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44 KiB
JSON
1069 lines
No EOL
44 KiB
JSON
{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Seized by the UK in 1841, Hong Kong was formally ceded by China the following year at the end of the First Opium War; the Kowloon Peninsula was added in 1860 at the end of the Second Opium War, and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. In this agreement, China promised that, under its \"one country, two systems\" formula, China's socialist economic and strict political system would not be imposed on Hong Kong and that Hong Kong would enjoy a \"high degree of autonomy\" in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the subsequent 50 years. <br><br>Since the turnover, Hong Kong has continued to enjoy success as an international financial center. However, dissatisfaction with the Hong Kong Government and growing Chinese political influence has been a central issue and led to considerable civil unrest, including large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations in 2019 after the HKSAR attempted to revise a local ordinance to allow extraditions to mainland China. In response, the governments of the HKSAR and China took several actions that reduced the city's autonomy and placed new restrictions on the rights of Hong Kong residents, moves that were widely criticized to be in direct contravention of obligations under the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Chief among these actions was a sweeping national security law for Hong Kong imposed by the Chinese Government in June 2020 that criminalized acts such as those interpreted as secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign or external forces. The law ushered in a widespread crackdown on public protests, criticism of authorities, and freedom of speech, and was used by authorities to target pro-democracy activists, organizations, and media companies. Democratic lawmakers and political figures were arrested, while others fled abroad. At the same time, dozens of civil society groups and several independent media outlets were closed or have disbanded. In March 2021, Beijing imposed a more restrictive electoral system, including restructuring the Legislative Council (LegCo) and allowing only government-approved candidates to run for office, claiming it was to ensure a system of \"patriots\" governed Hong Kong. The changes ensured that virtually all seats in the December 2021 LegCo election were won by pro-establishment candidates and effectively ended political opposition to Beijing in the territory."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"Location": {
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"text": "Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China"
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},
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"Geographic coordinates": {
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"text": "22 15 N, 114 10 E"
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},
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"Map references": {
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"text": "Southeast Asia"
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},
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"Area": {
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"total": {
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"text": "1,108 sq km"
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},
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"land": {
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"text": "1,073 sq km"
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},
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"water": {
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"text": "35 sq km"
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "six times the size of Washington, DC"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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"text": "33 km"
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},
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"regional borders": {
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"text": "China 33 km"
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}
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},
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"Coastline": {
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"text": "733 km"
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},
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"Maritime claims": {
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"territorial sea": {
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"text": "12 nm"
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}
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall"
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},
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Tai Mo Shan 958 m"
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},
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "South China Sea 0 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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"text": "outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar"
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "5% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 3.2% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "95% (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "10 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "population fairly evenly distributed"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "occasional typhoons"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "consists of a mainland area (the New Territories) and more than 200 islands"
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "7,288,167 (2023 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Chinese/Hong Konger"
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},
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"adjective": {
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"text": "Chinese/Hong Kong"
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Chinese 92%, Filipino 2.5%, Indonesian 2.1%, other 3.4% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Cantonese (official) 88.9%, English (official) 4.3%, Mandarin (official) 1.9%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 1.9% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"major-language sample(s)": {
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"text": "<br> <p>世界概况, 必須擁有的基本資料参考书 (Cantonese)</p> <br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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}
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Buddhist or Taoist 27.9%, Protestant 6.7%, Roman Catholic 5.3%, Muslim 4.2%, Hindu 1.4%, Sikh 0.2%, other or none 54.3% (2016 est.)",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> many people practice Confucianism, regardless of their religion or not having a religious affiliation"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "13.04% (male 495,977/female 454,723)"
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},
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"15-64 years": {
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"text": "66.02% (male 2,164,667/female 2,646,774)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "20.94% (2023 est.) (male 706,761/female 819,265)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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"total dependency ratio": {
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"text": "46.6"
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},
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"youth dependency ratio": {
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"text": "17.8"
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},
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"elderly dependency ratio": {
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"text": "28.7"
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},
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"potential support ratio": {
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"text": "3.5 (2021 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "45.6 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "44.2 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "46.5 years (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "0.15% (2023 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "7.85 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "8.03 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "1.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "population fairly evenly distributed"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "100% of total population (2023)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "0.58% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Major urban areas - population": {
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"text": "7.685 million Hong Kong (2023)"
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},
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"Sex ratio": {
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"at birth": {
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"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
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},
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "1.09 male(s)/female"
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},
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"15-64 years": {
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"text": "0.82 male(s)/female"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "29.8 years (2008 est.)"
