factbook.json/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela that was named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When the union dissolved in 1830, Panama remained part of Colombia. With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land known as the Panama Canal Zone on either side of the structure. The US Army Corps of Engineers built the Panama Canal between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of the century. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the subsequent decades. With US help, Panamanian dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were transferred to Panama by the end of 1999. An ambitious expansion project to more than double the Canal's capacity by allowing for more Canal transits and larger ships was carried out between 2007 and 2016."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "9 00 N, 80 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Central America and the Caribbean"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "75,420 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "74,340 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "1,080 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "687 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Colombia 339 km; Costa Rica 348 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "2,490 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm or edge of continental margin"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "interior mostly steep, rugged mountains with dissected, upland plains; coastal plains with rolling hills"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Volcan Baru 3,475 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "360 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "30.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 20.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "25.9% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "407 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Laguna de Chiriqui - 900 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is concentrated towards the center of the country, particularly around the Canal, but a sizeable segment of the populace also lives in the far west around David; the eastern third of the country is sparsely inhabited"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,470,241"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2,251,257"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2,218,984 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Panamanian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Panamanian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 65%, Indigenous 12.3% (Ngabe 7.6%, Kuna 2.4%, Embera 0.9%, Bugle 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.2%), Black or African descent 9.2%, Mulatto 6.8%, White 6.7% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Spanish (official), Indigenous languages (including Ngabere (Guaymi), Buglere, Kuna, Embera, Wounaan, Naso (Teribe), and Bri Bri), Panamanian English Creole (a mixture of English and Spanish with elements of Ngabere, also known as Guari Guari and Colon Creole), English, Chinese (Yue and Hakka), Arabic, French Creole, other (Yiddish, Hebrew, Korean, Japanese)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Evangelical 55%, Roman Catholic 33.4%, none 10.1%, unspecified 1.5% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Panama is a country of demographic and economic contrasts. It is in the midst of a demographic transition, characterized by steadily declining rates of fertility, mortality, and population growth, but disparities persist based on wealth, geography, and ethnicity. Panama has one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America and dedicates substantial funding to social programs, yet poverty and inequality remain prevalent. The indigenous population accounts for a growing share of Panama's poor and extreme poor, while the non-indigenous rural poor have been more successful at rising out of poverty through rural-to-urban labor migration. The government's large expenditures on untargeted, indirect subsidies for water, electricity, and fuel have been ineffective, but its conditional cash transfer program has shown some promise in helping to decrease extreme poverty among the indigenous population.</p><p>Panama has expanded access to education and clean water, but the availability of sanitation and, to a lesser extent, electricity remains poor. The increase in secondary schooling - led by female enrollment - is spreading to rural and indigenous areas, which probably will help to alleviate poverty if educational quality and the availability of skilled jobs improve. Inadequate access to sanitation contributes to a high incidence of diarrhea in Panama's children, which is one of the main causes of Panama's elevated chronic malnutrition rate, especially among indigenous communities.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "25% (male 574,336/female 544,180)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "64.8% (male 1,465,907/female 1,433,023)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "10.1% (2024 est.) (male 211,014/female 241,781)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "53.8"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "40.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "13.2"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "7.6 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.5 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "31.9 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.48% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "17.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is concentrated towards the center of the country, particularly around the Canal, but a sizeable segment of the populace also lives in the far west around David; the eastern third of the country is sparsely inhabited"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "69.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.977 million PANAMA CITY (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.87 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "50 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "79.2 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "76.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "82.2 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.35 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.14 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "50.8% (2014/15)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 88.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 96.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 11.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 3.8% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "9.7% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "1.63 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.3 beds/1,000 population (2016)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 95.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 69.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 87.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 4.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 30.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 12.8% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "22.7% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "5.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.7% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "3% (2019)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "58.6% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.9% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "95.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "98.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "95.4% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13 years (2016)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Marine Life Conservation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "30.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 20.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "25.9% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "69.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "11.