factbook.json/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Portuguese ships began arriving in 1513. In the 1550s, Portuguese paying tribute to China settled in Macau, which became the official entrepôt for all international trade with China and Japan and the first European settlement in the Far East.  The first governor was appointed in the 17th century, but the Portuguese remained largely under the control of the Chinese. In the 1930s and ’40s Macau was declared a neutral territory during the Sino-Japanese War and World War II and became a refuge for both Chinese and Europeans. Portugal officially made Macau an overseas province in 1951.  <br><br>In April 1987, Portugal and China reached an agreement to return Macau to Chinese rule in 1999, using the Hong Kong Joint Declaration between China and the UK as a model. In this agreement, China promised that, under its \"one country, two systems\" formula, China's political and economic system would not be imposed on Macau, and that Macau would enjoy a \"high degree of autonomy\" in all matters except foreign affairs and defense for the next 50 years. However, after China's multi-year crackdown against the pro-democracy movement in nearby Hong Kong, the governments of China and the Macau Special Administrative Region worked to limit Macau's political autonomy by suppressing opposition activity in the 2021 legislative elections."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "22 10 N, 113 33 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Southeast Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "28 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "28.2 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "less than one-sixth the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3 km"
      },
      "regional borders": {
        "text": "China 3 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "41 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "not specified"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "generally flat"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Alto Coloane 172 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "South China Sea 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "NEGL"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "100% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population fairly equally distributed"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "typhoons"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "essentially urban; an area of land reclaimed from the sea measuring 5.2 sq km and known as Cotai now connects the islands of Coloane and Taipa; the island area is connected to the mainland peninsula by three bridges"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "644,426"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "304,988"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "339,438 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Chinese"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Chinese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Chinese 89.4%, Chinese and Portuguese 1%, Portuguese 0.8%, Chinese and non-Portuguese 0.2%, Portuguese and others 0.2%, other 8.5% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Cantonese 81%, Mandarin 4.7%, other Chinese dialects 5.4%, English 3.6%, Tagalog 2.9%, Portuguese 0.6%, other 1.8% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br> <p>世界概况, 必須擁有的基本資料参考书 (Cantonese)</p> <br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Chinese and Portuguese are official languages; Macanese or Patua, a Portuguese-based Creole, is also spoken"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "folk religion 58.9%, Buddhist 17.3%, Christian 7.2%, other 1.2%, none 15.4% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "14.4% (male 47,346/female 45,216)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "69.9% (male 210,059/female 240,577)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "15.7% (2024 est.) (male 47,583/female 53,645)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "36.9"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "20"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "16.9"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "5.9 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "42.5 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "41.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "43.1 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.67% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population fairly equally distributed"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "682,000 Macau (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.87 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.89 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.9 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "85.3 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "82.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "88.3 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.24 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.6 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "53.5% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "6.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "97.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "98.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "95.9% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19 years (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution; coastal waters pollution; insufficient policies in reducing and recycling solid wastes; increasing population density worsening noise pollution"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "100% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "2.07 megatons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "377,942 tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "75,588 tons (2014 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "20% (2014 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Macau Special Administrative Region"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Macau"
      },
      "official long form": {
        "text": "Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese)/ Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese)"
      },
      "official short form": {
        "text": "Aomen (Chinese)/ Macau (Portuguese)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name is thought to derive from the A-Ma Temple - built in 1488 and dedicated to Mazu, the goddess of seafarers and fishermen - which is referred to locally as \"Maa Gok\" - and in Portuguese became \"Macau\"; the Chinese name Aomen means \"inlet gates\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "executive-led limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China"
    },
    "Dependency status": {
      "text": "special administrative region of the People's Republic of China"
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "none (special administrative region of the People's Republic of China)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "none (special administrative region of China)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day (anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December (1999) is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system based on the Portuguese model"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1976 (Organic Statute of Macau, under Portuguese authority); latest adopted 31 March 1993, effective 20 December 1999 (Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China serves as Macau's constitution)"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People&rsquo;s Congress (NPC), the People&rsquo;s Republic of China State Council, and the Macau Special Administrative Region; submittal of proposals to the NPC requires two-thirds majority vote by the Legislative Assembly of Macau, approval by two thirds of Macau's deputies to the NPC, and consent of the Macau chief executive; final passage requires approval by the NPC; amended 2005, 2012"
      }
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "text": "see China"
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age in direct elections for some legislative positions, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past 7 years; note - indirect elections are limited to organizations registered as \"corporate voters\" and an election committee for the chief executive drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, central government bodies, and elected Macau officials"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President of China XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Chief Executive Sam Hou FAI (since 20 December 2024)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Executive Council appointed by the chief executive"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 March 2023 (next to be held in March 2028); chief executive chosen by a 400-member Election Committee for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 October 2024 (next to be held in 2029)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2024:</em> Sam Hou FAI (unopposed; received 394 out of 400 votes)<br><br><em>2019:</em> HO lat Seng (unopposed; received 392 out of 400 votes)"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Legislative Assembly (Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "33 (14 directly elected, 12 indirectly elected, 7 appointed)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "mixed"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "9/12/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "United Citizens Association of Macau (ACUM) (3); Union for Development (UPD) (2); Macau-Guangdong Union (UGM) (2); Union for Promoting Progress (UPP) (2); Alliance for a Happy Home (ABL) (2); New Hope (NE) (2); Association of Synergy of Macau (PS) (1)"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "September 2025"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Court of Final Appeal of Macau Special Administrative Region (consists of the court president and 2 associate justices)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "justices appointed by the Macau chief executive upon the recommendation of an independent commission of judges, lawyers, and \"eminent\" persons; judge tenure NA"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Second Instance; Court of First instance; Lower Court; Administrative Court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alliance