# Query Execution, Mutations, and Loading

## Query execution (`exec/query.rs`)

Pipeline:

1. Parse + typecheck via `omnigraph-compiler`.
2. Lower to IR.
3. If `Expand` or `AntiJoin` is present, build (or fetch from `RuntimeCache`) a `GraphIndex`.
4. Run `execute_query` against the snapshot.

### Read flow — sequence

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
    autonumber
    participant client as Client
    participant og as Omnigraph::query<br/>(query.rs:7)
    participant cmp as omnigraph-compiler
    participant exec as execute_query<br/>(query.rs:347)
    participant gi as GraphIndex<br/>(RuntimeCache)
    participant ts as table_store
    participant lance as Lance scanner

    client->>og: query(target, source, name, params)
    og->>og: ensure_schema_state_valid()<br/>resolve target → snapshot
    og->>cmp: parse + typecheck_query (typecheck.rs:83)
    cmp-->>og: CheckedQuery
    og->>cmp: lower_query (lower.rs:11)
    cmp-->>og: QueryIR (pipeline of IROp)
    og->>exec: extract_search_mode + dispatch (query.rs:110)
    exec->>gi: build / fetch GraphIndex<br/>(if Expand or AntiJoin)
    gi-->>exec: CSR / CSC topology
    loop for each IROp in pipeline
        exec->>ts: scan with predicate / SIP
        ts->>lance: filter · nearest · full_text_search
        lance-->>ts: Stream of RecordBatch
        ts-->>exec: RecordBatch stream
        exec->>exec: factorize · expand · fuse · project
    end
    exec-->>og: QueryResult (RecordBatches)
    og-->>client: serialized result
```

**Code paths:**

- Entry: `Omnigraph::query` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/query.rs:7`
- Search-mode extraction: `extract_search_mode` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/query.rs:110`
- Pipeline runner: `execute_query` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/query.rs:347`
- RRF fan-out: `execute_rrf_query` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/query.rs:393`
- Per-source-row BFS: `execute_expand` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/query.rs:675`
- Lance scan + pushdown: `execute_node_scan` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/query.rs:1027`
- Filter → SQL pushdown: `build_lance_filter` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/query.rs:1158`

### Multi-modal search modes (`SearchMode`)

The executor recognizes three modes that may be combined in a single query:

- **`nearest`** — vector ANN (uses Lance vector index; `LIMIT` required).
- **`bm25`** — BM25 over an inverted index.
- **`rrf`** — Reciprocal Rank Fusion of two rankings, with k (default 60).

Hybrid example: `order { rrf(nearest($d.embedding, $q), bm25($d.body, $q_text)) desc } limit 20`.

### Joins / set operations

- Joins are implicit: MATCH bindings + traversals are implemented as scans + CSR/CSC lookups.
- `not { … }` lowers to an `AntiJoin` over the inner pipeline.

### Scoped reads

- `query(target, source, name, params)` — at any branch or snapshot.
- `run_query_at(version, …)` — direct historical query at a manifest version.

### Concurrency

- Snapshot isolation per query: all reads inside a query use the same `Snapshot`.
- Readers and writers on different branches don't block each other.

## Mutation execution (`exec/mutation.rs`)

Resolves expression values to literals, converts to typed Arrow arrays (`literal_to_typed_array(lit, DataType, num_rows)`), then writes:

- `insert` → Lance `WriteMode::Append`
- `update` → Lance `merge_insert(WhenMatched::Update)`
- `delete` → Lance `merge_insert(WhenMatched::Delete)` (logical) or filtered overwrite.

Multi-statement mutations are atomic at the manifest commit boundary.

### Mutation flow — sequence

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
    autonumber
    participant client as Client
    participant og as Omnigraph::mutate<br/>(mutation.rs:511)
    participant cmp as omnigraph-compiler
    participant runs as RunRegistry
    participant ts as table_store
    participant lance as Lance dataset
    participant mr as ManifestRepo<br/>(manifest.rs:280)

    client->>og: mutate(target, source, name, params)
    og->>cmp: parse + typecheck_query
    cmp-->>og: CheckedQuery (Mutation IR)
    og->>runs: begin_run(target, op_hash)<br/>fork __run__<id> from target head
    runs-->>og: RunRecord
    loop for each mutation statement (on __run__<id>)
        og->>og: resolve expression literals<br/>literal_to_typed_array(lit, type, n)
        alt insert
            og->>ts: append RecordBatches
            ts->>lance: WriteMode::Append → new fragment(s)
        else update
            og->>ts: merge_insert keyed by id
            ts->>lance: merge_insert(WhenMatched::Update)
        else delete
            og->>ts: merge_insert with delete predicate
            ts->>lance: merge_insert(WhenMatched::Delete)
        end
        lance-->>ts: new dataset version
        og->>mr: commit_updates(SubTableUpdate)<br/>per-statement commit on __run__<id>
        mr-->>og: ack
    end
    og->>og: OCC: target head unchanged since begin_run?
    og->>og: publish_run(run_id)
    alt fast path (target hasn't moved)
        og->>mr: commit_updates_on_branch(target, updates)<br/>promote run snapshot
    else merge path (target advanced)
        og->>og: branch_merge_internal(__run__<id>, target)<br/>three-way merge
    end
    mr-->>og: new target snapshot
    og->>runs: terminate_run(Published)
    og-->>client: MutationResult
```

