factbook.json/europe/ro-romania.json

{
  "intro": {
    "background": {
      "text": "The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist \"people's republic\" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007."
    }
  },
  "geo": {
    "location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine"
    },
    "geographic_coordinates": {
      "text": "46 00 N, 25 00 E"
    },
    "map_references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "area": {
      "total": "238,391 sq km",
      "land": "229,891 sq km",
      "water": "8,500 sq km"
    },
    "area_comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Oregon"
    },
    "land_boundaries": {
      "total": "2,508 km",
      "border_countries": "Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km"
    },
    "coastline": {
      "text": "225 km"
    },
    "maritime_claims": {
      "territorial_sea": "12 nm",
      "contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
      "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
      "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
    },
    "climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms"
    },
    "terrain": {
      "text": "central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps"
    },
    "elevation_extremes": {
      "lowest_point": "Black Sea 0 m",
      "highest_point": "Moldoveanu 2,544 m"
    },
    "natural_resources": {
      "text": "petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower"
    },
    "land_use": {
      "arable_land": "37.73%",
      "permanent_crops": "1.86%",
      "other": "60.41% (2011)"
    },
    "irrigated_land": {
      "text": "6,153 sq km (2007)"
    },
    "total_renewable_water_resources": {
      "text": "211.9 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
      "total": "6.88  cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%)",
      "per_capita": "320.8  cu m/yr (2009)"
    },
    "natural_hazards": {
      "text": "earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides"
    },
    "environment_current_issues": {
      "text": "soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands"
    },
    "environment_international_agreements": {
      "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
      "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
    },
    "geography_note": {
      "text": "controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine"
    }
  },
  "people": {
    "nationality": {
      "noun": "Romanian(s)",
      "adjective": "Romanian"
    },
    "ethnic_groups": {
      "text": "Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)"
    },
    "languages": {
      "text": "Romanian (official) 91%, Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%"
    },
    "religions": {
      "text": "Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformate and Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)"
    },
    "population": {
      "text": "21,790,479 (July 2013 est.)"
    },
    "age_structure": {
      "0_14_years": "14.7% (male 1,642,950/female 1,556,430)",
      "15_24_years": "11.8% (male 1,317,820/female 1,255,982)",
      "25_54_years": "45.5% (male 5,000,720/female 4,904,527)",
      "55_64_years": "13% (male 1,319,066/female 1,508,158)",
      "65_years_and_over": "15.1% (male 1,326,641/female 1,958,185) (2013 est.)"
    },
    "dependency_ratios": {
      "total_dependency_ratio": "43.3 %",
      "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.6 %",
      "elderly_dependency_ratio": "21.7 %",
      "potential_support_ratio": "4.6 (2013)"
    },
    "median_age": {
      "total": "39.4 years",
      "male": "38 years",
      "female": "41 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "population_growth_rate": {
      "text": "-0.27% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "birth_rate": {
      "text": "9.4 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "death_rate": {
      "text": "11.86 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "net_migration_rate": {
      "text": "-0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "urbanization": {
      "urban_population": "52.8% of total population (2011)",
      "rate_of_urbanization": "-0.18% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
    },
    "major_urban_areas_population": {
      "text": "BUCHAREST (capital) 1.933 million (2009)"
    },
    "sex_ratio": {
      "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female",
      "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
      "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
      "25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
      "55_64_years": "0.88 male(s)/female",
      "65_years_and_over": "0.68 male(s)/female",
      "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
    },
    "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
      "text": "26 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "maternal_mortality_rate": {
      "text": "27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
    },
    "infant_mortality_rate": {
      "total": "10.44 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "male": "11.82 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "female": "8.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
    },
    "life_expectancy_at_birth": {
      "total_population": "74.45 years",
      "male": "70.99 years",
      "female": "78.13 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "total_fertility_rate": {
      "text": "1.31 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
    },
    "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "69.8%",
      "note": "percent of women aged 15-49 (2005)"
    },
    "health_expenditures": {
      "text": "5.6% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "physicians_density": {
      "text": "1.92 physicians/1,000 population (2006)"
    },
    "hospital_bed_density": {
      "text": "6.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
    },
    "drinking_water_source": {
      "improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 70% of population; total: 84% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 30% of population; total: 16% of population (2000 est.)"
    },
    "sanitation_facility_access": {
      "improved": "urban: 88% of population; rural: 54% of population; total: 72% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 12% of population; rural: 46% of population; total: 28% of population (2008 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
      "text": "16,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_deaths": {
      "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "19.1% (2008)"
    },
    "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
      "text": "3.5% (2002)"
    },
    "education_expenditures": {
      "text": "4.3% of GDP (2009)"
    },
    "literacy": {
      "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
      "total_population": "97.7%",
      "male": "98.3%",
      "female": "97.1% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
      "total": "14 years",
      "male": "14 years",
      "female": "15 years (2010)"
    },
    "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
      "total_number": "26,658",
      "percentage": "1 % (2000 est.)"
