factbook.json/europe/it.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "42 50 N, 12 50 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "301,340 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "294,140 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "7,200 sq km"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "includes Sardinia and Sicily"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona",
      "Area comparison map": {
        "text": null
      }
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,836.4 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Austria 404 km, France 476 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.4 km, San Marino 37 km, Slovenia 218 km, Switzerland 698 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "7,600 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands"
    },
    "Elevation extremes": {
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m"
      },
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc)"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "47.1% ++ arable land 22.8%; permanent crops 8.6%; permanent pasture 15.7%"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "31.4%"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "21.5% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "39,510 sq km (2007)"
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "191.3 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "45.41  cu km/yr (24%/43%/34%)"
      },
      "per capita": {
        "text": "789.8  cu m/yr (2008)"
      }
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice",
      "volcanism": {
        "text": "significant volcanic activity; Etna (elev. 3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2010, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini"
      }
    },
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Italian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Italian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German-speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Christian 80% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim (about 800,000 to 1 million), Atheist and Agnostic 20%"
    },
    "Population": {
      "text": "61,855,120 (July 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "13.73% (male 4,340,380/female 4,154,737)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "9.79% (male 3,035,586/female 3,020,584)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "42.74% (male 13,063,733/female 13,375,975)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "12.54% (male 3,756,546/female 3,997,190)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "21.2% (male 5,626,752/female 7,483,637) (2015 est.)"
      },
      "population pyramid": {
        "text": null
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "56.5%"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "21.5%"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "35.1%"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "2.9% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "44.8 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "43.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "45.9 years (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.27% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.74 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "10.19 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "4.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "69% of total population (2015)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.39% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "ROME (capital) 3.718 million; Milan 3.099 million; Naples 2.202 million; Turin 1.765 million; Palermo 853,000; Bergamo 840,000 (2015)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.29 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.49 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "82.12 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "79.48 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "84.92 years (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.43 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Health expenditures": {
      "text": "9.1% of GDP (2013)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "3.76 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "3.4 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 100% of population ++ rural: 100% of population ++ total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 0% of population ++ rural: 0% of population ++ total: 0% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 99.5% of population ++ rural: 99.6% of population ++ total: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 0.5% of population ++ rural: 0.4% of population ++ total: 0.5% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.28% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "122,000 (2013 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "23.7% (2014)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.3% of GDP (2011)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.3%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "33.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "37.5% (2012 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Italian Republic"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Italy"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Repubblica Italiana"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Italia"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Italy"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Rome"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "41 54 N, 12 29 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma)",
      "regions": {
        "text": "Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto (Venetia)"
      },
      "autonomous regions": {
        "text": "Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Sardegna (Sardinia); Sicilia (Sicily); Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German); Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)"
      }
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Republic Day, 2 June (1946)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "text": "previous 1848 (originally for Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948; amended many times, last in 2012 (2013)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "birthright citizenship": {
