factbook.json/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries.  Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In 1975, after a seven-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off 13 years of internecine warfare in which a coalition of Khmer Rouge, Cambodian nationalists, and royalist insurgents, with assistance from China, fought the Vietnamese-backed People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK). <br><br>The 1991 Paris Agreements ended the country’s civil war and mandated democratic elections, which took place in 1993 and ushered in a period of multi-party democracy with a constitutional monarchy. King Norodom SIHANOUK was reinstated as head of state, and the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) and the royalist FUNCINPEC party formed a coalition government.  Nevertheless, the power-sharing arrangement proved fractious and fragile, and in 1997, a coup led by CPP leader and former PRK prime minister HUN SEN dissolved the coalition and sidelined FUNCINPEC. Despite further attempts at coalition governance, the CPP has since remained in power through elections criticized for lacking fairness, political and judicial corruption, media control, and influence over labor unions, all of which have been enforced with violence and intimidation. HUN SEN remained as prime minister until 2023, when he transferred power to his son, HUN MANET. HUN SEN has subsequently maintained considerable influence as the leader of the CPP and the Senate. The CPP has also placed limits on civil society, press freedom, and freedom of expression. Despite some economic growth and considerable investment from China over the past decade, Cambodia remains one of East Asia's poorest countries.<br><br>The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in 1999. A UN-backed special tribunal established in Cambodia in 1997 tried some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders for crimes against humanity and genocide. The tribunal concluded in 2022 with three convictions.<br><br></p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "13 00 N, 105 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Southeast Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "181,035 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "176,515 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "4,520 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "one and a half times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oklahoma"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,530 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Laos 555 km; Thailand 817 km; Vietnam 1158 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "443 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Phnum Aoral 1,810 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Gulf of Thailand 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "126 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "32.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 22.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 8.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "56.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "3,540 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Tonle Sap - 2,700-16,000 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Mekong (shared with China [s], Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population concentrated in the southeast, particularly in and around the capital of Phnom Penh; further distribution is linked closely to the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17,063,669"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8,277,588"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8,786,081 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Cambodian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Cambodian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Khmer 95.4%, Cham 2.4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 0.7% (2019-20 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Khmer (official) 95.8%, minority languages 2.9%, Chinese 0.6%, Vietnamese 0.5%, other 0.2% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>សៀវភៅហេតុការណនៅលើពិភពលោក។ ទីតាំងពត៏មានមូលដានគ្រឹះយាងសំខាន់។. (Khmer)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Buddhist (official) 97.1%, Muslim 2%, Christian 0.3%, other 0.5% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Cambodia is a predominantly rural country with among the most ethnically and religiously homogenous populations in Southeast Asia: more than 95% of its inhabitants are Khmer and more than 95% are Buddhist.  The population’s size and age structure shrank and then rebounded during the 20th century as a result of conflict and mass death.  During the Khmer Rouge regime between 1975 and 1979 as many as 1.5 to 2 million people are estimated to have been killed or died as a result of starvation, disease, or overwork – a loss of about 25% of the population.  At the same time, emigration was high, and the fertility rate sharply declined.  In the 1980s, after the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge, fertility nearly doubled and reached pre-Khmer Rouge levels of close to 7 children per woman, reflecting in part higher infant survival rates.  The baby boom was followed by a sustained fertility decline starting in the early 1990s, eventually decreasing from 3.8 in 2000 to 2.9 in 2010, although the rate varied by income, education, and rural versus urban location.  Despite continuing fertility reduction, Cambodia still has a youthful population that is likely to maintain population growth through population momentum. Improvements have also been made in mortality, life expectancy, and contraceptive prevalence, although reducing malnutrition among children remains stalled.  Differences in health indicators are pronounced between urban and rural areas, which experience greater poverty.</p> <p>Cambodia is predominantly a country of migration, driven by the search for work, education, or marriage.  Internal migration is more prevalent than international migration, with rural to urban migration being the most common, followed by rural to rural migration.  Urban migration focuses on the pursuit of unskilled or semi-skilled jobs in Phnom Penh, with men working mainly in the construction industry and women working in garment factories.  Most Cambodians who migrate abroad do so illegally using brokers because it is cheaper and faster than through formal channels, but doing so puts them at risk of being trafficked for forced labor or sexual exploitation.  Young Cambodian men and women migrate short distances across the Thai border using temporary passes to work in agriculture, while others migrate long distances primarily into Thailand and Malaysia for work in agriculture, fishing, construction, manufacturing, and domestic service.  Cambodia was a refugee sending country in the 1970s and 1980s as a result of the brutality of the Khmer Rouge regime, its ousting by the Vietnamese invasion, and the resultant civil war.  Tens of thousands of Cambodians fled to Thailand; more than 100,000 were resettled in the US in the 1980s.  Cambodia signed a multi-million dollar agreement with Australia in 2014 to voluntarily resettle refugees seeking shelter in Australia.  However, the deal has proven to be a failure because of poor conditions and a lack of support services for the few refugees willing to accept the offer.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "28.9% (male 2,497,056/female 2,436,618)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "65.8% (male 5,456,941/female 5,765,206)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "5.3% (2024 est.) (male 323,591/female 584,257)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "53.4"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "45"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "8.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "11.8 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "26.9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28.9 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.99% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "18.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-2.