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "2.52 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "2.79 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "2.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "83.8 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "81.12 years"
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||
},
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"female": {
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"text": "86.63 years (2023 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "1.23 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
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},
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"Gross reproduction rate": {
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"text": "0.6 (2023 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "66.7% (2017)"
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},
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"Drinking water source": {
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"improved: urban": {
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"text": "urban: 100% of population"
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},
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"improved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: NA"
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},
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"improved: total": {
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"text": "total: 100% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: urban": {
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"text": "urban: 0% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: NA"
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},
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"unimproved: total": {
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"text": "total: 0% of population (2020)"
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}
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},
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"Current health expenditure": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "2.04 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
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},
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"Hospital bed density": {
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"text": "4.9 beds/1,000 population (2020)"
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},
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"Sanitation facility access": {
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"improved: urban": {
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"text": "urban: 96.4% of population"
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},
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"improved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: NA"
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},
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"improved: total": {
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"text": "total: 96.4% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: urban": {
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"text": "urban: 3.6% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: NA"
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},
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"unimproved: total": {
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"text": "total: 3.6% of population (2017)"
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}
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},
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"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
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"text": "47.7% (2023 est.)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Literacy": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"male": {
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||
"text": "NA"
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||
},
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||
"female": {
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||
"text": "NA"
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||
}
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},
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"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "17 years"
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},
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||
"male": {
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||
"text": "17 years"
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||
},
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"female": {
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||
"text": "17 years (2021)"
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}
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},
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"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "15%"
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||
},
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||
"male": {
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"text": "16.3%"
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||
},
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"female": {
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"text": "13.6% (2021 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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"Environment": {
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "air and water pollution from rapid urbanization; urban waste pollution; industrial pollution"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall"
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "5% (2018 est.)"
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||
},
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 3.2% (2018 est.)"
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},
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||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
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},
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||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
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||
},
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||
"forest": {
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||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
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||
"other": {
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"text": "95% (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "100% of total population (2023)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "0.58% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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}
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||
},
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||
"Revenue from forest resources": {
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||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
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||
},
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||
"Revenue from coal": {
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||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
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||
},
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||
"Air pollutants": {
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||
"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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||
"text": "43.64 megatons (2016 est.)"
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||
}
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},
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"Waste and recycling": {
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"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
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"text": "5,679,816 tons (2015 est.)"
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},
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"municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
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||
"text": "1,931,138 tons (2016 est.)"
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},
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"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
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"text": "34% (2016 est.)"
