factbook.json/africa/ug.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "British influence in Uganda began in the 1860s with explorers seeking the source of the Nile and expanded in subsequent decades with various trade agreements and the establishment of the Uganda Protectorate in 1894. The colonial boundaries created by Britain to delimit Uganda grouped together a wide range of ethnic groups with different political systems and cultures. These differences complicated the establishment of a working political community after independence was achieved in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives. The rule of Yoweri MUSEVENI since 1986 has brought relative stability and economic growth to Uganda. In December 2017, parliament approved the removal of presidential age limits, thereby making it possible for MUSEVENI to continue standing for office. Uganda faces numerous challenges, however, that could affect future stability, including explosive population growth, power and infrastructure constraints, corruption, underdeveloped democratic institutions, and human rights deficits."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "East-Central Africa, west of Kenya, east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "1 00 N, 32 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "241,038 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "197,100 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "43,938 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than two times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,729 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo 877 km, Kenya 814 km, Rwanda 172 km, South Sudan 475 km, Tanzania 391 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly plateau with rim of mountains"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Albert Nile 614 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land, gold"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 34.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 11.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 25.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "14.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "14.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "140 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Kenya) - 62,940 sq km; Lake Albert (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo) - 5,590 sq km; Lake Kyoga - 4,430 sq km; Lake Edward (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo) - 2,150 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea)</em> Nile (3,254,853 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "droughts; floods; earthquakes; landslides; hailstorms"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "44,712,143 (July 2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Ugandan(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Ugandan"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Baganda 16.5%, Banyankole 9.6%, Basoga 8.8%, Bakiga 7.1%, Iteso 7%, Langi 6.3%, Bagisu 4.9%, Acholi 4.4%, Lugbara 3.3%, other 32.1% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "English (official language, taught in schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages and the language used most often in the capital), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili (official), Arabic"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Protestant 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Catholic 39.3%, Muslim 13.7%, other 1.6%, none 0.2% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Uganda has one of the youngest and most rapidly growing populations in the world; its total fertility rate is among the world’s highest at 5.8 children per woman. Except in urban areas, actual fertility exceeds women’s desired fertility by one or two children, which is indicative of the widespread unmet need for contraception, lack of government support for family planning, and a cultural preference for large families. High numbers of births, short birth intervals, and the early age of childbearing contribute to Uganda’s high maternal mortality rate. Gender inequities also make fertility reduction difficult; women on average are less-educated, participate less in paid employment, and often have little say in decisions over childbearing and their own reproductive health. However, even if the birth rate were significantly reduced, Uganda’s large pool of women entering reproductive age ensures rapid population growth for decades to come.</p><p>Unchecked, population increase will further strain the availability of arable land and natural resources and overwhelm the country’s limited means for providing food, employment, education, health care, housing, and basic services. The country’s north and northeast lag even further behind developmentally than the rest of the country as a result of long-term conflict (the Ugandan Bush War 1981-1986 and more than 20 years of fighting between the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and Ugandan Government forces), ongoing inter-communal violence, and periodic natural disasters.</p><p>Uganda has been both a source of refugees and migrants and a host country for refugees. In 1972, then President Idi AMIN, in his drive to return Uganda to Ugandans, expelled the South Asian population that composed a large share of the country’s business people and bankers. Since the 1970s, thousands of Ugandans have emigrated, mainly to southern Africa or the West, for security reasons, to escape poverty, to search for jobs, and for access to natural resources. The emigration of Ugandan doctors and nurses due to low wages is a particular concern given the country’s shortage of skilled health care workers. Africans escaping conflicts in neighboring states have found refuge in Uganda since the 1950s; the country currently struggles to host tens of thousands from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, and other nearby countries.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "48.21% (male 10,548,913/female 10,304,876)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "20.25% (male 4,236,231/female 4,521,698)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "26.24% (male 5,202,570/female 6,147,304)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "2.91% (male 579,110/female 681,052)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "2.38% (male 442,159/female 589,053) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "92.3"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "88.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "3.8"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "26.2 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15.7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14.9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16.5 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "3.31% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "41.6 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.17 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-3.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "25.6% of total population (2021)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "5.