diff --git a/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph.rs b/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph.rs
index e9f3317..7884885 100644
--- a/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph.rs
+++ b/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph.rs
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
         schema_apply::plan_schema(self, desired_schema_source).await
     }
 
-    pub async fn apply_schema(&mut self, desired_schema_source: &str) -> Result<SchemaApplyResult> {
+    pub async fn apply_schema(&self, desired_schema_source: &str) -> Result<SchemaApplyResult> {
         schema_apply::apply_schema(self, desired_schema_source).await
     }
 
@@ -647,11 +647,11 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     /// unbranched subtables keep inheriting `main`, while subtables inherited
     /// from an ancestor branch are first forked into the active branch before
     /// their index metadata is updated.
-    pub async fn ensure_indices(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+    pub async fn ensure_indices(&self) -> Result<()> {
         table_ops::ensure_indices(self).await
     }
 
-    pub async fn ensure_indices_on(&mut self, branch: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    pub async fn ensure_indices_on(&self, branch: &str) -> Result<()> {
         table_ops::ensure_indices_on(self, branch).await
     }
 
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
 
     /// Compact small Lance fragments into fewer larger ones across every
     /// node + edge table on `main`. See [`optimize`] for details.
-    pub async fn optimize(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<optimize::TableOptimizeStats>> {
+    pub async fn optimize(&self) -> Result<Vec<optimize::TableOptimizeStats>> {
         optimize::optimize_all_tables(self).await
     }
 
@@ -1003,14 +1003,14 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     pub(crate) async fn commit_manifest_updates(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         updates: &[crate::db::SubTableUpdate],
     ) -> Result<u64> {
         table_ops::commit_manifest_updates(self, updates).await
     }
 
     pub(crate) async fn record_merge_commit(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         manifest_version: u64,
         parent_commit_id: &str,
         merged_parent_commit_id: &str,
@@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     pub(crate) async fn commit_updates_on_branch_with_expected(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: Option<&str>,
         updates: &[crate::db::SubTableUpdate],
         expected_table_versions: &std::collections::HashMap<String, u64>,
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
         .await
     }
 
-    pub(crate) async fn ensure_commit_graph_initialized(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) async fn ensure_commit_graph_initialized(&self) -> Result<()> {
         table_ops::ensure_commit_graph_initialized(self).await
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/optimize.rs b/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/optimize.rs
index d70803e..4d0f0ce 100644
--- a/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/optimize.rs
+++ b/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/optimize.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub struct TableCleanupStats {
 
