapplyBounds = () => {
@@ -517,17 +519,40 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
       this.emitState();
     };
 
-    wc.on('did-start-navigation', () => {
+    wc.on('did-start-navigation', (_event, _url, _isInPlace, isMainFrame) => {
+      if (isMainFrame !== false) {
+        tab.domReadyAt = null;
+        tab.loadError = null;
+      }
       this.invalidateSnapshot(tabId);
       reapplyBounds();
     });
     wc.on('did-navigate', () => { reapplyBounds(); invalidateAndEmit(); });
     wc.on('did-navigate-in-page', () => { reapplyBounds(); invalidateAndEmit(); });
-    wc.on('did-start-loading', () => { this.invalidateSnapshot(tabId); reapplyBounds(); this.emitState(); });
+    wc.on('did-start-loading', () => {
+      tab.loadError = null;
+      this.invalidateSnapshot(tabId);
+      reapplyBounds();
+      this.emitState();
+    });
     wc.on('did-stop-loading', () => { reapplyBounds(); invalidateAndEmit(); });
     wc.on('did-finish-load', () => { reapplyBounds(); invalidateAndEmit(); });
+    wc.on('dom-ready', () => {
+      tab.domReadyAt = Date.now();
+      reapplyBounds();
+      invalidateAndEmit();
+    });
     wc.on('did-frame-finish-load', reapplyBounds);
-    wc.on('did-fail-load', () => { reapplyBounds(); invalidateAndEmit(); });
+    wc.on('did-fail-load', (_event, errorCode, errorDescription, validatedURL, isMainFrame) => {
+      if (isMainFrame && errorCode !== -3) {
+        const target = validatedURL || wc.getURL() || 'page';
+        tab.loadError = errorDescription
+          ? `Failed to load ${target}: ${errorDescription}.`
+          : `Failed to load ${target}.`;
+      }
+      reapplyBounds();
+      invalidateAndEmit();
+    });
     wc.on('page-title-updated', this.emitState.bind(this));
 
     wc.setWindowOpenHandler(({ url }) => {
@@ -593,9 +618,12 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
     const tabId = randomUUID();
     const tab: BrowserTab = {
       id: tabId,
-      view: this.createView(tabId),
+      view: this.createView(),
+      domReadyAt: null,
+      loadError: null,
     };
 
+    this.wireEvents(tab);
     this.tabs.set(tabId, tab);
     this.tabOrder.push(tabId);
     this.activeTabId = tabId;
@@ -607,7 +635,10 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
       initialUrl === 'about:blank'
         ? HOME_URL
         : normalizeNavigationTarget(initialUrl);
-    void tab.view.webContents.loadURL(targetUrl).catch(() => {
+    void tab.view.webContents.loadURL(targetUrl).catch((error) => {
+      tab.loadError = error instanceof Error
+        ? error.message
+        : `Failed to load ${targetUrl}.`;
       this.emitState();
     });
 
@@ -629,17 +660,29 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
   }
 
   private async waitForWebContentsSettle(
-    wc: WebContents,
+    tab: BrowserTab,
     signal?: AbortSignal,
     idleMs = POST_ACTION_IDLE_MS,
     timeoutMs = NAVIGATION_TIMEOUT_MS,
   ): Promise<void> {
+    const wc = tab.view.webContents;
     const startedAt = Date.now();
     let sawLoading = wc.isLoading();
 
     while (Date.now() - startedAt < timeoutMs) {
       abortIfNeeded(signal);
       if (wc.isDestroyed()) return;
+      if (tab.loadError) {
+        throw new Error(tab.loadError);
+      }
+
+      if (tab.domReadyAt != null) {
+        const domReadyForMs = Date.now() - tab.domReadyAt;
+        const requiredIdleMs = sawLoading ? idleMs : Math.min(idleMs, 200);
+        if (domReadyForMs >= requiredIdleMs) return;
+        await sleep(Math.min(100, requiredIdleMs - domReadyForMs), signal);
+        continue;
+      }
 
       if (wc.isLoading()) {
         sawLoading = true;
@@ -648,15 +691,24 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
       }
 
       await sleep(sawLoading ? idleMs : Math.min(idleMs, 200), signal);
-      if (!wc.isLoading()) return;
+      if (tab.loadError) {
+        throw new Error(tab.loadError);
+      }
+      if (!wc.isLoading() || tab.domReadyAt != null) return;
       sawLoading = true;
     }
   }
 
-  private async executeOnActiveTab<T>(script: string, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<T> {
+  private async executeOnActiveTab<T>(
+    script: string,
+    signal?: AbortSignal,
+    options?: { waitForReady?: boolean },
+  ): Promise<T> {
     abortIfNeeded(signal);
     const activeTab = this.getActiveTab() ?? this.ensureInitialTab();
-    await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab.view.webContents, signal);
+    if (options?.waitForReady !== false) {
+      await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab, signal);
+    }
     abortIfNeeded(signal);
     return activeTab.view.webContents.executeJavaScript(script, true) as Promise<T>;
   }
@@ -734,7 +786,7 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
 
   async ensureActiveTabReady(signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
     const activeTab = this.getActiveTab() ?? this.ensureInitialTab();
-    await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab.view.webContents, signal);
+    await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab, signal);
   }
 
   async newTab(rawUrl?: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; tabId?: string; error?: string }> {
@@ -820,7 +872,7 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
   }
 
   async readPage(
-    options?: { maxElements?: number; maxTextLength?: number },
+    options?: { maxElements?: number; maxTextLength?: number; waitForReady?: boolean },
     signal?: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<{ ok: boolean; page?: BrowserPageSnapshot; error?: string }> {
     try {
@@ -831,6 +883,7 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
           options?.maxTextLength ?? DEFAULT_READ_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH,
         ),
         signal,
+        { waitForReady: options?.waitForReady },
       );
       return {
         ok: true,
@@ -844,11 +897,15 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
     }
   }
 
-  async readPageSummary(signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<BrowserPageSnapshot | null> {
+  async readPageSummary(
+    signal?: AbortSignal,
+    options?: { waitForReady?: boolean },
+  ): Promise<BrowserPageSnapshot | null> {
     const result = await this.readPage(
       {
         maxElements: POST_ACTION_MAX_ELEMENTS,
         maxTextLength: POST_ACTION_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH,
+        waitForReady: options?.waitForReady,
       },
       signal,
     );
@@ -871,7 +928,7 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
       );
       if (!result.ok) return result;
       this.invalidateSnapshot(activeTab.id);
-      await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab.view.webContents, signal);
+      await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab, signal);
       return result;
     } catch (error) {
       return {
@@ -897,7 +954,7 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
       );
       if (!result.ok) return result;
       this.invalidateSnapshot(activeTab.id);
-      await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab.view.webContents, signal);
+      await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab, signal);
       return result;
     } catch (error) {
       return {
@@ -948,7 +1005,7 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
       wc.sendInputEvent({ type: 'keyUp', keyCode });
 
       this.invalidateSnapshot(activeTab.id);
-      await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(wc, signal);
+      await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab, signal);
 
       return {
         ok: true,
@@ -990,7 +1047,7 @@ export class BrowserViewManager extends EventEmitter {
     await sleep(ms, signal);
     const activeTab = this.getActiveTab();
     if (!activeTab) return;
-    await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab.view.webContents, signal);
+    await this.waitForWebContentsSettle(activeTab, signal);
   }
 
   getState(): BrowserState {