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "3.470 million KAMPALA (capital) (2021)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.85 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.85 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "19.4 years (2016 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> median age at first birth among women 20-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "375 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.49 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "34.98 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "27.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "68.58 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "66.34 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "70.9 years (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "5.45 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "41.8% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 92.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 77.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 80.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 7.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 22.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 19.2% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "6.5% (2018)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.17 physicians/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.5 beds/1,000 population"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 67.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 26.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 36.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 32.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 73.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 63.8% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "5.4% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "1.4 million (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "22,000 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and Trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "5.3% (2016)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "10.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "76.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "82.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "70.8% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "10 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10 years (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial discharge and water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; widespread poaching"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Environmental Modification"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "48.41 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "5.68 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "30.24 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 34.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 11.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 25.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "14.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "14.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "25.6% of total population (2021)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "5.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "7.32% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and Trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "widespread lack of access": {
        "text": "due to reduced incomes, and floods - in traditionally food secure urban areas, including the capital, Kampala, more than 600,000 people were food insecure due to the restrictive measures introduced to curb the spread of the COVID-19 virus; the food security situation in urban areas was the most affected by the COVID‑19‑related restrictive measures, as poor households mainly rely on the daily wages obtained through casual labor, petty trading, food vending, construction activities and domestic work; despite the phasing out of some restrictive measures, the food security situation of the urban poor has not significantly improved, as the restrictions still in place on business operations are resulting in a slow recovery of the economic activities; in rural areas, torrential rains in April and May 2020 resulted in localized crop and livelihood losses (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "7,045,050 tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "422,703 tons (2017 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Kenya) - 62,940 sq km; Lake Albert (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo) - 5,590 sq km; Lake Kyoga - 4,430 sq km; Lake Edward (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo) - 2,150 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea)</em> Nile (3,254,853 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "328 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "259 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "60.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Uganda"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Uganda"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "from the name \"Buganda,\" adopted by the British as the designation for their East African colony in 1894; Buganda had been a powerful East African state during the 18th and 19th centuries"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Kampala"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "0 19 N, 32 33 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the site of the original British settlement was referred to by its native name as Akasozi ke'Empala (\"hill of the impala\" [plural]); over time this designation was shortened to K'empala and finally Kampala"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "134 districts and 1 capital city*; Abim, Adjumani, Agago, Alebtong, Amolatar, Amudat, Amuria, Amuru, Apac, Arua, Budaka, Bududa, Bugiri, Bugweri, Buhweju, Buikwe, Bukedea, Bukomansimbi, Bukwo, Bulambuli, Buliisa, Bundibugyo, Bunyangabu, Bushenyi, Busia, Butaleja, Butambala, Butebo, Buvuma, Buyende, Dokolo, Gomba, Gulu, Hoima, Ibanda, Iganga, Isingiro, Jinja, Kaabong, Kabale, Kabarole, Kaberamaido, Kagadi, Kakumiro, Kalaki, Kalangala, Kaliro, Kalungu, Kampala*, Kamuli, Kamwenge, Kanungu, Kapchorwa, Kapelebyong, Karenga, Kasese, Kasanda, Katakwi, Kayunga, Kazo, Kibaale, Kiboga, Kibuku, Kikuube, Kiruhura, Kiryandongo, Kisoro, Kitagwenda, Kitgum, Koboko, Kole, Kotido, Kumi, Kwania, Kween, Kyankwanzi, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo, Kyotera, Lamwo, Lira, Luuka, Luwero, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Madi-Okollo, Manafwa, Maracha, Masaka, Masindi, Mayuge, Mbale, Mbarara, Mitooma, Mityana, Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nabilatuk, Nakapiripirit, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Namayingo, Namisindwa, Namutumba, Napak, Nebbi, Ngora, Ntoroko, Ntungamo, Nwoya, Obongi, Omoro, Otuke, Oyam, Pader, Pakwach, Pallisa, Rakai, Rubanda, Rubirizi, Rukiga, Rukungiri, Rwampara, Sembabule, Serere, Sheema, Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, Wakiso, Yumbe, Zombo"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "9 October 1962 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 9 October (1962)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1995, promulgated 8 October 