factbook.json/europe/ee-estonia.json

{
  "intro": {
    "background": {
      "text": "After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011."
    }
  },
  "geo": {
    "location": {
      "text": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia"
    },
    "geographic_coordinates": {
      "text": "59 00 N, 26 00 E"
    },
    "map_references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "area": {
      "total": "45,228 sq km",
      "land": "42,388 sq km",
      "water": "2,840 sq km",
      "note": "includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea"
    },
    "area_comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined"
    },
    "land_boundaries": {
      "total": "633 km",
      "border_countries": "Latvia 343 km, Russia 290 km"
    },
    "coastline": {
      "text": "3,794 km"
    },
    "maritime_claims": {
      "territorial_sea": "12 nm",
      "exclusive_economic_zone": "limits fixed in coordination with neighboring states"
    },
    "climate": {
      "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers"
    },
    "terrain": {
      "text": "marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south"
    },
    "elevation_extremes": {
      "lowest_point": "Baltic Sea 0 m",
      "highest_point": "Suur Munamagi 318 m"
    },
    "natural_resources": {
      "text": "oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud"
    },
    "land_use": {
      "arable_land": "13.97%",
      "permanent_crops": "0.13%",
      "other": "85.89% (2011)"
    },
    "irrigated_land": {
      "text": "4.58 sq km (2010)"
    },
    "total_renewable_water_resources": {
      "text": "12.81 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
      "total": "1.8  cu km/yr (3%/97%/0%)",
      "per_capita": "1,337  cu m/yr (2009)"
    },
    "natural_hazards": {
      "text": "sometimes flooding occurs in the spring"
    },
    "environment_current_issues": {
      "text": "air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was 1/20 the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations"
    },
    "environment_international_agreements": {
      "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
      "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
    },
    "geography_note": {
      "text": "the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands"
    }
  },
  "people": {
    "nationality": {
      "noun": "Estonian(s)",
      "adjective": "Estonian"
    },
    "ethnic_groups": {
      "text": "Estonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2008 census)"
    },
    "languages": {
      "text": "Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census)"
    },
    "religions": {
      "text": "Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%, none 6.1% (2000 census)"
    },
    "population": {
      "text": "1,266,375 (July 2013 est.)"
    },
    "age_structure": {
      "0_14_years": "15.4% (male 100,605/female 94,831)",
      "15_24_years": "11.9% (male 77,302/female 73,446)",
      "25_54_years": "41.3% (male 250,997/female 272,460)",
      "55_64_years": "13.1% (male 71,442/female 94,278)",
      "65_years_and_over": "18.2% (male 76,356/female 154,658) (2013 est.)"
    },
    "dependency_ratios": {
      "total_dependency_ratio": "51.2 %",
      "youth_dependency_ratio": "23.9 %",
      "elderly_dependency_ratio": "27.3 %",
      "potential_support_ratio": "3.7 (2013)"
    },
    "median_age": {
      "total": "41 years",
      "male": "37.4 years",
      "female": "44.3 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "population_growth_rate": {
      "text": "-0.66% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "birth_rate": {
      "text": "10.38 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "death_rate": {
      "text": "13.65 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "net_migration_rate": {
      "text": "-3.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "urbanization": {
      "urban_population": "69.5% of total population (2011)",
      "rate_of_urbanization": "0.02% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
    },
    "major_urban_areas_population": {
      "text": "TALLINN (capital) 399,000 (2009)"
    },
    "sex_ratio": {
      "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female",
      "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
      "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
      "25_54_years": "0.92 male(s)/female",
      "55_64_years": "0.76 male(s)/female",
      "65_years_and_over": "0.49 male(s)/female",
      "total_population": "0.84 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
    },
    "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
      "text": "26.3 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "maternal_mortality_rate": {
      "text": "2 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
    },
    "infant_mortality_rate": {
      "total": "6.82 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "male": "7.94 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "female": "5.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
    },
    "life_expectancy_at_birth": {
      "total_population": "73.82 years",
      "male": "68.58 years",
      "female": "79.4 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "total_fertility_rate": {
      "text": "1.45 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
    },
    "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "63.4%",
      "note": "percent of women aged 18-49 (2005)"
    },
    "health_expenditures": {
      "text": "6% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "physicians_density": {
      "text": "3.41 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
    },
    "hospital_bed_density": {
      "text": "5.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
    },
    "drinking_water_source": {
      "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "sanitation_facility_access": {
      "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 94% of population; total: 95% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 6% of population; total: 5% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "1.2% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
      "text": "9,900 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_deaths": {
      "text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "major_infectious_diseases": {