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population concentrated in the southeast, particularly in and around the capital of Phnom Penh; further distribution is linked closely to the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "25.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "2.281 million PHNOM PENH (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.55 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "23.3 years (2021-22 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "218 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "24.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "71.4 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "69.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "73.3 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.17 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.06 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "56.3% (2014)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 80.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 85.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 19.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 14.9% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "7.5% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.19 physicians/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.9 beds/1,000 population (2016)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 69.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 76.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 30.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 23.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "3.9% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "4.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "36.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "16.3% (2022)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "66.4% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "83.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "88.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "79.8% (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing; coastal ecosystems choked by sediment washed loose from deforested areas inland"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Law of the Sea"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "32.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 22.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 8.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "56.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "25.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.84% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "17.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "9.92 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "14.88 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1.089 million tons (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Tonle Sap - 2,700-16,000 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Mekong (shared with China [s], Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "2.05 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "476.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Cambodia"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Cambodia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (phonetic transliteration)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Kampuchea"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the English name Cambodia is an anglicization of the French Cambodge, which is the French transliteration of the native name Kampuchea"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Phnom Penh"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "11 33 N, 104 55 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Phnom Penh translates as \"Penh's Hill\" in Khmer; the city takes its name from the present Wat Phnom (Hill Temple), the tallest religious structure in the city, whose establishment, according to legend, was inspired in the 14th century by a pious nun, Daun PENH"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "<p>24 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 1 municipality (krong, singular and plural)</p> <p><strong>provinces:</strong> Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, Preah Sihanouk, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo, Tbong Khmum</p> <p><strong>municipalities:</strong> Phnom Penh (Phnum Penh)</p>"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "9 November 1953 (from France)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 9 November (1953)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system (influenced by the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia) customary law, Communist legal theory, and common law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1947; latest promulgated 21 September 1993"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the monarch, by the prime minister, or by the president of the National Assembly if supported by one fourth of the Assembly membership; passage requires two-thirds majority of the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the multiparty democratic form of government and the monarchy cannot be amended; amended several times, latest 2022"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cambodia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "7 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister HUN MANET (since 22 August 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "monarch chosen by the 9-member Royal Council of the Throne from among all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the monarch"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong> MANET succeeded his father, HUN SEN, who had been prime minister since 1985"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Parliament"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the EU, UN, and US condemned the July 2023 National Assembly election as neither free nor fair"
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "National Assembly (Radhsphea Ney Preah Recheanachakr Kampuchea)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "125 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "7/23/2023"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Cambodian People's Party (CPP) (120); Other (5)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "13.6%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "July 2028"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the EU, UN, and US condemned the July 2023 National Assembly election as neither free nor fair"
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Senate"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "62 (60 indirectly elected; 2 appointed)"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "6 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "2/25/2024"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "19.4%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "February 2030"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Council (organized into 5- and 9-judge panels and includes a court chief and deputy chief); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); note - in 1997, the Cambodian Government requested UN assistance in establishing trials to prosecute former Khmer Rouge senior leaders for crimes against humanity committed during the 1975-1979 Khmer Rouge regime; the Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia (also called the Khmer Rouge Tribunal) was established in 2006 and began hearings for the first case in 2009; court proceedings remain ongoing in 2021"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Council judge candidates recommended by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, a 17-member body chaired by the monarch and includes other high-level judicial officers; judges of both courts appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of the court renewed every 3 years"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Appellate Court; provincial and municipal courts; Military Court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Candlelight Party or CP<br>Cambodian People's Party or CPP <br>Khmer Will Party or KWP",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>18 parties registered to run in the 2023 parliamentary election<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong>  the Cambodian Government disqualified the Candlelight Party, the main opposition party, from the July 2023 election"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Socheat OUM&nbsp;(since 20 September 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 726-7742"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 726-8381"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>camemb.usa@mfaic.gov.kh<br><br>https://www.embassyofcambodiadc.org/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Bridgette L. WALKER (since August 2024)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "#1, Street 96, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "4540 Phnom Penh Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-4540"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[855] (23) 728-000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[855] (23) 728-700"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSPhnomPenh@state.gov<br><br>https://kh.