diff --git a/apps/x/packages/core/src/agents/spawn-agent.test.ts b/apps/x/packages/core/src/agents/spawn-agent.test.ts
index 55e093f7..fc5b91a3 100644
--- a/apps/x/packages/core/src/agents/spawn-agent.test.ts
+++ b/apps/x/packages/core/src/agents/spawn-agent.test.ts
@@ -140,20 +140,32 @@ describe("runSpawnedAgent", () => {
         expect(started[0].maxModelCalls).toBe(5);
     });
 
-    it("requires exactly one of agent_id and instructions", async () => {
+    it("rejects agent_id and instructions together", async () => {
         const { services } = fakeServices({});
-        for (const input of [
-            { task: "t" },
+        const result = await runSpawnedAgent(
             { task: "t", agent_id: "a", instructions: "b" },
-        ]) {
-            const result = await runSpawnedAgent(input, {
-                parentTurnId: "parent-1",
-                signal,
-                services,
-            });
-            expect(result.isError).toBe(true);
-            expect(result.output).toMatch(/exactly one/);
-        }
+            { parentTurnId: "parent-1", signal, services },
+        );
+        expect(result.isError).toBe(true);
+        expect(result.output).toMatch(/at most one/);
+    });
+
+    it("spawns a default worker when neither agent_id nor instructions is given", async () => {
+        // Models routinely treat task (+ name/tools) as a complete spec; the
+        // task-only form must work rather than cost a correction round-trip.
+        const { services, started } = fakeServices({});
+        const result = await runSpawnedAgent(
+            { task: "find the weather", name: "london-weather", tools: ["web-search"] },
+            { parentTurnId: "parent-1", signal, services },
+        );
+        expect(result.isError).toBe(false);
+        const agent = started[0].agent as {
+            inline: { name: string; instructions: string; tools?: string[] };
+        };
+        expect(agent.inline.name).toBe("london-weather");
+        expect(agent.inline.tools).toEqual(["web-search"]);
+        expect(agent.inline.instructions).toMatch(/london-weather/);
+        expect(agent.inline.instructions).toMatch(/headlessly/);
     });
 
     it("rejects a model-call budget above the cap at the schema boundary", async () => {
diff --git a/apps/x/packages/core/src/agents/spawn-agent.ts b/apps/x/packages/core/src/agents/spawn-agent.ts
index 4466e62c..432edaab 100644
--- a/apps/x/packages/core/src/agents/spawn-agent.ts
+++ b/apps/x/packages/core/src/agents/spawn-agent.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export const SpawnAgentInput = z.object({
         .string()
         .optional()
         .describe(
-            "System instructions for an agent constructed on the fly. Mutually exclusive with `agent_id`.",
+            "System instructions for an agent constructed on the fly. Mutually exclusive with `agent_id`. Optional: omitting both `agent_id` and `instructions` spawns a general-purpose worker driven by `task` alone.",
         ),
     model: z
         .string()
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ export async function runSpawnedAgent(
         return spawnError(`invalid input: ${parsed.error.message}`);
     }
     const input = parsed.data;
-    if (!input.agent_id === !input.instructions) {
+    if (input.agent_id && input.instructions) {
         return spawnError(
-            "provide exactly one of `agent_id` or `instructions`",
+            "provide at most one of `agent_id` or `instructions`",
         );
     }
 
@@ -149,7 +149,11 @@ export async function runSpawnedAgent(
         : {
               inline: {
                   name: agentName,
-                  instructions: input.instructions!,
+                  // The task alone is usually a complete spec — models
+                  // routinely omit `instructions` for ad-hoc workers, and
+                  // rejecting that just costs a correction round-trip.
+                  instructions:
+                      input.instructions ?? defaultWorkerInstructions(agentName),
                   ...(model ? { model } : {}),
                   ...(input.tools ? { tools: input.tools } : {}),
               },
@@ -231,6 +235,14 @@ function spawnError(message: string): z.infer<typeof ToolResultData> {
     return { output: `spawn-agent: ${message}`, isError: true };
 }
 
+function defaultWorkerInstructions(name: string): string {
+    return (
+        `You are ${name}, a sub-agent spawned to complete a single task. ` +
+        "You run headlessly: no user is available to clarify or approve, and your final message is your only output. " +
+        "Work autonomously with the tools you have, then end with a complete, self-contained answer to the task."
+    );
+}
+
 // True for any child-shaped parent: inline agents only exist as spawned
 // children, and by-id children carry the subagent composition flag.
 function hasSubagentFlag(