      "degree_of_risk": "intermediate",
      "vectorborne_disease": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)"
    },
    "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "20.6% (2008)"
    },
    "education_expenditures": {
      "text": "6.1% of GDP (2009)"
    },
    "literacy": {
      "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
      "total_population": "99.8%",
      "male": "99.8%",
      "female": "99.8% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
      "total": "16 years",
      "male": "15 years",
      "female": "17 years (2010)"
    },
    "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
      "total": "22.4%",
      "male": "23.8%",
      "female": "20.7% (2011)"
    }
  },
  "govt": {
    "country_name": {
      "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Estonia",
      "conventional_short_form": "Estonia",
      "local_long_form": "Eesti Vabariik",
      "local_short_form": "Eesti",
      "former": "Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"
    },
    "government_type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "capital": {
      "name": "Tallinn",
      "geographic_coordinates": "59 26 N, 24 43 E",
      "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
      "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
    },
    "administrative_divisions": {
      "text": "15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond); Harjumaa (Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru)",
      "note": "counties have the administrative center name following in parentheses"
    },
    "independence": {
      "text": "20 August 1991 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)"
    },
    "national_holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union"
    },
    "constitution": {
      "text": "adopted 28 June 1992"
    },
    "legal_system": {
      "text": "civil law system"
    },
    "international_law_organization_participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens"
    },
    "executive_branch": {
      "chief_of_state": "President Toomas Hendrik ILVES (since 9 October 2006)",
      "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Andrus ANSIP (since 12 April 2005)",
      "cabinet": "Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament",
      "elections": "president elected by Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local councils) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest number of votes; election last held on 29 August 2011 (next to be held in the fall of 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament",
      "election_results": "Toomas Hendrik ILVES reelected president; parliamentary vote - Toomas Hendrik ILVES 73, Indrek TARAND 25"
    },
    "legislative_branch": {
      "text": "unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)",
      "elections": "last held on 6 March 2011 (next to be held in March 2015)",
      "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Estonian Reform Party 28.6%, Center Party of Estonia 23.3%, IRL 20.5%, SDE 17.1%, Estonian Greens 3.8%, Estonian People's Union 2.1%, other 4.6%; seats by party - Estonian Reform Party 33, Center Party 21, IRL 23, SDE 19, unaffiliated 5"
    },
    "judicial_branch": {
      "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and organized into the Civil Chamber with a chamber chairman and 6 justices, the Criminal Chamber with a chamber chairman and 5 justices, the Administrative Law Chamber with a chamber chairman and 4 justices, and the Constitutional Review Chamber with 9 members - the chief justice and 2 justices from the Civil Chamber, 3 from the Criminal Chamber and 3 from the Administrative chamber)",
      "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "the chief justice is proposed by the president and appointed by the Riigikogu; other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu; justices appointed for life",
      "subordinate_courts": "circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and  specialized courts"
    },
    "political_parties_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR]; Estonian Greens (Rohelised) [Aleksander LAANE]; Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Margo MILJAND]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP]; Social Democratic Party or SDE [Sven MIKSER]; Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Urmas REINSALU]"
    },
    "international_organization_participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Marina KALJURAND",
      "chancery": "2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
      "telephone": "[1] (202) 588-0101",
      "fax": "[1] (202) 588-0108",
      "consulates_general": "New York"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jeffrey LEVINE",
      "embassy": "Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn",
      "mailing_address": "use embassy street address",
      "telephone": "[372] 668-8100",
      "fax": "[372] 668-8134"
    },
    "flag_description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun"
    },
    "national_symbols": {
      "text": "barn swallow, cornflower"
    },
    "national_anthem": {
      "name": "\"Mu isamaa, mu onn ja room\" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy)",
      "lyrics_music": "Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS",
      "note": "adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; the anthem, used in Estonia since 1869, shares the same melody with that of Finland but has different lyrics"
    }
  },
  "econ": {
    "economy_overview": {
      "text": "Estonia, a member of the European Union and the eurozone since 2004, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda and have wavered little in their commitment to pro-market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Russia, and Germany. Tallinn's priority has been to sustain high growth rates - on average 8% per year from 2003 to 2007. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008 with GDP contracting 14.3% in 2009, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble and a decrease in export demand as result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe. Estonia rebounded nearly 8% in 2011 and the Estonian economy now has one of the higher GDP growth rates in Europe. Estonia adopted the euro on 1 January 2011."