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "10.71 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "5.97 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,472,262 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Laguna de Chiriqui - 900 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "760 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "450 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "139.3 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Panama"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Panama"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Rep&uacute;blica de Panama"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Panama"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after the capital city which was itself named after a former indigenous fishing village"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Panama City"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "8 58 N, 79 32 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "according to tradition, the name derives from a former fishing area near the present capital - an indigenous village and its adjacent beach - that were called \"panama\" meaning \"an abundance of fish\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 4 indigenous regions* (comarcas); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Embera-Wounaan*, Guna Yala*, Herrera, Los Santos, Naso Tjer Di*, Ngabe-Bugle*, Panama, Panama Oeste, Veraguas"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain on 28 November 1821)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day (Separation Day), 3 November (1903)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest effective 11 October 1972"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Assembly, by the Cabinet, or by the Supreme Court of Justice; passage requires approval by one of two procedures: 1) absolute majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings and by absolute majority vote of the next elected Assembly in a single reading without textual modifications; 2) absolute majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings, followed by absolute majority vote of the next elected Assembly in each of three readings with textual modifications, and approval in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2004"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Jos&eacute; Ra&uacute;l MULINO Quintero (since 1 July 2024)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Jos&eacute; Ra&uacute;l MULINO Quintero (since 1 July 2024)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term; president eligible for a single non-consecutive term); election last held on 5 May 2024 (next to be held in May 2029)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br><em>2024:</em> José Raúl MULINO Quintero elected president; percent of vote - José Raúl MULINO Quintero (RM) 34.2%, Ricardo Alberto LOMBANA González (MOCA) 24.6%, Martín Erasto TORRIJOS Espino (PP) 16%, Alberto ROUX Moses (CD) 11.4%, Zulay RODRÍGUEZ Lu (independent) 6.6%, José Gabriel CARRIZO Jaén (PRD) 5.9%, other 1.3%<br><br><em>2019:</em> Laurentino \"Nito\" CORTIZO Cohen elected president; percent of vote - Laurentino CORTIZO Cohen (PRD) 33.3%, Romulo ROUX (CD) 31%, Ricardo LOMBANA (independent) 18.8%, Jose BLANDON (Panameñista Party) 10.8%, Ana Matilde GOMEZ Ruiloba (independent) 4.8%, other 1.3%"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the president is both chief of state and head of government"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "71 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "mixed system"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "5/5/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Realizing Goals (RM) (14); Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) (13); Democratic Change (CD) (8); Panamenista Party (8); Independents (20); Other (8)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "21.7%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "May 2029"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 9 magistrates and 9 alternates and divided into civil, criminal, administrative, and general business chambers)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "magistrates appointed by the president for staggered 10-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "appellate courts or Tribunal Superior; Labor Supreme Courts; Court of Audit; circuit courts or Tribunal Circuital (2 each in 9 of the 10 provinces); municipal courts; electoral, family, maritime, and adolescent courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alliance Party or PA<br>Alternative Independent Socialist Party or PAIS<br>Another Way Movement or MOCA<br>Democratic Change or CD<br>Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD<br>Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA<br>Panameñista Party (formerly the Arnulfista Party)<br>Popular Party or PP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC)<br>Realizing Goals Party or RM"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACS, BCIE, CAN (observer), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA, UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Jos&eacute; Miguel ALEM&Aacute;N HEALY (since 18 September 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 483-1407"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 483-8413"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@embassyofpanama.org<br><br>https://www.embassyofpanama.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador&nbsp;(vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires John M. BARRETT (since January 2025)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Building 783, Demetrio Basilio Lakas Avenue, Clayton"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521-9100"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[507] 317-5000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[507] 317-5568"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>Panama-ACS@state.gov<br><br>https://pa.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center; the blue and red colors are those of the main political parties (Conservatives and Liberals respectively) and the white denotes peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, the red star signifies authority and law"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "harpy eagle; national colors: blue, white, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Himno Istmeno\" (Isthmus Hymn)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Jeronimo DE LA OSSA/Santos A. JORGE"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1925"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "5 (2 cultural, 3 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Caribbean Fortifications (c); Darien National Park (n); Talamanca Range-La Amistad National Park (n); Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá (c); Coiba National Park (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "upper middle-income Central American economy; increasing Chinese trade; US dollar user; canal expansion fueling broader infrastructure investment; services sector dominates economy; historic money-laundering and illegal drug hub"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$159.908 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$148.891 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$134.415 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "7.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "10.77% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "15.84% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$35,900 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$33,800 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$30,900 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$83.318 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "1.49% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "2.86% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "1.63% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2011)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa1 (2019)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "27.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "67.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "46.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "12.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "32.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "5.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "46.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-43.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugarcane, bananas, rice, oranges, oil palm fruit, plantains, chicken, milk, pineapples, maize (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "12.82% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "2.107 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "8.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "10.45% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "21.8% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023": {