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||
}
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}
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},
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"Government": {
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"Country name": {
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"conventional long form": {
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||
"text": "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"
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||
},
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||
"conventional short form": {
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||
"text": "Hong Kong"
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||
},
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"local long form": {
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||
"text": "Heung Kong Takpit Hangching Ku (Eitel/Dyer-Ball)"
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||
},
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||
"local short form": {
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||
"text": "Heung Kong (Eitel/Dyer-Ball)"
|
||
},
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"abbreviation": {
|
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"text": "HK"
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||
},
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||
"etymology": {
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||
"text": "probably an imprecise phonetic rendering of the Cantonese name meaning \"fragrant harbor\""
|
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}
|
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},
|
||
"Government type": {
|
||
"text": "presidential limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China"
|
||
},
|
||
"Dependency status": {
|
||
"text": "special administrative region of the People's Republic of China"
|
||
},
|
||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||
"text": "none (special administrative region of the People's Republic of China)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Independence": {
|
||
"text": "none (special administrative region of China)"
|
||
},
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||
"National holiday": {
|
||
"text": "National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 1 July (1997) is celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day"
|
||
},
|
||
"Constitution": {
|
||
"history": {
|
||
"text": "several previous (governance documents while under British authority); latest drafted April 1988 to February 1989, approved March 1990, effective 1 July 1997 (Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China serves as the constitution); note - since 1990, China's National People's Congress has interpreted specific articles of the Basic Law"
|
||
},
|
||
"amendments": {
|
||
"text": "proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC), the People’s Republic of China State Council, or the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong; submittal of proposals to the NPC requires two-thirds majority vote by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, approval by two thirds of Hong Kong’s deputies to the NPC, and approval by the Hong Kong chief executive; final passage requires approval by the NPC"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Legal system": {
|
||
"text": "mixed legal system of common law based on the English model and Chinese customary law (in matters of family and land tenure); PRC imposition of National Security Law incorporates elements of Chinese civil law"
|
||
},
|
||
"Citizenship": {
|
||
"text": "see China"
|
||
},
|
||
"Suffrage": {
|
||
"text": "18 years of age in direct elections for 20 of the 90 Legislative Council seats and all of the seats in 18 district councils; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past 7 years; note - in indirect elections, suffrage is limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies for the other 70 legislature seats and a 1,500-member election committee for the chief executive drawn from broad sectoral groupings, central government bodies, municipal organizations, and elected Hong Kong officials"
|
||
},
|
||
"Executive branch": {
|
||
"chief of state": {
|
||
"text": "President of China XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"head of government": {
|
||
"text": "Chief Executive John LEE Ka-chieu (since 1 July 2022)"
|
||
},
|
||
"cabinet": {
|
||
"text": "Executive Council or ExCo appointed by the chief executive"
|
||
},
|
||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||
"text": "president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 March 2023 (next to be held in March 2028); chief executive indirectly elected by the Election Committee and appointed by the PRC Government for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 8 May 2022 (next to be held in 2027)"
|
||
},
|
||
"election results": {
|
||
"text": "<em>2022</em>: John LEE was the only candidate and won with over 99% of the vote by the Election Committee<br><br><em>2017</em>: Election Committee vote - Carrie LAM (non-partisan) 777, John TSANG (non-partisan) 365, WOO Kwok-hing (non-partisan) 21, 23 ballots rejected (1,186 votes cast)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> electoral changes that Beijing imposed in March 2021 expanded the Election Committee to 1,500 members"
|
||
},
|
||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||
"description": {
|
||
"text": "unicameral Legislative Council or LegCo (90 seats); 20 members directly elected in 2-seat constituencies, 30 indirectly elected by the approximately 220,000 members of various functional constituencies based on a variety of methods, and 50 indirectly elected by the 1,500-member Election Committee; members serve 4-year terms; note - in March 2021, China's National People's Congress amended the electoral rules and system for the LegCo; the total number of seats increased from 70 to 90, directly elected geographical constituencies were reduced from 35 to 20 seats, while trade-based indirectly elected functional constituencies remained at 30; an additional 40 seats were elected by the 1,500-member Election Commission; all political candidates are evaluated by the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee (CERC), established in April 2022; the CERC consists of the chairperson, 2-4 official members, and 1-3 non-official members, all appointed by the chief executive"