 /// Run Lance `compact_files` on every node + edge table on `main`.
 /// Tables run in parallel (bounded concurrency).
-pub async fn optimize_all_tables(db: &mut Omnigraph) -> Result<Vec<TableOptimizeStats>> {
+pub async fn optimize_all_tables(db: &Omnigraph) -> Result<Vec<TableOptimizeStats>> {
     db.ensure_schema_state_valid().await?;
     db.ensure_schema_apply_idle("optimize").await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/schema_apply.rs b/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/schema_apply.rs
index a2475d5..168b118 100644
--- a/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/schema_apply.rs
+++ b/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/schema_apply.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub(super) async fn plan_schema(
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn apply_schema(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     desired_schema_source: &str,
 ) -> Result<SchemaApplyResult> {
     acquire_schema_apply_lock(db).await?;
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub(super) async fn apply_schema(
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn apply_schema_with_lock(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     desired_schema_source: &str,
 ) -> Result<SchemaApplyResult> {
     db.ensure_schema_state_valid().await?;
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ pub(super) async fn ensure_schema_apply_idle(db: &Omnigraph, operation: &str) ->
     ensure_schema_apply_not_locked(db, operation).await
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn acquire_schema_apply_lock(db: &mut Omnigraph) -> Result<()> {
+pub(super) async fn acquire_schema_apply_lock(db: &Omnigraph) -> Result<()> {
     db.ensure_schema_state_valid().await?;
     db.refresh_coordinator_only().await?;
     let branches = db.coordinator.lock().await.all_branches().await?;
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ pub(super) async fn acquire_schema_apply_lock(db: &mut Omnigraph) -> Result<()>
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn release_schema_apply_lock(db: &mut Omnigraph) -> Result<()> {
+pub(super) async fn release_schema_apply_lock(db: &Omnigraph) -> Result<()> {
     db.coordinator
         .lock()
         .await
diff --git a/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/table_ops.rs b/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/table_ops.rs
index 08c9108..3c7dc32 100644
--- a/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/table_ops.rs
+++ b/crates/omnigraph/src/db/omnigraph/table_ops.rs
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ pub(super) async fn graph_index_for_resolved(
     db.runtime_cache.graph_index(resolved, &catalog).await
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn ensure_indices(db: &mut Omnigraph) -> Result<()> {
+pub(super) async fn ensure_indices(db: &Omnigraph) -> Result<()> {
     let current_branch = db.coordinator.lock().await.current_branch().map(str::to_string);
     ensure_indices_for_branch(db, current_branch.as_deref()).await
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn ensure_indices_on(db: &mut Omnigraph, branch: &str) -> Result<()> {
+pub(super) async fn ensure_indices_on(db: &Omnigraph, branch: &str) -> Result<()> {
     let branch = normalize_branch_name(branch)?;
     ensure_indices_for_branch(db, branch.as_deref()).await
 }
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub(super) async fn failpoint_publish_table_head_without_index_rebuild_for_test(
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn ensure_indices_for_branch(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     branch: Option<&str>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     db.ensure_schema_state_valid().await?;
@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ async fn prepare_updates_for_commit(
 }
 
 async fn commit_prepared_updates(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     updates: &[crate::db::SubTableUpdate],
     actor_id: Option<&str>,
 ) -> Result<u64> {
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ async fn commit_prepared_updates(
 }
 
 async fn commit_prepared_updates_with_expected(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     updates: &[crate::db::SubTableUpdate],
     expected_table_versions: &std::collections::HashMap<String, u64>,
     actor_id: Option<&str>,
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ async fn commit_prepared_updates_with_expected(
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn commit_prepared_updates_on_branch(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     branch: Option<&str>,
     updates: &[crate::db::SubTableUpdate],
     actor_id: Option<&str>,
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ pub(super) async fn commit_prepared_updates_on_branch(
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn commit_prepared_updates_on_branch_with_expected(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     branch: Option<&str>,
     updates: &[crate::db::SubTableUpdate],
     expected_table_versions: &std::collections::HashMap<String, u64>,
@@ -835,14 +835,14 @@ pub(super) async fn commit_updates(
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn commit_manifest_updates(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     updates: &[crate::db::SubTableUpdate],
 ) -> Result<u64> {
     db.coordinator.lock().await.commit_manifest_updates(updates).await
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn record_merge_commit(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     manifest_version: u64,
     parent_commit_id: &str,
     merged_parent_commit_id: &str,
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ pub(super) async fn record_merge_commit(
 /// `expected_table_versions` map asserts the manifest's pre-write per-table
 /// versions; mismatches surface as `ManifestConflictDetails::ExpectedVersionMismatch`.
 pub(super) async fn commit_updates_on_branch_with_expected(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     branch: Option<&str>,
     updates: &[crate::db::SubTableUpdate],
     expected_table_versions: &std::collections::HashMap<String, u64>,
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ pub(super) async fn commit_updates_on_branch_with_expected(
     .await
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn ensure_commit_graph_initialized(db: &mut Omnigraph) -> Result<()> {
+pub(super) async fn ensure_commit_graph_initialized(db: &Omnigraph) -> Result<()> {
     db.coordinator.lock().await.ensure_commit_graph_initialized().await
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/omnigraph/src/exec/merge.rs b/crates/omnigraph/src/exec/merge.rs
index b8aa27a..1115095 100644
--- a/crates/omnigraph/src/exec/merge.rs
+++ b/crates/omnigraph/src/exec/merge.rs
@@ -1008,12 +1008,12 @@ async fn publish_rewritten_merge_table(
 }
 
