factbook.json/europe/bk.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>After four centuries of Ottoman rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary took control in 1878 and held the region until 1918, when it was incorporated into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. After World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY).<br><br>Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the SFRY on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. Bosnian Serb militias, with the support of Serbia and Croatia, then tried to take control of territories they claimed as their own. From 1992 to 1995, ethnic cleansing campaigns killed thousands and displaced more than two million people. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement, and the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995.</p> <p>The Dayton Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Dayton Accords also established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the agreement's implementation. In 1996, the NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) took over responsibility for enforcing the peace. In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. As of 2022, EUFOR deploys around 1,600 troops in Bosnia in a peacekeeping capacity. Bosnia and Herzegovina became an official candidate for EU membership in 2022.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "44 00 N, 18 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "51,197 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "51,187 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "10 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,543 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Croatia 956 km; Montenegro 242 km; Serbia 345 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "20 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mountains and valleys"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Maglic 2,386 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "500 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "42.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "15% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "30 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "destructive earthquakes"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,798,671"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "1,852,164"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1,946,507 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Bosnian, Herzegovinian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Bosnian)<br><br>Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)<br><br>Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, nužan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "13.1% (male 257,444/female 240,209)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "68.3% (male 1,305,271/female 1,290,920)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "18.6% (2024 est.) (male 289,449/female 415,378)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "48"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "22.3"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "27.1"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.7 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "44.8 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "43.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "46.5 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.25% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "50.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "346,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.7 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "27.7 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "78.5 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "75.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "81.6 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.38 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.67 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "45.8% (2011/12)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "9.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "2.16 physicians/1,000 population (2015)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "3.5 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: (2020 est.) NA"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "17.9% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "4.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "42% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "63.8% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "98.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "98.1% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2014)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "42.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "15% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "50.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "26.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "21.85 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "2.92 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,248,718 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "12 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "0% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "37.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Bosna i Hercegovina"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
      },
      "abbreviation": {
        "text": "BiH"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word \"herzog,\" meaning \"duke,\" and the ending \"-ovina,\" meaning \"land,\" forming the combination denoting \"dukedom\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Sarajevo"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "43 52 N, 18 25 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name derives from the Turkish word <em>saray</em>, meaning \"palace\" or \"mansion\" "
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> there is no national-level holiday"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "8 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Chairperson of the Presidency Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (chairperson since 16 November 2024; presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Serb seat); Denis BECIROVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Bosniak seat); Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Chairperson of the Council of Ministers Borjana KRISTO (since 25 January 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairperson, approved by the state-level House of Representatives"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in October 2026); the chairperson of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2022: </em>percent of vote<em> -</em> Denis BECIROVIC - (SDP BiH) 57.4% - Bosniak seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 55.8% - Croat seat; Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (SNSD) 51.7% - Serb seat<em><br><br>2018: </em>percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Lidiia BRADARA (since 28 February 2023); Vice Presidents Refik LENDO (since 28 February 2023) and Igor STOJANOVIC (since 28 February 2023); President of the Republika Srpska Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2022); Vice Presidents Camil DURAKOVIC (since 15 November 2022) and Davor PRANJIC (since 15 November 2022)"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Parliamentary Assembly (Skupstina)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "House of Representatives (Predstavnicki dom)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "42 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "10/2/2022"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Party of Democratic Action (SDA) (9); Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) (6); Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDP) (5); HDZ BiH, HSS, HSP BiH, HKDU, HSPAS, HDU, HSPHB, HRAST (4); Democratic Front (DF) - Civic Alliance (GS) (3); People and Justice (NAROD I PRAVDA) (3); Other (12)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "19%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "October 2026"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "House of Peoples (Dom Naroda)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "15 (all appointed)"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "2/16/2023"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "6.7%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "February 2027"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD <br>Bosnian-Herzegovinian Initiative or BHI KF <br>Civic Alliance or GS <br>Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH <br>Democratic Front or DF <br>Democratic Union or DEMOS<br>For Justice and Order<br>Our Party or NS/HC <br>Party for Democratic Action or SDA <br>Party of Democratic Progress or PDP <br>People and Justice Party or NiP <br>People's European Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or NES <br>Serb Democratic Party or SDS <br>Social Democratic Party or SDP<br>United Srpska or US"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)",
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: Bosnia-Herzegovina is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ (since 30 June 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 337-1500"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 337-1502"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@bhembassy.org<br><br>http://www.bhembassy.org/index.html"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Michael J. MURPHY (since 23 February 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "7130 Sarajevo Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-7130"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[387] (33) 704-000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[387] (33) 659-722"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>sarajevoACS@state.gov<br><br>https://ba.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "branch office(s)": {