|
||
},
|
||
"elections": {
|
||
"text": "last held on 19 Dec 2021 (next scheduled for 2025)"
|
||
},
|
||
"election results": {
|
||
"text": "<p>percent of vote by bloc: pro-Beijing 93%, non-establishment 7%; seats by block/party - pro-Beijing 89 (DAB 19, FTU 8, BPA 7, NPP 5, Liberal Party 4, FEW 2, FLU 2, other 46), non-establishment 1 (Third Side); composition - men 73, women 17, percent of women 18.9%; voter turnout 30.2%; note - Hong Kong's leading pro-democracy political parties boycotted the 2021 election</p> <br> <p><strong> </strong></p>"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "note: in July 2023, Hong Kong lawmakers reduced the proportion of directly elected seats on local district councils from some 90% to about 20%; under the new law, the majority of the 470 seats would be filled by members appointed by the chief executive, rural committee chairpersons, and others elected by local committees that are packed with pro-establishment figures"
|
||
},
|
||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||
"text": "Court of Final Appeal (consists of the chief justice, 3 permanent judges, and 20 non-permanent judges); note - a sitting bench consists of the chief justice, 3 permanent judges, and 1 non-permanent judge"
|
||
},
|
||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||
"text": "all judges appointed by the Hong Kong Chief Executive upon the recommendation of the Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission, an independent body consisting of the Secretary for Justice, other judges, and judicial and legal professionals; permanent judges serve until normal retirement at age 65, but term can be extended; non-permanent judges appointed for renewable 3-year terms without age limit"
|
||
},
|
||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||
"text": "High Court (consists of the Court of Appeal and Court of First Instance); District Courts (includes Family and Land Courts); magistrates' courts; specialized tribunals"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||
"text": "<strong>parties:<br></strong>Bauhinia Party or BP [WONG Chau-chi and LI Shan]<br>Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong or BPA [LO Wai-kwok]<br>Civic Party [vacant]<br>Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong or DAB [Starry LEE Wai-king]<br>Democratic Party [LO Kin-hei]<br>Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood of ADPL [Bruce LIU]<br>Labor Party [Steven KWOK Wing-kin; arrested in 2020]<br>League of Social Democrats or LSD [CHAN Po-ying]<br>Liberal Party or LP [led by Tommy CHEUNG; chaired by Peter SHIU]<br>Neighborhood and Workers Service Center or NWSC [LEUNG Yui-chung]<br>New People's Party or NPP [Regina IP]<br>People Power or PP [LEUNG Ka-shing]<br>Third Side [TIK Chi-yeun]<br><br><strong>other:<br></strong>Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions or HKFTU [labor and political group presided over by NG Chau-pei and chaired by WONG Kwok]<br>Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers or HKFEW [WONG Kwan-yu]<br>Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions or HKFLU [represented by POON Siu-Ping]<br>Roundtable [Michael TIEN Puk-sun] <br>Professional Power [Christine FONG Kwok Shan] <br>Kowloon West New Dynamic or KWND [Priscilla LEUNG]<br>New Prospect for Hong Kong [Gary ZHANG Xinyu]<br>New Century Forum [MA Fung-kwak]<br>Path of Democracy [Ronny TONG] (think tank)",
|
||
"note": "<strong>note(s) -</strong> pro-democracy - Civic Party, Democratic Party, Labor Party, LSD, PP, Professional Commons; pro-Beijing - DAB, FTU, Liberal Party, NPP, BPA, BP; non-establishment - Third Side, Path of Democracy; there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies<br><br>by the end of 2021, the leading pro-democracy figures in Hong Kong had been effectively removed from the political arena under the provisions of Beijing's 2021 electoral changes or via charges under the 2020 national security law; in addition, dozens of pro-democracy organizations, including political parties, unions, churches, civil rights groups, and media organizations have disbanded or closed"
|
||
},
|
||
"International organization participation": {
|
||
"text": "ADB, APEC, BIS, FATF, ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITUC (NGOs), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO"
|
||
},
|
||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||
"chief of mission": {
|
||
"text": "none (Special Administrative Region of China); Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office (HKETO) carries out normal liaison activities and communication with the US Government and other US entities; Eddie MAK Tak-wai (since 3 July 2018) is the Hong Kong Commissioner to the US Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; address: 1520 18th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone: [1] (202) 331-8947; FAX: [1] (202) 331-8958; email: hketo@hketowashington.gov.hk; website: https://www.hketowashington.gov.hk/"
|
||
},
|
||
"HKETO offices": {
|
||
"text": "New York, San Francisco"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||
"chief of mission": {
|
||
"text": "Consul General Gregory MAY (since September 2022); note - also accredited to Macau"
|
||
},
|
||
"embassy": {
|
||
"text": "26 Garden Road, Central, Hong Kong"
|
||
},
|
||
"mailing address": {
|
||
"text": "8000 Hong Kong Place, Washington DC 20521-8000"
|
||
},
|
||
"telephone": {
|
||
"text": "[852] 2523-9011"
|
||
},
|
||
"FAX": {
|
||
"text": "[852] 2845-1598"
|
||
},
|
||
"email address and website": {
|
||
"text": "<br>acshk@state.gov<br><br>https://hk.usconsulate.gov/"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Flag description": {
|
||
"text": "red with a stylized, white, five-petal Bauhinia flower in the center; each petal contains a small, red, five-pointed star in its middle; the red color is the same as that on the Chinese flag and represents the motherland; the fragrant Bauhinia - developed in Hong Kong the late 19th century - has come to symbolize the region; the five stars echo those on the flag of China"
|
||
},
|
||
"National symbol(s)": {
|
||