    },
    "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
      "text": "$29.57 billion (2012 est.); $28.64 billion (2011 est.); $26.45 billion (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
      "text": "$21.86 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_real_growth_rate": {
      "text": "3.2% (2012 est.); 8.3% (2011 est.); 3.3% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
      "text": "$22,100 (2012 est.); $21,400 (2011 est.); $19,700 (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gross_national_saving": {
      "text": "24.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 26.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 23.1% of GDP (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
      "household_consumption": "50.1%",
      "government_consumption": "18.8%",
      "investment_in_fixed_capital": "24.5%",
      "investment_in_inventories": "5.8%",
      "exports_of_goods_and_services": "89.1%",
      "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-88.3% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
      "agriculture": "3.9%",
      "industry": "29.7%",
      "services": "66.4% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "agriculture_products": {
      "text": "grain, potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish"
    },
    "industries": {
      "text": "engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications"
    },
    "industrial_production_growth_rate": {
      "text": "2.2% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force": {
      "text": "695,000 (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force_by_occupation": {
      "agriculture": "4.2%",
      "industry": "20.2%",
      "services": "75.6% (2010)"
    },
    "unemployment_rate": {
      "text": "10.2% (2012 est.); 12.5% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "population_below_poverty_line": {
      "text": "17.5% (2010)"
    },
    "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
      "lowest_10%": "2.7%",
      "highest_10%": "27.7% (2004)"
    },
    "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
      "text": "31.3 (2010); 37 (1999)"
    },
    "budget": {
      "revenues": "$8.144 billion",
      "expenditures": "$8.201 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "taxes_and_other_revenues": {
      "text": "37.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
      "text": "-0.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "public_debt": {
      "text": "5.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 5.9% of GDP (2011 est.)",
      "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
    },
    "fiscal_year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
      "text": "3.9% (2012 est.); 5% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
      "text": "8% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.12% (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_narrow_money": {
      "text": "$8.104 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.744 billion (31 December 2011 est.)",
      "note": "this figure represents the US dollar value of Estonian kroon in circulation prior to Estonia's joining the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the EMU; individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
    },
    "stock_of_broad_money": {
      "text": "$12.11 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $11.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_domestic_credit": {
      "text": "$19.04 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $19.14 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
      "text": "$1.611 billion (31 December 2011); $2.26 billion (31 December 2010); $2.654 billion (31 December 2009)"
    },
    "current_account_balance": {
      "text": "$498 million (2012 est.); $477 million (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports": {
      "text": "$16.16 billion (2012 est.); $16.78 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports_commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, food products and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%"
    },
    "exports_partners": {
      "text": "Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)"
    },
    "imports": {
      "text": "$17.05 billion (2012 est.); $17.09 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "imports_commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles"
    },
    "imports_partners": {
      "text": "Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)"
    },
    "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
      "text": "$246.4 million (31 December 2012 est.); $207.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "debt_external": {
      "text": "$25.55 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.01 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
      "text": "$17.45 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $16.65 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
      "text": "$6.609 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.359 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "exchange_rates": {