1995"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in the second and third readings; proposals affecting \"entrenched clauses,\" including the sovereignty of the people, supremacy of the constitution, human rights and freedoms, the democratic and multiparty form of government, presidential term of office, independence of the judiciary, and the institutions of traditional or cultural leaders, also requires passage by referendum, ratification by at least two-thirds majority vote of district council members in at least two thirds of Uganda's districts, and assent ofthe president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2017 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and customary law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent or grandparent must be a native-born citizen of Uganda"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "an aggregate of 20 years and continuously for the last 2 years prior to applying for citizenship"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986; re-elected for sixth term on 14 January 2021); Vice President Jessica Rose Epel ALUPO (since 21 June 2021); Prime Minister Robinah NABBANJA (since 21 June 2021); First Deputy Prime Minister Rebecca KADAGA (since 24 June 2021); Second Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 21 June 2021); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986; re-elected for sixth term on 14 January 2021); Vice President Jessica Rose Epel ALUPO (since 21 June 2021); Prime Minister Robinah NABBANJA (since 21 June 2021); First Deputy Prime Minister Rebecca KADAGA (since 24 June 2021); Second Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 21 June 2021)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected members of the National Assembly or persons who qualify to be elected as members of the National Assembly"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 14 January 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2021: </em>Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (NRM) 58.6%, Bobi WINE (NUP) 34.8%, Patrick Oboi AMURIAT (FDC) 3.2%, other 3.4%<br><br><em>2016: </em>Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (NRM) 60.6%, Kizza BESIGYE (FDC) 35.6%, other 3.8%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Parliament (445 seats; 290 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 112 for women directly elected in single-seat districts by simple majority vote, and 25 \"representatives\" reserved for special interest groups - army 10, disabled 5, youth 5, labor 5; up to 18 ex officio members appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 18 February 2016 (next to be held in February 2021)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NRM 292, FDC 37, DP 5, UPDF 10, UPC 6, independent 66 (excludes 19 ex-officio members)"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Uganda (consists of the chief justice and at least 6 justices)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "justices appointed by the president of the republic in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, an 8-member independent advisory body, and approved by the National Assembly; justices serve until mandatory retirement at age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Appeal (also acts as the Constitutional Court); High Court (includes 12 High Court Circuits and 8 High Court Divisions); Industrial Court; Chief Magistrate Grade One and Grade Two Courts throughout the country; qadhis courts; local council courts; family and children courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance for National Transformation or ANT [Ms. Alice ALASO, acting national coordinator]; note - Mugisha MUNTU resigned his position as ANT national coordinator in late June 2020 to run in the 2021 presidential election<br>Activist Party [Stephen BAMPIGGA] <br>Democratic Party or DP [Norbert MAO]<br>Conservative Party [Walyemera Daniel MASUMBA]<br>Forum for Democratic Change or FDC [Patrick Oboi AMURIAT]<br>Justice Forum or JEEMA [Asuman BASALIRWA]<br>National Resistance Movement or NRM [Yoweri MUSEVENI]<br>Uganda People's Congress or UPC [James AKENA]<br>National Unity Platform [Nkonge KIBALAMA]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Mull Sebujja KATENDE (since 8 September 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 726-7100"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 726-1727"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@mofa.go.ug; info@ugandaembassysus.org; ambauganda@aol.com<br><br>https://washington.mofa.go.ug/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Natalie E. BROWN (since 17 November 2020)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "1577 Ggaba Road, Kampala"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2190 Kampala Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2190"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[256] (0) 312-306-001"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[256] (0) 414-259-794"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>KampalaUScitizen@state.gov<br><br>https://ug.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a grey crowned crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side; black symbolizes the African people, yellow sunshine and vitality, red African brotherhood; the crane was the military badge of Ugandan soldiers under the UK"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "grey crowned crane; national colors: black, yellow, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty!"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "George Wilberforce KAKOMOA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1962"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, substantial reserves of recoverable oil, and small deposits of copper, gold, and other minerals. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy, employing 72% of the work force. The country’s export market suffered a major slump following the outbreak of conflict in South Sudan, but has recovered lately, largely due to record coffee harvests, which account for 16% of exports, and increasing gold exports, which account for 10% of exports. Uganda has a small industrial sector that is dependent on imported inputs such as refined oil and heavy equipment. Overall, productivity is hampered by a number of supply-side constraints, including insufficient infrastructure, lack of modern technology in agriculture, and corruption.</p><p></p><p>Uganda’s economic growth has slowed since 2016 as government spending and public debt has grown. Uganda’s budget is dominated by energy and road infrastructure spending, while Uganda relies on donor support for long-term drivers of growth, including agriculture, health, and education. The largest infrastructure projects are externally financed through concessional loans, but at inflated costs. As a result, debt servicing for these loans is expected to rise.</p><p></p><p>Oil revenues and taxes are expected to become a larger source of government funding as oil production starts in the next three to 10 years. Over the next three to five years, foreign investors are planning to invest $9 billion in production facilities projects, $4 billion in an export pipeline, as well as in a $2-3 billion refinery to produce petroleum products for the domestic and East African Community markets. Furthermore, the government is looking to build several hundred million dollars’ worth of highway projects to the oil region.