        "text": ""
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": ""
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Sergio MATTARELLA (3 February 2015); Giorgio NAPOLITANO resigned 14 January 2015"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Matteo RENZI (since 22 February 2014); note - the prime minister title is President of the Council of Ministers"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and nominated by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 31 January 2015 (next scheduled for 2020); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Sergio MATTARELLA elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 1,009 (505-vote threshold); Matteo RENZI sworn in as prime minister on 22 February 2014"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or Senato della Repubblica (322 seats; 315 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 7 ex-officio members appointed by the president of the Republic to serve for life) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; 629 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member from Valle d'Aosta elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Senate - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition 123 (PD 111, SEL 7, SVP 2, other 3), center-right coalition 117 (PdL 98, LN 18, other 1), M5S 54, centrist coalition 19, other 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition 345 (PD 297, SEL 37, CD 6 SVP 5), center-right coalition 125 (PdL 98, LN 18, FdI 9), M5S 109, centrist coalition 47, other 3; note - President NAPOLITANO dissolved Parliament on 22 December 2012"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Cassation consists of the first president (chief justice), deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic, to serve NA terms; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years)"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals, courts, and courts of appeal)"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "Center-right parties": {
        "text": " ++ Brothers of Italy or FdI [Giorgia MELONI, Ignazio LA RUSSA, and Guido CROSETTO] ++ Forza Italia [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly PdL) ++ The New Center-Right or NCD [Angelino ALFANO] ++ Northern League or LN [Roberto MARONI] ++ The Right or LD [Francesco STORACE] ++ other minor parties ++ "
      },
      "Center-left parties": {
        "text": " ++ Democratic Centre or CD [Bruno TABACCI and Massimo DONADI] ++ Democratic Party or PD [Matteo RENZI] ++ Italian Socialist Party or PSI [Riccardo NENCINI] ++ Left Ecology Freedom or SEL [Nichi VENDOLA] ++ South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Arno KOMPATSCHER] ++ "
      },
      "Centrist parties": {
        "text": " ++ Civic Choice or SC [Alberto BOMBASSEI] ++ Future and Freedom for Italy or FLI [vacant] ++ Union of the Center or UdC [Pier Ferdinando CASINI] ++ "
      },
      "other coalitions and parties": {
        "text": " ++ Act to Stop the Decline or FiD [Michele BOLDRIN] ++ Civil Revolution or RC [Antonio INGROIA] ++ Five Star Movment or M5S [Beppe GRILLO]"
      }
    },
    "Political pressure groups and leaders": {
      "text": "",
      "manufacturers and merchants associations": {
        "text": "Confcommercio ++ Confindustria"
      },
      "organized farm groups": {
        "text": "Confcoltivatori ++ Confagricoltura"
      },
      "major trade union confederations": {
        "text": "Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Susanna CAMUSSO] (left wing) ++ Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Raffaele BONANNI] (Roman Catholic centrist) ++ Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] (lay centrist)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "Roman Catholic Church"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Claudio BISOGNIERO (since 13 January 2012)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 612-4400"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 518-2151"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Charlotte (NC), Cleveland (OH), Detroit (MI), Hattiesburg (MS), Honolulu (HI), New Orleans, Newark (NJ), Norfolk (VA), Pittsburgh (PA), Portland (OR), Seattle"
      },
      "consular agency(ies)": {
        "text": "Anchorage (AL), Charleston (SC), Worcester (MA)"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador John R. PHILLIPS (since 3 October 2013); note - also accredited to San Marino"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187-Rome"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[39] (06) 46741"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[39] (06) 4674-2244"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Florence, Milan, Naples"
      },
      "consular agency(ies)": {
        "text": "Anchorage (AL), Charleston (SC), Worcester (MA)"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard",
      "note": {
        "text": "similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of red and green, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green"
      }
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "white, five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia); national colors: red, white, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Il Canto degli Italiani\" (The Song of the Italians)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as \"L'Inno di Mameli\" (Mameli's Hymn), and \"Fratelli D'Italia\" (Brothers of Italy)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economy - overview": {
      "text": "Italy has a diversified economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, where unemployment is higher. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors. Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro-zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, topping 132% of GDP in 2014, but investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's long-standing structural impediments to growth, such as labor market inefficiencies and tax evasion. In 2014 economic growth and labor market conditions continued to deteriorate, with overall unemployment rising to 12.2% and youth unemployment around 40%. Italy's GDP is now nearly 10% below its 2007 pre-crisis level."