      "text": "kroon (EEK) per US dollar -; 0.778 (2012 est.); 0.72 (2011 est.); 11.81 (2010 est.); 11.23 (2009); 10.7 (2008)"
    }
  },
  "energy": {
    "electricity_production": {
      "text": "12.89 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_consumption": {
      "text": "7.755 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_exports": {
      "text": "4.354 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_imports": {
      "text": "1.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
      "text": "2.661 million kW (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
      "text": "94.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
      "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
      "text": "5.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_production": {
      "text": "7,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
      "text": "26,340 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
      "text": "23,270 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_consumption": {
      "text": "701 million cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_imports": {
      "text": "701 million cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
      "text": "20.56 million Mt (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "comm": {
    "telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
      "text": "471,900 (2011)"
    },
    "telephones_mobile_cellular": {
      "text": "1.863 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephone_system": {
      "general_assessment": "foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet services available",
      "domestic": "substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income-tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections",
      "international": "country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2011)"
    },
    "broadcast_media": {
      "text": "the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 2 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; high penetration rate for cable TV services with more than half of Estonian households connected (2008)"
    },
    "internet_country_code": {
      "text": ".ee"
    },
    "internet_hosts": {
      "text": "865,494 (2012)"
    },
    "internet_users": {
      "text": "971,700 (2009)"
    }
  },
  "trans": {
    "airports": {
      "text": "18 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_paved_runways": {
      "total": "13",
      "over_3_047_m": "2",
      "2_438_to_3_047_m": "8",
      "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
      "total": "5",
      "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "1",
      "under_914_m": "3 (2013)"
    },
    "heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2012)"
    },
    "pipelines": {
      "text": "gas 868 km (2013)"
    },
    "railways": {
      "total": "1,196 km",
      "broad_gauge": "1,196 km 1.520-m and 1.524-m gauge (133 km electrified) (2011)"
    },
    "roadways": {
      "total": "58,412 km (includes urban roads)",
      "paved": "10,427 km (includes 115 km of expressways)",
      "unpaved": "47,985 km (2011)"
    },
    "waterways": {
      "text": "335 km (320 km are navigable year round) (2011)"
    },
    "merchant_marine": {
      "total": "25",
      "by_type": "cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 18, petroleum tanker 2",
      "foreign_owned": "3 (Germany 1, Norway 2)",
      "registered_in_other_countries": "63 (Antigua and Barbuda 10, Belize 1, Cambodia 1, Canada 1, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 6, Dominica 6, Finland 2, Latvia 3, Malta 16, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8, Sierra Leone 2, Sweden 3, Venezuela 1, unknown 1) (2010)"
    },
    "ports_and_terminals": {
      "major_seaports": "Kuivastu, Kunda, Muuga, Parnu Reid, Sillamae, Tallinn"
    }
  },
  "military": {
    "military_branches": {
      "text": "Estonian Defense Forces (Eesti Kaitsevagi): Land Force (Maavagi), Navy (Merevagi), Air Force (Ohuvagi), Defense League (Kaitseliit) (2012)"
    },
    "military_service_age_and_obligation": {
      "text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months (2013)"
    },
    "manpower_available_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "291,801",
      "females_age_16_49": "302,696 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "210,854",
      "females_age_16_49": "251,185 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
      "male": "6,668",
      "female": "6,309 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "military_expenditures": {
      "text": "2% of GDP (2005 est.)"
    }
  },
  "issues": {
    "disputes_international": {
      "text": "Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia"
    },
    "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
      "stateless_persons": "94,235 (2012); note - after becoming independent in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1990 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15"
    },
    "illicit_drugs": {
      "text": "growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord; potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy"
    }
  }
}