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white, three-towered temple, representing Angkor Wat, outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> only national flag to prominently incorporate an actual identifiable building into its design (a few other national flags - those of Afghanistan, San Marino, Portugal, and Spain - show small generic buildings as part of their coats of arms on the flag)"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Angkor Wat temple, kouprey (wild ox); national colors: red, blue"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Nokoreach\" (Royal Kingdom)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "4 (all cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Angkor; Temple of Preah Vihear; Sambor Prei Kuk; Koh Ker: Archaeological Site of Ancient Lingapora or Chok Gargyar"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "one of the fastest growing Southeast Asian economies; rebounding tourism and clothing exports; substantial manufacturing and construction sectors; new trade agreements expanding agricultural markets; significant public debt; investing in new ports and roads"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$116.576 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$111.067 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$105.674 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "4.96% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "5.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.03% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$6,700 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$6,500 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$6,200 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$42.336 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "2.13% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "5.34% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "2.92% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B2 (2007)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "N/A (2014)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "17.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "40.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "36.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "60.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "6.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "32.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "66.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-67.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "cassava, rice, maize, sugarcane, vegetables, oil palm fruit, rubber, bananas, jute, pork (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "tourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.31% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "9.229 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "0.24% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "0.25% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "0.4% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "0.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "0.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "16.5% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "40.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "1.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "6.57% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "6.54% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "6.9% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$5.9 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$4.666 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "30.4% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "11.99% (of GDP) (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$552.346 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$7.582 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$10.893 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$27.753 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$25.497 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$20.178 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "US 36%, Vietnam 10%, Germany 7%, Japan 5%, Canada 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "garments, trunks and cases, footwear, cassava, shoes (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$29.421 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$34.759 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$32.816 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 30%, Thailand 19%, Singapore 18%, Vietnam 13%, Switzerland 3% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, refined petroleum, fabric, plastic products, vehicle parts/accessories (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$19.984 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$17.801 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$20.27 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$8.846 billion (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "riels (KHR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "4,110.653 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "4,102.038 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "4,098.723 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "4,092.783 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "4,061.149 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "92.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "99%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "88%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "3.204 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "11.001 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3.566 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.38 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "49.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "4.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "45.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "113,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "2.215 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.265 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "73,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "14.396 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "4.063 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "10.333 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "12.831 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "38,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "19.5 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "116 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Cambodia&rsquo;s mobile-dominated telecoms sector spent much of 2020 battling two major challenges: the global pandemic, and the government&rsquo;s retraction of trial licenses for the rollout of 5G; citing concerns about waste and inefficiency occurring if each operator built a separate 5G infrastructure in order to maximize their own network&rsquo;s coverage (and, presumably, to capture greater market share), the regulator withdrew the licenses that the operators had been using for their 5G trials; this was despite all of the operators having already