</p><p></p><p>Uganda faces many economic challenges. Instability in South Sudan has led to a sharp increase in Sudanese refugees and is disrupting Uganda's main export market. Additional economic risks include: poor economic management, endemic corruption, and the government’s failure to invest adequately in the health, education, and economic opportunities for a burgeoning young population. Uganda has one of the lowest electrification rates in Africa - only 22% of Ugandans have access to electricity, dropping to 10% in rural areas.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$99.61 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$96.84 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$90.67 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "4.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "2.3% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "5.7% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$34.683 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "2.8% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "2.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "5.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "B+ (2015)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B2 (2016)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2014)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "28.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "21.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "50.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "74.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "18.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-25.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugar cane, plantains, cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, milk, vegetables, beans, bananas, sorghum"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "sugar processing, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles; cement, steel production"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "4.4% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "15.84 million (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "71%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "7%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "22% (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2014": {
        "text": "9.4% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "21.4% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
        "text": "42.8 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2002": {
        "text": "45.7 (2002)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.4%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "36.1% (2009 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "3.848 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "4.928 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-4.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "40% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "37.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "14.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 July - 30 June"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$1.212 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$707 million (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$6.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$5.63 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2017": {
        "text": "$5.958 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "United Arab Emirates 58%, Kenya 9% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, coffee, milk, fish and fish products, tobacco (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$9.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$8.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2017": {
        "text": "$7.44 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 19%, India 17%, Kenya 16%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Japan 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "packaged medicines, aircraft, delivery trucks, cars, wheat (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$3.654 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$3.034 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> excludes gold"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$13.85 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$12.187 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$6.241 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "Ugandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "3,680 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "3,685 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "3,735 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "3,234.1 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "2,599.8 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "29% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "66% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "17% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "3.463 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "3.106 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "121 million kWh (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "50 million kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "1.02 million kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "19% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "68% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "2.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "32,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "31,490 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "14.16 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "90,774 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "less than 1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "27,688,987 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "60.53 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "telecom infrastructure has developed through private partnerships; as of 2018, fixed-fiber backbone infrastructure is available in over half of Uganda&rsquo;s districts; mobile phone companies now provide 4G networks across all major cities and national parks, while offering 3G coverage in small cities and most rural areas with road access; price of commercial Internet services dropped substantially in 2019; consumers rely on mobile infrastructure to provide voice and broadband services as fixed-line infrastructure is poor; 5G migration is developing slowly; government commissioned broadband satellite services for rural areas in 2019 (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line 1 per 100 and mobile- cellular systems teledensity about 57 per 100 persons; intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and radiotelephone communication stations (2019)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 256; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog and digital links to Kenya and Tanzania"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "public broadcaster, Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC), operates