    },
    "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
      "total": "23.7%",
      "male": "23.7%",
      "female": "23.8% (2011)"
    }
  },
  "govt": {
    "country_name": {
      "conventional_long_form": "none",
      "conventional_short_form": "Romania",
      "local_long_form": "none",
      "local_short_form": "Romania"
    },
    "government_type": {
      "text": "republic"
    },
    "capital": {
      "name": "Bucharest",
      "geographic_coordinates": "44 26 N, 26 06 E",
      "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
      "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
    },
    "administrative_divisions": {
      "text": "41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea"
    },
    "independence": {
      "text": "9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)"
    },
    "national_holiday": {
      "text": "Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)"
    },
    "constitution": {
      "text": "8 December 1991; revised 29 October 2003"
    },
    "legal_system": {
      "text": "civil law system"
    },
    "international_law_organization_participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "executive_branch": {
      "chief_of_state": "President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004); note - President BASESCU has twice been temporarily suspended since assuming his post: first from 20 April-23 May 2007, second from 6 July-27 August 2012; he survived a national recall referendum on both occasions",
      "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012)",
      "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister",
      "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009 with runoff on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in November-December 2014); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament",
      "election_results": "Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%"
    },
    "legislative_branch": {
      "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms)",
      "elections": "Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016)",
      "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18"
    },
    "judicial_branch": {
      "highest_courts": "High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 11 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)",
      "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body mostly of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms; Supreme Constitutional Court members appointed - 6  by Parliament and 3 by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms",
      "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts"
    },
    "political_parties_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]; Civic Force or FC [Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU]; Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR); Democratic Liberal Party or PDL [Vasile BLAGA] (formerly Democratic Party); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Crin ANTONESCU]; National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA]; People's Party - Dan Diaconescu or PP-DD [Dan DIACONESCU]; Right Romania Alliance or ARD [Vasile BLAGA, Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU, and Aurelian PAVELESCU] (a center-right electoral alliance that includes PDL, FC, PNT-CD); Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor-Viorel PONTA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR); Social Liberal Union or USL [Victor PONTA and Crin ANTONESCU] (an alliance of the PSD, PNL, UNPR, and PC)"
    },
    "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
      "other": "various human rights and professional associations"
    },
    "international_organization_participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Adrian Cosmin VIERITA",
      "chancery": "1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008",
      "telephone": "[1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852",
      "fax": "[1] (202) 232-4748",
      "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Duane BUTCHER",
      "embassy": "Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118",
      "mailing_address": "American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)",
      "telephone": "[40] (21) 200-3300",
      "fax": "[40] (21) 200-3442"
    },
    "flag_description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed",
      "note": "now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova"
    },
    "national_symbols": {
      "text": "golden eagle"
    },
    "national_anthem": {
      "name": "\"Desteapta-te romane!\" (Wake up, Romanian!)",
      "lyrics_music": "Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN",
      "note": "adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution"
    }
  },
  "econ": {
    "economy_overview": {
      "text": "Romania, which joined the European Union on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Domestic consumption and investment fueled strong GDP growth, but led to large current account imbalances. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania''s widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. Inflation rose in 2007-08, driven by strong consumer demand, high wage growth, rising energy costs, a nation-wide drought, and a relaxation of fiscal discipline. As a result of the increase in fiscal and current account deficits and the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders. Worsening international financial markets, as well as a series of drastic austerity measures implemented to meet Romania''s obligations under the IMF-led bail-out agreement contributed to a GDP contraction of 6.6% in 2009, followed by a 1.1% GDP contraction in 2010. The economy returned to positive growth in 2011 due to strong exports, a better than expected harvest, and weak domestic demand. In 2012, however, growth slowed to less than 1%, partially due to slackening export demand and an extended drought that resulted in an exceptionally poor harvest. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. The Romanian authorities announced that they do not intend to draw funds under the agreement."