announced a successful completion of their trials; more than a year later, the market is still waiting on the government to release its 5G policy and roadmap, along with the allocation of spectrum and approvals to permit commercial operation; there is little expectation of any further progress happening before the start of 2022; the mobile network operators have maintained their focus and investment strategies on upgrading and expanding their existing LTE networks around the country, and to 5G-enable their base stations; when the 5G market eventually arrives, the underlying infrastructure will at least be ready to support a rapid adoption of the higher-value applications and services; the mobile market fell back slightly during 2020 and 2021 (in terms of total subscriber numbers) as the Covid-19 crisis wore on, but it remains in relatively good health as mobile users increased their data usage over the period; the mobile broadband market experienced a small but very rare contraction in 2020, although rates were already very high in this area; there is likely to be a quick rebound to previous levels once economic conditions stabilize, followed by a modest rates of growth over the next five years; the number of fixed telephony lines in service continues to fall sharply as customers migrate to mobile platforms for both voice and data; the lack of any widespread fixed-line infrastructure has had a flow-on effect in the fixed-line broadband market, a sector that also remains largely under-developed (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, aided by competition among service providers, is about 120 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 855; landing points for MCT and AAE-1 via submarine cables&nbsp;providing communication to Asia, the Middle East, Europe and Africa;&nbsp;satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "mixture of state-owned, joint public-private, and privately owned broadcast media;&nbsp;27 TV broadcast stations with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station broadcasting from multiple locations, 11 stations either jointly operated or privately owned with some broadcasting from several locations; multi-channel cable and satellite systems are available (2019);&nbsp;84 radio broadcast stations - 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a large mixture of public and private broadcasters;&nbsp;one international broadcaster is&nbsp;available (2019) as well as one Chinese joint venture television station with the Ministry of Interior; several television and radio operators broadcast online only (often via Facebook) (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".kh"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "57% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "510,000 (2022 est.) Slowly increase as focus is on mobile internet"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "3 (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "25"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,411,059 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "680,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "XU"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "13 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2024)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "642 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "642 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> under restoration"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "61,810 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "15,000 km"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "46,810 km (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "3,700 km (2012) (mainly on Mekong River)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "195 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "container ship 2, general cargo 123, oil tanker 18, other 52"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "2 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Kampong Saom, Phsar Ream"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF): Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie; the National Committee for Maritime Security (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the National Committee for Maritime Security performs coast guard functions and has representation from military and civilian agencies<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Cambodian National Police are under the Ministry of Interior"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.2% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "2.2% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; estimated 150-200,000 Armed Forces personnel (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the RCAF is armed largely with older Chinese and Russian-origin equipment; in recent years it has received limited amounts of more modern equipment from several suppliers, particularly China (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>in December 2021, the US Government halted arms-related trade with Cambodia, citing deepening Chinese military influence, corruption, and human rights abuses by the government and armed forces; the policy of denial applied to licenses or other approvals for exports and imports of defense articles and defense services destined for or originating in Cambodia, with exceptions (on a case-by-case basis) related to conventional weapons destruction and humanitarian demining activities"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (conscription only selectively enforced since 1993; service is for 18 months); women may volunteer (2024)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "340 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the RCAF’s primary responsibilities are border, coastal, and internal security; since 2016, the RCAF has regularly conducted a small annual training exercise known as “Golden Dragon” with the military of China, its closest security partner<br><br>the RCAF was re-established in 1993 under the first coalition government from the merger of the Cambodian Government’s military forces (Cambodian People’s Armed Forces) and the two non-communist resistance forces (Sihanoukist National Army, aka National Army for Khmer Independence, and the Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces); thousands of communist Khmer Rouge fighters began surrendering by 1994 under a government amnesty program and the last of the Khmer Rouge forces (National Army of Democratic Kampuchea) were demobilized or absorbed into the RCAF in 1999<br><br>Cambodia continues to be one of the most densely landmine-contaminated countries in the world; by the early 1990s, various aid organizations estimated there were 8-10 million landmines scattered throughout the country, with a particularly heavy concentration on a 1,000-km (620-mile) strip along the northwest Thai-Cambodia border known as the \"K5 belt\"; the mines were laid during Cambodia’s decades-long war by the Cambodian army, the Vietnamese, the Khmer Rouge, the non-communist fighters, and US forces; part of Cambodia's defense policy is demining the territory with the intent of having the entire country cleared of unexploded ordnances by 2035; over 1 million landmines and over 3 million explosives were discovered and removed from 1992 to 2018; in 2018, the Cambodian government and Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority (CMAA), a government agency, launched the National Mine Action Strategy for 2018-2025 (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "75,000 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 — Cambodia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Cambodia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/cambodia/"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a significant transshipment country for Burma-sourced methamphetamine and heroin and a location for large-scale ketamine production; transnational criminal organizations (TCO’s) use Cambodia as both a transit and destination for illicit drugs; precursor chemicals from mainly China used at domestic clandestine laboratories operated by TCOs for the manufacturing of methamphetamine, ketamine, and other synthetic drugs</p> (2021)"
    }
  }
}