"text": "orchid tree flower; national colors: red, white"
|
||
},
|
||
"National anthem": {
|
||
"text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> as a Special Administrative Region of China, \"Yiyongjun Jinxingqu\" is the official anthem (see China)</p>"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Economy": {
|
||
"Economic overview": {
|
||
"text": "high-income tourism- and services-based economy; global financial hub; COVID-19 and political protests fueled recent recession; ongoing recovery but lower-skilled unemployment remains high; investing in job-reskilling programs"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
|
||
"text": "$444.624 billion (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
|
||
"text": "$418.103 billion (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$447.385 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate": {
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
|
||
"text": "6.34% (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
|
||
"text": "-6.55% (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
|
||
"text": "-1.68% (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP per capita": {
|
||
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
|
||
"text": "$60,000 (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
|
||
"text": "$55,900 (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$59,600 (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||
"text": "$365.753 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
|
||
"text": "1.57% (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
|
||
"text": "0.25% (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
|
||
"text": "2.88% (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Credit ratings": {
|
||
"Fitch rating": {
|
||
"text": "AA- (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Moody's rating": {
|
||
"text": "Aa3 (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Standard & Poors rating": {
|
||
"text": "AA+ (2017)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||
"agriculture": {
|
||
"text": "0.1% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"industry": {
|
||
"text": "7.6% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"services": {
|
||
"text": "92.3% (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||
"household consumption": {
|
||
"text": "67% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"government consumption": {
|
||
"text": "9.9% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||
"text": "21.8% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||
"text": "0.4% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||
"text": "188% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||
"text": "-187.1% (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Agricultural products": {
|
||
"text": "pork, poultry, spinach, vegetables, pork offals, game meat, fruit, lettuce, green onions, pig fat"
|
||
},
|
||
"Industries": {
|
||
"text": "trading and logistics, financial services, professional services, tourism, cultural and creative, clothing and textiles, shipping, electronics, toys, clocks and watches"
|
||
},
|
||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||
"text": "2.08% (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Labor force": {
|
||
"text": "3.842 million (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||
"agriculture": {
|
||
"text": "3.8% (2013 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"industry": {
|
||
"text": "2% (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"services": {
|
||
"text": "54.5% (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"industry and services": {
|
||
"text": "12.5% (2013 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining": {
|
||
"text": "10.1% (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"manufacturing": {
|
||
"text": "17.1% (2013 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> above data exclude public sector"
|
||
},
|
||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
|
||
"text": "5.32% (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
|
||
"text": "5.83% (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
|
||
"text": "2.93% (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "15%"
|
||
},
|
||
"male": {
|
||
"text": "16.3%"
|
||
},
|
||
"female": {
|
||
"text": "13.6% (2021 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||
"text": "19.9% (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
|
||
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
|
||
"text": "53.9 (2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Average household expenditures": {
|
||
"on food": {
|
||
"text": "14.7% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"on alcohol and tobacco": {
|
||
"text": "1.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
|
||
"lowest 10%": {
|
||
"text": "1.8% NA"
|
||
},
|
||
"highest 10%": {
|
||
"text": "38.1% (2016) NA"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Budget": {
|
||
"revenues": {
|
||
"text": "$70.124 billion (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"expenditures": {
|
||
"text": "$105.849 billion (2020 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||
"text": "5.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Public debt": {
|
||
"Public debt 2017": {
|
||
"text": "0.1% of GDP (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Public debt 2016": {
|
||
"text": "0.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||
"text": "23.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
|
||
},
|
||
"Current account balance": {
|
||
"Current account balance 2021": {
|
||
"text": "$41.712 billion (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Current account balance 2020": {
|
||
"text": "$24.092 billion (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Current account balance 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$21.23 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports": {
|
||
"Exports 2021": {
|
||
"text": "$751.26 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports 2020": {
|
||
"text": "$608.159 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$645.007 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||
"text": "China 23%, India 14%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||