 impl Omnigraph {
-    pub async fn branch_merge(&mut self, source: &str, target: &str) -> Result<MergeOutcome> {
+    pub async fn branch_merge(&self, source: &str, target: &str) -> Result<MergeOutcome> {
         self.branch_merge_as(source, target, None).await
     }
 
     pub async fn branch_merge_as(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         source: &str,
         target: &str,
         actor_id: Option<&str>,
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn branch_merge_impl(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         source: &str,
         target: &str,
         actor_id: Option<&str>,
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn branch_merge_on_current_target(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         base_snapshot: &Snapshot,
         source_snapshot: &Snapshot,
         target_head_commit_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/omnigraph/src/exec/mutation.rs b/crates/omnigraph/src/exec/mutation.rs
index 121467a..e9d0f73 100644
--- a/crates/omnigraph/src/exec/mutation.rs
+++ b/crates/omnigraph/src/exec/mutation.rs
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ fn enforce_no_mixed_destructive_constructive(
 
 impl Omnigraph {
     pub async fn mutate(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         query_source: &str,
         query_name: &str,
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     pub async fn mutate_as(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         query_source: &str,
         query_name: &str,
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn mutate_with_current_actor(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         query_source: &str,
         query_name: &str,
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn execute_named_mutation(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         query_source: &str,
         query_name: &str,
         params: &ParamMap,
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn execute_insert(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         type_name: &str,
         assignments: &[IRAssignment],
         params: &ParamMap,
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn execute_update(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         type_name: &str,
         assignments: &[IRAssignment],
         predicate: &IRMutationPredicate,
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn execute_delete(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         type_name: &str,
         predicate: &IRMutationPredicate,
         params: &ParamMap,
@@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn execute_delete_node(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         type_name: &str,
         predicate: &IRMutationPredicate,
         params: &ParamMap,
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn execute_delete_edge(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         type_name: &str,
         predicate: &IRMutationPredicate,
         params: &ParamMap,
diff --git a/crates/omnigraph/src/loader/mod.rs b/crates/omnigraph/src/loader/mod.rs
index a813508..b63f692 100644
--- a/crates/omnigraph/src/loader/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/omnigraph/src/loader/mod.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub async fn load_jsonl_file(db: &mut Omnigraph, path: &str, mode: LoadMode) ->
 
 impl Omnigraph {
     pub async fn ingest(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         from: Option<&str>,
         data: &str,
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     pub async fn ingest_as(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         from: Option<&str>,
         data: &str,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     pub async fn ingest_file(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         from: Option<&str>,
         path: &str,
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     pub async fn ingest_file_as(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         from: Option<&str>,
         path: &str,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn ingest_with_current_actor(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         from: Option<&str>,
         data: &str,
@@ -149,12 +149,12 @@ impl Omnigraph {
         })
     }
 
-    pub async fn load(&mut self, branch: &str, data: &str, mode: LoadMode) -> Result<LoadResult> {
+    pub async fn load(&self, branch: &str, data: &str, mode: LoadMode) -> Result<LoadResult> {
         self.load_as(branch, data, mode, None).await
     }
 
     pub async fn load_as(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         data: &str,
         mode: LoadMode,
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     pub async fn load_file(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: &str,
         path: &str,
         mode: LoadMode,
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ impl Omnigraph {
     }
 
     async fn load_direct_on_branch(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         branch: Option<&str>,
         data: &str,
         mode: LoadMode,
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ impl LoadResult {
 }
 
 async fn load_jsonl_reader<R: BufRead>(
-    db: &mut Omnigraph,
+    db: &Omnigraph,
     branch: Option<&str>,
     reader: R,
     mode: LoadMode,