**Code paths:**

- Entry: `Omnigraph::mutate` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/mutation.rs:511`
- Per-mutation orchestration: `mutate_with_current_actor` at `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/mutation.rs:539`
- Per-statement commit on the run-branch: `commit_updates` (called from `execute_insert` / `execute_update` / `execute_delete` in `crates/omnigraph/src/exec/mutation.rs`)
- Run publish: `Omnigraph::publish_run` at `crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph.rs:858`
- Manifest commit primitive: `ManifestRepo::commit` at `crates/omnigraph/src/db/manifest.rs:280` (called from both per-statement `commit_updates` and the publish path)

Multi-statement mutations don't get atomicity from a single final `commit` — they get it from the **run-branch + publish_run** pattern. By default a mutation forks a fresh `__run__<id>` branch (`begin_run`); each statement individually commits its sub-table updates to that run-branch. After all statements complete, an OCC pre-check verifies the target hasn't moved since the run started, then `publish_run` atomically promotes the run-branch into the target — either via the fast path (direct promotion if the target hasn't moved) or a three-way merge. That final publish is what gives multi-statement mutations their atomicity guarantee (per [`docs/invariants.md`](invariants.md) §VI.26). If anything fails mid-run, the run is failed and the run-branch is dropped without affecting the target.

One exception: if the caller already targets a `__run__<id>` branch (mutation.rs:555), the mutation runs directly on that branch with no nested run wrapping — the assumption is the caller is managing the surrounding run lifecycle themselves. See [runs.md](runs.md) for the full run lifecycle.

## Bulk loader (`loader/mod.rs`)

- **JSONL only** in v1, with two record shapes:
  - Node: `{"type":"NodeType", "data":{…}}`
  - Edge: `{"edge":"EdgeType", "from":"src_id", "to":"dst_id", "data":{…}}`
- Lines starting with `//` are treated as comments.
- Schema validation on every row (typecheck, required props, blob base64 decoding).
- Edge endpoint resolution by node `@key`.

## Load modes (`LoadMode`)

| Mode | Semantics |
|---|---|
| `Overwrite` | Replace all data in the target tables on the branch |
| `Append` | Strict insert; duplicates error |
| `Merge` | Upsert by id (`merge_insert`) |

## `load` vs `ingest`

- `load(branch, data, mode)` — direct load to a branch.
- `ingest(branch, from, data, mode)` — branch-creating, transactional load:
  1. If target advanced since the run started, fork a fresh run branch from `from`.
  2. Load into the run branch (Append).
  3. If target hasn't moved, fast-publish; otherwise abort.
- Returns `IngestResult { branch, base_branch, branch_created, mode, tables[] }`.
- `ingest_as(actor_id)` records the actor on the resulting commit.

## Embeddings during load

If a node type has `@embed` properties, the loader calls the engine embedding client (Gemini, RETRIEVAL_DOCUMENT) per row to populate the vector column. See [embeddings.md](embeddings.md).