"text": "gold, integrated circuits, gas turbines, broadcasting equipment, silver, diamonds, telephones (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports": {
|
||
"Imports 2021": {
|
||
"text": "$733.459 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports 2020": {
|
||
"text": "$601.528 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$639.363 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||
"text": "China 46%, Taiwan 7%, Singapore 7%, South Korea 5%, United States 5%, Japan 5% (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||
"text": "integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, office machinery, telephones, diamonds (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
|
||
"text": "$496.867 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
|
||
"text": "$491.776 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$441.35 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Debt - external": {
|
||
"Debt - external 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$1,648,409,000,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Debt - external 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$1,670,919,000,000 (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||
"Currency": {
|
||
"text": "Hong Kong dollars (HKD) per US dollar -"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2021": {
|
||
"text": "7.773 (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2020": {
|
||
"text": "7.757 (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2019": {
|
||
"text": "7.836 (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2018": {
|
||
"text": "7.839 (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2017": {
|
||
"text": "7.793 (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Energy": {
|
||
"Electricity access": {
|
||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||
"text": "100% (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity": {
|
||
"installed generating capacity": {
|
||
"text": "14.168 million kW (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"consumption": {
|
||
"text": "44,183,900,000 kWh (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"exports": {
|
||
"text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"imports": {
|
||
"text": "12.7 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"transmission/distribution losses": {
|
||
"text": "1.622 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity generation sources": {
|
||
"fossil fuels": {
|
||
"text": "99.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"nuclear": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"solar": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"wind": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"hydroelectricity": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"tide and wave": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"geothermal": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"biomass and waste": {
|
||
"text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Coal": {
|
||
"production": {
|
||
"text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"consumption": {
|
||
"text": "5.485 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"exports": {
|
||
"text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"imports": {
|
||
"text": "5.485 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"proven reserves": {
|
||
"text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Petroleum": {
|
||
"total petroleum production": {
|
||
"text": "100 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"refined petroleum consumption": {
|
||
"text": "404,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"crude oil estimated reserves": {
|
||
"text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
|
||
"text": "13,570 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
|
||
"text": "402,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas": {
|
||
"production": {
|
||
"text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"consumption": {
|
||
"text": "4,913,021,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"exports": {
|
||
"text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"imports": {
|
||
"text": "4,913,021,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"proven reserves": {
|
||
"text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Carbon dioxide emissions": {
|
||
"total emissions": {
|
||
"text": "92.493 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"from coal and metallurgical coke": {
|
||
"text": "23.557 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"from petroleum and other liquids": {
|
||
"text": "62.451 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"from consumed natural gas": {
|
||
"text": "6.484 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Energy consumption per capita": {
|
||
"Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
|
||
"text": "172.009 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Communications": {
|
||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||
"text": "3,856,180 (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "51 (2021 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||
"text": "23,939,650 (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "319 (2021 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||
"general assessment": {
|
||
"text": "Hong Kong’s telecommunications sector continues to stay near the top of world rankings for the industry; it has kept its #1 spot in the Asian region in terms of the maturity of its telecom market – a reflection of the high penetration rates across mobile, mobile broadband, and fixed broadband; even fixed-line teledensity in Hong Kong is impressive at over 50%, although it too has started a gradual decline in keeping with most other telecom markets around the world, as consumers slowly transition over to the mobile platform for all of their communication needs (2022)"
|
||
},
|
||
"domestic": {
|
||
"text": "fixed-line is over 51 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 319 subscriptions per 100 (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"international": {
|
||
"text": "country code - 852; landing points for the AAE-1, AAG, APCN-2, APG, ASE, FEA, FNAL, RNAL, H2HE, SeaMeWe-3, SJC and TGN-IA submarine cables that provide connections to Asia, US, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China (2022)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||