    },
    "GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "text": "$2.128 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.137 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $2.174 trillion (2012 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
      }
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$2.148 trillion (2014 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - real growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.7% (2013 est.) ++ -2.8% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
      "text": "$35,500 (2014 est.) ++ $35,600 (2013 est.) ++ $36,300 (2012 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
      }
    },
    "Gross national saving": {
      "text": "18.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 18.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 17.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "60.2%"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20%"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "16.9%"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0%"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "30.1%"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-27.2% ++  (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2.2%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "23.9%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "73.9% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agriculture - products": {
      "text": "fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products; fish"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.2% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "25.51 million (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.9%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "28.3%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "67.8% (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "text": "12.8% (2014 est.) ++ 12.2% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "29.9% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.3%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "26.8% (2000)"
      }
    },
    "Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
      "text": "31.9 (2012 est.) ++ 27.3 (1995)"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$990.7 billion"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$1.055 trillion (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "46.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "text": "134.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 132.6% of GDP (2013 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the central government, state government, local government and social security funds"
      }
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "text": "0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Central bank discount rate": {
      "text": "0.25% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2012)",
      "note": {
        "text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
      }
    },
    "Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
      "text": "5.1% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 5.14% (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of narrow money": {
      "text": "$1.185 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.264 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
      }
    },
    "Stock of broad money": {
      "text": "$2.134 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.284 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of domestic credit": {
      "text": "$3.319 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.613 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Market value of publicly traded shares": {
      "text": "$480.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $431.5 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $318.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "text": "$38.94 billion (2014 est.) ++ $20.88 billion (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "text": "$500.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $501.7 billion (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco; minerals, nonferrous metals"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 12.8%, France 10.7%, US 7.2%, UK 5.3%, Switzerland 4.7%, Spain 4.6% (2014)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "text": "$448.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $453.6 billion (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, tobacco"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 16.1%, France 9%, China 7.3%, Netherlands 5.8%, Spain 5%, Belgium 4.5% (2014)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "text": "$145.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $145.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "text": "$2.459 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.635 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
      "text": "$552.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $538.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
      "text": "$763.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $733.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "281 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "303.1 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "2.178 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "44.33 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "124.2 million kW (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "58.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "11.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "23.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "105,700 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "28,770 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "1.346 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "544.5 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "1.506 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "1.235 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "461,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "260,300 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "7.149 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "61.91 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "237 million cu m (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "55.76 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "59.43 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
      "text": "385.8 million Mt (2012 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "20.57 million"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "33 (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total": {
        "text": "94.2 million"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "153 (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephone system": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "modern, well-developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; some 1,300 commercial radio stations (2007)"
    },
    "Radio broadcast stations": {
      "text": "AM about 100, FM about 4,600, shortwave 9 (1998)"
    },
    "Television broadcast stations": {
      "text": "358 (plus 4,728 repeaters) (1995)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".it"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "37 million"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "59.9% (2014 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Airports": {
      "text": "129 (2013)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "98"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "9"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "31"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "18"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "29"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "11 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": " ++ 20 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "5 (2013)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "gas 20,223 km; oil 1,393 km; refined products 1,574 km (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20,181.7 km"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "18,770.1 km 1.435-m gauge (12,893.6 km electrified)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "122.3 km 1.000-m gauge (122.3 km electrified); 1,289.3 km 0.950-m gauge (151.3 km electrified) (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "487,700 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "487,700 km (includes 6,700 km of expressways) (2007)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "2,400 km (used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared to road and rail) (2012)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "681"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 105, cargo 42, carrier 1, chemical tanker 164, container 21, liquefied gas 28, passenger 25, passenger/cargo 154, petroleum tanker 59, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 39, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier 30"
      },
      "foreign-owned": {
        "text": "90 (Denmark 4, France 2, Greece 7, Luxembourg 14, Netherlands 2, Nigeria 1, Norway 6, Singapore 1, Sweden 1, Switzerland 13, Taiwan 10, Turkey 4, UK 2, US 23)"
      },
      "registered in other countries": {
        "text": "201 (Bahamas 1, Belize 3, Cayman Islands 7, Cyprus 6, Georgia 2, Gibraltar 4, Greece 5, Liberia 47, Malta 45, Marshall Islands 1, Morocco 1, Netherlands 6, Panama 25, Portugal 12, Russia 14, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Singapore 5, Slovakia 2, Spain 1, Sweden 5, Turkey 1, UK 3, unknown 1) (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Augusta, Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Taranto, Trieste, Venice"
      },
      "oil terminals": {
        "text": "Melilli (Santa Panagia) oil terminal, Sarroch oil terminal"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Genoa (1,847,648), Gioia Tauro (2,264,798), La Spezia (1,307,274)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "La Spezia, Panigaglia, Porto Levante"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military": {
    "Military branches": {
      "text": "Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2011)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in any military branch; Italian citizenship required; 1-year service obligation (2013)"
    },
    "Manpower available for military service": {
      "males age 16-49": {
        "text": "13,865,688"
      },
      "females age 16-49": {
        "text": "14,003,755 (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Manpower fit for military service": {
      "males age 16-49": {
        "text": "11,247,446"
      },
      "females age 16-49": {
        "text": "11,348,695 (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
      "male": {
        "text": "288,188"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "281,671 (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "text": "1.69% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.72% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.69% of GDP (2010)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "13,357 (Eritrea); 12,213 (Somalia); 8,991 (Afghanistan); 6,293 (Nigeria); 5,764 (Pakistan); 5,552 (Mali) (2014)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "813 (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling"
    }
  }
}