radio and TV networks; 31 Free-To-Air (FTA) TV stations, 2 digital terrestrial TV stations, 3 cable TV stations, and 5 digital satellite TV stations; 258 operational FM stations"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ug"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9,620,681"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "23.71% (July 2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "34,596 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "less than 1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "26"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "21,537 (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "5X"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "47 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "1 (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "42"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "8"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "26"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "7 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,244 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "1,244 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20,544 km (excludes local roads) (2017)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "4,257 km (2017)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "16,287 km (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "(there are no long navigable stretches of river in Uganda; parts of the Albert Nile that flow out of Lake Albert in the northwestern part of the country are navigable; several lakes including Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga have substantial traffic; Lake Albert is navigable along a 200-km stretch from its northern tip to its southern shores) (2011)"
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "lake port(s)": {
        "text": "Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell (Lake Victoria)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF): Land Forces, Air Forces, Marine Forces, Special Forces Command, Reserve Force (2021)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2019)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2018)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2017)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2016": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 45-50,000 troops, including about 1,000-1,500 air and marine personnel (2021)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the UPDF's inventory is mostly older Russian/Soviet-era equipment with a limited mix of more modern Russian- and Western-origin arms; since 2010, the leading suppliers of arms to the UPDF are Russia and Ukraine (2020)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "6,200 Somalia (AMISOM); 620 Somalia (UNSOM); 250 Equatorial Guinea (2021)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military duty (must be single, no children); 9-year service obligation (2019)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "<p>the UPDF, which is constitutionally granted seats in parliament, is widely viewed as a key constituency for MUSEVENI; it has been used by MUSEVENI and the NRM to break up rallies, raid opposition offices, and surveil rival candidates; during the 2020 election cycle, senior UPDF officer said that the military would not obey a non-NRM political leader</p> <p>the UPDF has conducted operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo against a Congo-based Ugandan rebel group, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), which was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in March 2021 as the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISIS-DRC; see the Terrorist Group Appendix); beginning in 2012, the UPDF also led regional efforts to pursue the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a small, violent group of Ugandan origin that conducted widespread attacks against civilians in much of Central Africa; the UPDF withdrew from the mission in 2017 after declaring that the LRA no longer posed a security threat</p> <p>Uganda intervened in the South Sudan civil war in 2013-2016 and UPDF forces have clashed with South Sudanese forces along the border as recently as 2020</p>"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Democratic Republic of Congo (ISIS-DRC)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces that extend across its borders; Ugandan refugees as well as members of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) seek shelter in southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Garamba National Park; LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villages across the border</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "1,016,978 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 449,863 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 51,938 (Burundi), 50,293 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 25,507 (Rwanda), 19,468 (Eritrea) (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "current situation": {
        "text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Uganda, and traffickers exploit victims from Uganda abroad; young Ugandan children are exploited in forced labor in agriculture, fishing, forestry, cattle herding, mining, stone quarrying, brick making, carpentry, steel manufacturing, street vending, bars, restaurants, gold mining, and domestic service; traffickers exploit girls and boys in commercial sex; most are children from the northeastern region and are exploited in forced begging, commercial sex in brothels, or sold in markets; traffickers compel&nbsp; children from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Sudan into forced agricultural labor and sex trafficking in Uganda; young women most at risk for transnational trafficking seek employment as domestic workers in the Middle East and then are exploited in sex trafficking; traffickers subject Ugandans to forced labor and sex trafficking in UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Turkey, Algeria, Malaysia, Thailand, Bahrain, Jordan, China, Kenya, and India; traffickers are often relatives, friends of victims, or religious leaders who receive a fee per worker from recruiters"
      },
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch list —<strong> </strong>Uganda does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; efforts include investigating allegations of complicit officials, implementing the protection and prevention provisions of the 2009 anti-trafficking act, convicting alleged traffickers, developing a plan for an anti-trafficking department within the police force; however, the government reported the lowest number of investigations in the past five years and a substantial decrease in prosecutions; authorities provided no training for law enforcement and immigration officials and identified fewer victims; the Coordination Office for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons is severely underfunded, stifling efforts to coordinate and combat trafficking; no systematic procedures to refer or assist victims have been developed, and the government provides no resources to NGOs for protective services; Uganda was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List (2020)"
      }
    }
  }
}