"text": "34 commercial terrestrial TV networks each with multiple stations; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems available; 3 licensed broadcasters of terrestrial radio, one of which is government funded, operate about 12 radio stations; note - 4 digital radio broadcasters operated in Hong Kong from 2010 to 2017, but all digital radio services were terminated in September 2017 due to weak market demand (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Internet country code": {
|
||
"text": ".hk"
|
||
},
|
||
"Internet users": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "6.975 million (2021 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"percent of population": {
|
||
"text": "93% (2021 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "2,885,586 (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "39 (2020 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Transportation": {
|
||
"National air transport system": {
|
||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "12 (2020) (registered in China)"
|
||
},
|
||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "275 (registered in China)"
|
||
},
|
||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "47,101,822 (2018)"
|
||
},
|
||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "12,676,720,000 (2018) mt-km"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||
"text": "B-H"
|
||
},
|
||
"Airports": {
|
||
"text": "2 (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Airports - with paved runways": {
|
||
"text": "2",
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Heliports": {
|
||
"text": "9 (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Roadways": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "2,193 km (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"paved": {
|
||
"text": "2,193 km (2021)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Merchant marine": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "2,661"
|
||
},
|
||
"by type": {
|
||
"text": "bulk carrier 1,135, container ship 558, general cargo 155, oil tanker 394, other 419 (2022)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Ports and terminals": {
|
||
"major seaport(s)": {
|
||
"text": "Hong Kong"
|
||
},
|
||
"container port(s) (TEUs)": {
|
||
"text": "Hong Kong (17,798,000) (2021)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Military and Security": {
|
||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||
"text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong Police Force (specialized units include the Police Counterterrorism Response Unit, the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau, the Special Duties Unit, the Airport Security Unit, and the VIP Protection Unit) (2023)",
|
||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Hong Kong garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes elements of the PLA Army, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Southern Theater Command"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military - note": {
|
||
"text": "defense is the responsibility of China"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||
"text": "<p>Hong Kong plans to reduce its 2,800-hectare Frontier Closed Area (FCA) to 400 hectares by 2015; the FCA was established in 1951 as a buffer zone between Hong Kong and mainland China to prevent illegal migration from and the smuggling of goods</p>"
|
||
},
|
||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||
"tier rating": {
|
||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List — Hong Kong does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government trained more officials, prosecuted more employers of foreign domestic workers for crimes including assault, and reported increased actions against illegal brothels and perpetrators who solicit child sex trafficking victims; however, officials did not demonstrate overall increased efforts in anti-trafficking capacity and did not prosecute or convict any traffickers; criminals convicted for sex trafficking crimes received inadequate penalties, and the government did not enact legislation to fully criminalize all forms of trafficking; fewer victims were identified, and ineffective implementation of victim identification continued to result in inadequate victim identification and penalizing victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit; because the government has devoted sufficient resources to a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute significant efforts to meet the minimum standards, Hong Kong was granted a waiver per the TVPA from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3; therefore, Hong Kong remained on Tier 2 Watch List for the third consecutive year (2022)"
|
||
},
|
||
"trafficking profile": {
|
||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Hong Kong, and traffickers exploit victims from Hong Kong abroad; victims include citizens from mainland China, Indonesia, Kenya, the Philippines, Thailand, Uganda, and other Southeast Asian countries, as well as countries in South Asia, Africa, and South America; foreign women, including from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia are exploited in sex trafficking; traffickers exploit migrant workers in shipping, construction, electronic recycling, nursing homes, and private homes; foreign women are coerced to carry drugs into Hong Kong; some women in Hong Kong–often with the assistance of their families–deceive Indian and Pakistani men into arranged marriages involving forced domestic service, bonded labor in construction, and other physically demanding industries; traffickers recruit victims from the Philippines, South America, and mainland China under false pretenses and forced them into commercial sex (2022)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||
"text": "<p>modern banking system provides conduit for money laundering; groups involved in money laundering range from local street organizations to sophisticated international syndicates involved in assorted criminal activities, including drug trafficking; major source of precursor chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics</p>"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
} |