for a Happy Home or ABL<br>Association of Synergy of Macau (\"Synergy Power\" or Poder da Singeria) or PS <br>Macau-Guangdong Union or UGM <br>New Hope or NE <br>Union for Development or UPD <br>Union for Promoting Progress or UPP or UNIPRO <br>United Citizens Association of Macau or ACUM",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), ISO (correspondent), UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "text": "none (Special Administrative Region of China)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "the US has no offices in Macau; US Consulate General in Hong Kong is accredited to Macau"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lotus blossom; national colors: green, white, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> as a Special Administrative Region of China, \"Yiyongjun Jinxingqu\" is the official anthem (see China)</p>"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income, Chinese special administrative region economy; known for apparel exports and gambling tourism; currency pegged to Hong Kong dollar; significant recession due to 2015 Chinese anticorruption campaign; COVID-19 further halved economic activity"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$71.248 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$40.699 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$50.626 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "75.06% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "-19.61% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "23.54% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$105,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$60,100 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$74,200 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$45.803 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "0.48% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "1.05% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "0.03% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AA (2018)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aa3 (2016)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "industry": {
        "text": "5.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "91.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "30.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "13.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "14.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "91.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-50.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "pork, chicken, beef, eggs, pork offal, pork fat, pepper, beef offal, cattle hides, goose meat (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "6.78% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "396,000 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "2.25% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "2.48% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "2.25% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.23% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.33% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.24% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$5.135 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$12.259 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "16.7% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$16.955 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$2.845 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$2.683 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$43.613 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$21.071 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$28.163 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Hong Kong 65%, China 8%, US 7%, Switzerland 3%, Israel 2% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "jewelry, garments, broadcasting equipment, precious metal watches, trunks and cases (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$23.18 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$21.405 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$23.77 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 39%, Hong Kong 25%, France 5%, Italy 4%, US 3% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "jewelry, garments, electricity, broadcasting equipment, trunks and cases (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$27.771 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$25.971 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$26.665 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "patacas (MOP) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "8.063 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "8.065 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "8.006 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "7.989 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "8.07 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "437,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "5.581 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "5.238 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "150.268 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "58.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "41.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "imports": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1 metric ton"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "12,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "120.337 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "117.085 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "1.746 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "1.511 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "236,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "69.034 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "87,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "12 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1.37 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "175 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Macau&rsquo;s economy and GDP have been on a roller coaster ride since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020; the Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China is heavily dependent on tourists coming from the mainland and Hong Kong to play in Macau&rsquo;s many casinos, but the ensuing lock downs contributed to a dramatic fall in visitor numbers as well as income; this too, has had a major effect on the telecom sector (particularly in the mobile segment) with short-stay visitors as well as foreign workers on temporary-stay visas being forced to stay away.; total mobile subscription numbers are estimated to have dropped from a high of 2.8 million in 2019 (representing a whopping 442% penetration rate in a region with a population of just 700,000) to less than half that by the end of 2021: 1.3 million subscribers; Macau had almost the highest mobile penetration rate in the world; it is now sitting at a more &lsquo;reasonable&rsquo; level of 200%; a significant bounce back can be expected to follow the easing of travel restrictions, although perhaps not up to the same lofty heights achieved in 2019; asecond factor behind the steep fall in 2020 was the introduction of a Cyber Security Law that required all prepaid SIM cards to become registered or face being deactivated in October 2020; the combined effect of the pandemic and the new restrictions meant that prepaid subscriber numbers fell by more than 80%; postpaid accounts, largely the domain of Macau&rsquo;s permanent residents, were barely affected by the external upheaval; they continued to increase in number, year-on-year, and provided better returns to the operators thanks to substantially increased data usage during the lock downs; the mobile broadband market has experienced the same dramatic fluctuations as the broader mobile segment over the last two years, at least in terms of subscriber numbers; but this is largely because mobile broadband uptake is inextricably tied to the base mobile offering in Macau; with total mobile broadband data traffic going up, not down, between 2019 and 2021, that again points to the strength of the contract segment helping to drive future growth in Macau&rsquo;s telecom sector (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line nearly 16 per 100 and mobile-cellular roughly 410 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 853; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; HF radiotelephone communication facility; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "local government dominates broadcast media; 2 television stations operated by the government with one broadcasting in Portuguese and the other in Cantonese and Mandarin; 1 cable TV and 4 satellite TV services available; 3 radio stations broadcasting, of which 2 are government-operated (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mo"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "90% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "212,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "30 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020) (registered in China)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "21 (registered in China)"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3,157,724 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "31.84 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "B-M"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "1 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "4 (2024)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "428 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "428 km (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "other 5"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "1 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Macau"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Macau Public Security Police Force (includes the Police Intervention Tactical Unit or UTIP for counterterrorism operations)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "defense is the responsibility of China; the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) maintains a garrison in Macau"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 — Macau does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Macau remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/macau/"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>Asian organized crime groups involved in drug trafficking and money laundering</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  }
}