        "text": "48.9 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "15.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "1.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "36.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.62% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.69% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.84% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$7.57 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$11.553 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "37.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "7.46% (of GDP) (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$3.739 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$475.146 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$778.779 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$36.569 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$35.731 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$27.488 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 17%, Japan 12%, South Korea 8%, US 5%, Spain 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "copper ore, ships, fish, bananas, refined petroleum (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$36.135 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$32.693 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$24.459 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 20%, US 20%, Guyana 11%, Colombia 11%, Ecuador 9% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, ships, garments, packaged medicine (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$6.757 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$6.876 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$8.832 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "balboas (PAB) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "1 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "1 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "1 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "1 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "1 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "95% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "99%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "100%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "4.434 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "11.608 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "502 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "69.81 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.315 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "21.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "4.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "69.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "837,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1 metric ton"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "845,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "146,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "389.611 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "389.611 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "25.763 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.89 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "23.114 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "759,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "87.16 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "811,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "18 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6.98 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "156 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Panama has seen a steady increase in revenue from the telecom sector in recent years; mobile services and broadband remain the key growth sectors, with mobile connections accounting for 90% of all connections, and over half of telecom sector revenue; the mobile market has effective competition; internet services have grown in recent years as consumers responded to government fixed-line projects, improved mobile broadband connectivity and mobile applications (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 18 per 100 and subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone is 138 per 100 (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 507; landing points for the&nbsp;PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA,&nbsp;PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "multiple privately owned TV networks and a government-owned educational TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; more than 100 commercial radio stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".pa"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "74% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "809,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "18 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "122"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "12,939,350 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "47.63 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "HP"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "76 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "128 km oil (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "77 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "77 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "800 km (2011) (includes the 82-km Panama Canal that is being widened)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,174 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 2732, container ship 671, general cargo 1,428, oil tanker 866, other 2,477"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "12 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "size unknown": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Bahia de las Minas, Balboa, Pedregal, Puerto Armuelles, Puerto Colon, Puerto Cristobal"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "no regular military forces; the paramilitary Panamanian Public Forces are under the Ministry of Public Security and include the Panama National Police (La Policía Nacional de Panamá, PNP), National Aeronaval Service (Servicio Nacional Aeronaval, SENAN), and National Border Service (Servicio Nacional de Fronteras, SENAFRONT) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the PNP includes a special forces directorate with counterterrorism and counternarcotics units; SENAFRONT has three regionally based border security brigades, plus a specialized brigade comprised of special forces, counternarcotics, maritime, and rapid reaction units"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 27,000 Ministry of Public Security personnel (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Panama National Police is principally responsible for internal law enforcement and public order, while the National Border Service handles border security; the Aeronaval Service is responsible for carrying out air and naval operations that include some internal security responsibilities; key areas of focus are countering narcotics trafficking and securing the border, particularly along the southern border with Colombia (the area is known as the Darién Gap) where the National Border Service (SENAFRONT) maintains a significant presence<br><br>Panama created a paramilitary National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Panamá) in the 1950s from the former National Police (established 1904); the National Guard subsequently evolved into more of a military force with some police responsibilities; it seized power in a coup in 1968 and military officers ran the country until 1989; in 1983, the National Guard was renamed the Panama Defense Force (PDF); the PDF was disbanded after the 1989 US invasion and the current national police forces were formed in 1990; the armed forces were officially abolished under the 1994 Constitution (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "58,158 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>not a major consumer or producer of illicit drugs; a prime sea and land passage for drugs, primarily cocaine, from South America to North America and Europe;   drug traffickers also use millions of shipping containers to smuggle drugs to North America and Europe through the Panama</p>"
    }
  }
}