        "text": "Banja Luka, Mostar"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine\" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "none officially/Dusan SESTIC"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2008 and others in 2016 were not approved"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Old Bridge Area of Mostar (c); Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad (c); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c);Ancient and  Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe- Janj Forest (n); Vjetrenica Cave, Ravno (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "import-dominated economy; remains consumption-heavy; lack of private sector investments and diversification; jointly addressing structural economic challenges; Chinese energy infrastructure investments; high unemployment; tourism industry impacted by COVID-19"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$64.104 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$62.717 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$60.174 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "2.21% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "4.23% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "7.39% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$20,100 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$19,600 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$18,500 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$27.515 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "6.11% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "14.02% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "1.98% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B3 (2012)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2011)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "4.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "23.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "55.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "68.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "19.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "3.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "44.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-55.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "maize, milk, vegetables, potatoes, plums, wheat, apples, barley, chicken, pears (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.47% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "1.382 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "10.42% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "12.66% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "14.9% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "30.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "16.9% (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "32.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "7.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "10.26% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "10.52% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "10.47% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$10.195 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$9.739 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2023": {
        "text": "40.42% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "19.11% (of GDP) (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$638.769 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$1.078 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$349.24 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$12.126 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$11.838 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$10.116 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Croatia 14%, Germany 14%, Serbia 13%, Italy 10%, Austria 9% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "aluminum, electricity, footwear, garments, plastic products (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$15.37 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$15.166 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$12.739 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Croatia 16%, Serbia 13%, Germany 8%, Italy 8%, China 7% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, aluminum, garments, coal, cars (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$9.205 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$8.762 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$9.475 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$5.602 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "1.809 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "1.859 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "1.654 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "1.717 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "1.747 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "4.591 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "12.648 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "6.856 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3.828 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.353 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "69.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "2.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "27.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "14.114 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "14.766 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "739,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.425 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "2.264 billion metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "36,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "225.824 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "225.824 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "25.762 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "20.191 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "5.141 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "430,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "92.698 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "614,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "19 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "3.87 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "118 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the telecom market has been liberalized and a regulatory framework created based on the EU&rsquo;s regulatory framework for communications; although Bosnia-Herzegovina remains an EU candidate country, in July 2017 it applied amended mobile roaming charges to fit in with changes introduced across the Union; further roaming agreements were made in 2019 with other western Balkan countries; the fixed-line broadband network is comparatively underdeveloped, with the result that investments made in mobile upgrades to facilitate broadband connectivity in the country to a greater extent than is common elsewhere in Europe; internet services are available; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity, while fiber broadband as yet has only a small market presence; the three MNOs, each affiliated with one of the incumbent fixed-line operators, provide national coverage with 3G, though LTE coverage is only about 89%; their upgraded networks are helping to support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; mobile data and mobile broadband offers will provide future revenue growth given the limited potential of mobile voice services; the MNOs tested LTE services under trial licenses from 2013, commercial launches were delayed until the award of spectrum in early 2019; the regulator stipulated that licenses must provide national coverage within five years; trials of 5G technology have been undertaken, though there are no plans to launch services commercially in the short term, given that the MNOs can continue to exploit the capacity of their existing LTE networks (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 21 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership stands at 114 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ba"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "83% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "908,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "29 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "7,070 (2015)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "87 (2015) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "T9"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "13 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "3 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "965 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "965 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,619 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "990 km (2022) (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited)"
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "1 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Neum"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH or Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army, Air, Air Defense forces organized into an Operations Command and a Support Command<br><br>Ministry of Security: Border Police (2024)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2022)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.9% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.9% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 10,000 active-duty personnel (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory of weapons and equipment is a combination of material originating from the former Soviet Union/former Yugoslavia and secondhand deliveries from Western suppliers such as the UK and especially the US (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2005 (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2024, women made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH) are comprised of the former Bosnian-Croat Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vojska Federacije Bosne i Hercegovin, VF) and the Bosnian-Serb Republic of Serbia Army (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS); the two forces were unified under the 2006 Law on Defense, and the combined force includes each ethnic group; the 2006 law also established the country’s Ministry of Defense<br><br>the AFBiH is responsible for territorial defense, providing assistance to civil authorities during disasters or other emergencies, and participating in collective security and peace support operations; each of the AFBiH's three combat brigades are headquartered inside of their respective ethnicity territory, while its main headquarters is in Sarajevo; Bosnia and Herzegovina aspires to join NATO; it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 2007 and was invited to join NATO’s Membership Action Plan in 2010; the AFBiH is undergoing a 10-year (2017-2027) defense modernization and reform program for preparing to join and integrate with NATO; it has contributed small numbers of troops to EU, NATO, and UN missions<br><br>NATO maintains a military headquarters in Sarajevo with the mission of assisting Bosnia and Herzegovina with the PfP program and promoting closer integration with NATO, as well as providing logistics and other support to the EU Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR), which has operated in the country to oversee implementation of the Dayton/Paris Agreement since taking over from NATO's Stabilization Force (SFOR) in 2004; EUFOR has about 1,100 troops from 22 countries (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "91,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2022)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "48 (2022)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>153,304 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)"
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets</p>"
    }
  }
}