    },
    "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
      "text": "$277.9 billion (2012 est.); $277 billion (2011 est.); $271.1 billion (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
      "text": "$169.4 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_real_growth_rate": {
      "text": "0.3% (2012 est.); 2.2% (2011 est.); -1.1% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
      "text": "$13,000 (2012 est.); $13,000 (2011 est.); $12,600 (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gross_national_saving": {
      "text": "23.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 22.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 21.1% of GDP (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
      "household_consumption": "71.5%",
      "government_consumption": "6.6%",
      "investment_in_fixed_capital": "26.7%",
      "investment_in_inventories": "0.3%",
      "exports_of_goods_and_services": "40%",
      "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-45.2% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
      "agriculture": "7.5%",
      "industry": "33%",
      "services": "59.5% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "agriculture_products": {
      "text": "wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep"
    },
    "industries": {
      "text": "electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining"
    },
    "industrial_production_growth_rate": {
      "text": "-0.8% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force": {
      "text": "9.252 million (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force_by_occupation": {
      "agriculture": "31.6%",
      "industry": "21.1%",
      "services": "47.3% (2010)"
    },
    "unemployment_rate": {
      "text": "5.6% (2012 est.); 7.5% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "population_below_poverty_line": {
      "text": "22.2% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
      "lowest_10%": "1.7%",
      "highest_10%": "19.8% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
      "text": "33.2 (2011); 30 (2003)"
    },
    "budget": {
      "revenues": "$55.69 billion",
      "expenditures": "$59.95 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "taxes_and_other_revenues": {
      "text": "32.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
      "text": "-2.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "public_debt": {
      "text": "37.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 32.4% of GDP (2011 est.)",
      "note": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
    },
    "fiscal_year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
      "text": "3.3% (2012 est.); 5.8% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "central_bank_discount_rate": {
      "text": "5.25% (31 December 2012); 5.75% (31 December 2011)"
    },
    "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
      "text": "11.33% (31 December 2012 est.); 12.12% (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_narrow_money": {
      "text": "$26.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_broad_money": {
      "text": "$63.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $63.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_domestic_credit": {
      "text": "$82.69 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $82.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
      "text": "$29.56 billion (31 December 2012); $21.2 billion (31 December 2011); $32.38 billion (31 December 2010)"
    },
    "current_account_balance": {
      "text": "-$7.488 billion (2012 est.); -$7.747 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports": {
      "text": "$58.11 billion (2012 est.); $62.68 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports_commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels"
    },
    "exports_partners": {
      "text": "Germany 18.9%, Italy 12.3%, France 7.1%, Turkey 5.5%, Hungary 5.5% (2012)"
    },
    "imports": {
      "text": "$67.54 billion (2012 est.); $73.12 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "imports_commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products"
    },
    "imports_partners": {
      "text": "Germany 17.5%, Italy 11%, Hungary 9.1%, France 5.7%, Russia 4.4%, Poland 4.3%, Austria 4.2%, Kazakhstan 4.1% (2012)"
    },
    "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
      "text": "$46.67 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $48.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "debt_external": {
      "text": "$132.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $129.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
      "text": "$75.46 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $73.97 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
      "text": "$2.727 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.61 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "exchange_rates": {
      "text": "lei (RON) per US dollar -; 3.4682 (2012 est.); 3.0486 (2011 est.); 3.1779 (2010 est.); 3.0493 (2009); 2.5 (2008)"
    }
  },
  "energy": {
    "electricity_production": {
      "text": "60.39 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_consumption": {
      "text": "53.74 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_exports": {
      "text": "2.94 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_imports": {
      "text": "1.04 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
      "text": "24.98 million kW (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
      "text": "61.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
      "text": "9.4% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
      "text": "27% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
      "text": "1.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_production": {
      "text": "92,140 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_imports": {
      "text": "169,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "600 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_production": {
      "text": "298,200 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
      "text": "218,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
      "text": "107,300 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
      "text": "34,250 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_production": {
      "text": "11.08 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_consumption": {
      "text": "14.2 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_imports": {
      "text": "3.12 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "63 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
      "text": "78.43 million Mt (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "comm": {
    "telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
      "text": "4.68 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephones_mobile_cellular": {
      "text": "23.4 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephone_system": {
      "general_assessment": "the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services",
      "domestic": "more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons",
      "international": "country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)"
    },
    "broadcast_media": {
      "text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)"
    },
    "internet_country_code": {
      "text": ".ro"
    },
    "internet_hosts": {
      "text": "2.667 million (2012)"
    },
    "internet_users": {
      "text": "7.787 million (2009)"
    }
  },
  "trans": {
    "airports": {
      "text": "45 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_paved_runways": {
      "total": "26",
      "over_3_047_m": "4",
      "2_438_to_3_047_m": "10",
      "1_524_to_2_437_m": "11",
      "under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
      "total": "19",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "5",
      "under_914_m": "14 (2013)"
    },
    "heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2013)"
    },
    "pipelines": {
      "text": "gas 3,726 km; oil 2,451 km (2013)"
    },
    "railways": {
      "total": "10,785 km",
      "broad_gauge": "135 km 1.524-m gauge",
      "standard_gauge": "10,645 km 1.435-m gauge (4,002 km electrified)",
      "narrow_gauge": "5 km 1.000-m gauge (2010)"
    },
    "roadways": {
      "total": "82,386 km (does not include urban roads)",
      "paved": "71,154 km (includes 371 km of expressways)",
      "unpaved": "11,232 km (2009)"
    },
    "waterways": {
      "text": "1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010)"
    },
    "merchant_marine": {
      "total": "5",
      "by_type": "cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1",
      "foreign_owned": "1 (Russia 1)",
      "registered_in_other_countries": "31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)"
    },
    "ports_and_terminals": {
      "text": "Braila, Constanta, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Midia, Tulcea"
    }
  },
  "military": {
    "military_branches": {
      "text": "Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)"
    },
    "military_service_age_and_obligation": {
      "text": "20-35 years of age for compulsory male military service; conscription ended 2006, but military service remains mandatory; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2012)"
    },
    "manpower_available_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "5,601,234",
      "females_age_16_49": "5,428,939 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "4,550,409",
      "females_age_16_49": "4,507,880 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
      "male": "117,798",
      "female": "111,607 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "military_expenditures": {
      "text": "1.9% of GDP (2007 est.)"
    }
  },
  "issues": {
    "disputes_international": {
      "text": "the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea"
    },
    "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
      "stateless_persons": "248 (2012)"
    },
    "illicit_drugs": {
      "text": "major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos"
    }
  }
}