factbook.json/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>The native Taino -- who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when Christopher COLUMBUS first landed in 1492 -- were virtually wiped out by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the island, which later became Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean but relied heavily on the forced labor of enslaved Africans and environmentally degrading practices. In the late 18th century, Toussaint L'OUVERTURE led a revolution of Haiti's nearly half a million slaves that ended France's rule on the island. After a prolonged struggle, and under the leadership of Jean-Jacques DESSALINES, Haiti became the first country in the world led by former slaves after declaring its independence in 1804, but it was forced to pay an indemnity of 100 million francs (equivalent to $22 billion USD in March 2023) to France for more than a century and was shunned by other countries for nearly 40 years. In 1862, the US officially recognized Haiti, but foreign economic influence and internal political instability induced the US to occupy Haiti from 1915 to 1934.<br><br>Francois \"Papa Doc\" DUVALIER and then his son Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" DUVALIER led repressive and corrupt regimes that ruled Haiti in 1957-1971 and 1971-1986, respectively. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE was Haiti's first democratically elected president in 1991 and was elected a second time in 2000, but coups interrupted his first term after only a few months and ended his second term in 2004. President Jovenel MOÏSE was assassinated in 2021, leading the country further into an extra-constitutional governance structure and contributing to the country’s growing fragility. The Government of Haiti then installed Ariel HENRY -- whom President MOÏSE had nominated shortly before his death -- as prime minister. <br><br>On 29 February 2024, a significant escalation of gang violence occurred on the 20th anniversary of ARISTIDE's second overthrow, after the announcement that HENRY would not hold elections until August 2025. HENRY’s return from an overseas trip was diverted to Puerto Rico when the airport closed due to gang violence. With control of much of the capital, Port-au-Prince, gang leaders called for the ouster of HENRY’S government. By mid-March, Haiti’s continued violence, HENRY’S inability to return to the country, and increasing pressure from the international community led HENRY to pledge to resign. On 25 April 2024, HENRY formally submitted his resignation as a nine-member Transitional Presidential Council assumed control, tasked with returning stability to the country and preparing elections. Since January 2023, Haiti has had no sitting elected officials.<br><br>The country has long been plagued by natural disasters. In 2010, a major 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti with an epicenter about 25 km (15 mi) west of the capital, Port-au-Prince. An estimated 300,000 people were killed, and some 1.5 million left homeless. The earthquake was assessed as the worst in this region in 200 years. A 7.2 magnitude earthquake hit Haiti’s southern peninsula in 2021, causing well over 2,000 deaths; an estimated 500,000 required emergency humanitarian aid. Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, as well as one of the most unequal in wealth distribution.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Caribbean, western one-third of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the Dominican Republic"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "19 00 N, 72 25 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Central America and the Caribbean"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "27,750 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "27,560 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "190 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Maryland"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "376 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Dominican Republic 376 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "1,771 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "to depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly rough and mountainous"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Pic la Selle 2,674 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "470 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "66.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 38.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "3.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "30% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "800 sq km (2013)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "fairly even distribution; largest concentrations located near coastal areas"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic); it is the most mountainous nation in the Caribbean"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11,753,943"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5,792,443"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5,961,500 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Haitian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Haitian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Black 95%, mixed and White 5%"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "French (official), Creole (official)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>The World Factbook, sous endispansab pou enfomasyon debaz. (Haitian Creole)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Catholic 55%, Protestant 29%, Vodou 2.1%, other 4.6%, none 10% (2018 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> 50-80% of Haitians incorporate some elements of Vodou culture or practice in addition to another religion, most often Roman Catholicism; Vodou was recognized as an official religion in 2003"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "30.5% (male 1,790,061/female 1,794,210)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "65.3% (male 3,787,782/female 3,887,791)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "4.2% (2024 est.) (male 214,600/female 279,499)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "58.3"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "51.2"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "7.1"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "14.1 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "25.3 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.23% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "21.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-1.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "fairly even distribution; largest concentrations located near coastal areas"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "59.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "2.987 million PORT-AU-PRINCE (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "22.4 years (2016/7 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "350 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "33.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "65.6 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "63.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "67.4 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.44 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.21 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "34.3% (2016/17)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 91.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 56.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 76.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 8.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 43.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 23.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "3.3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.23 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2013)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 82.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 42.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 65.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 17.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 57.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 34.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "22.7% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.55 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.7% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.1% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "9.5% (2016/17)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "51.4% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "2.1%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "14.9%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "1.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "1.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "61.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "58.3% (2016)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion; overpopulation leads to inadequate supplies of potable water and a lack of sanitation; natural disasters"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Nuclear Test Ban"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "66.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 38.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "3.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "30% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "59.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "severe localized food insecurity": {
        "text": "<em>due to high food prices, natural disasters, and worsening civil insecurity - </em>about 4.9 million people are estimated to face severe acute food insecurity and were in need of urgent food assistance between March and June 2023; the high levels of food insecurity are the result of sustained economic downturn, reducing domestic food production, elevated food prices, fuel shortage and frequent natural disasters; the situation is exacerbated by worsening insecurity, which has limited access to essential services, including markets, caused population displacements and hampered delivery of humanitarian assistance (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.68% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "9.69 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "2.98 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "6.12 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2,309,852 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "190 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "1.21 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "14.02 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Haiti"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Haiti"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "R&eacute;publique d'Ha&iuml;ti (French)/Repiblik d Ayiti (Haitian Creole)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Ha&iuml;ti (French)/ Ayiti (Haitian Creole)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the native Taino name means \"Land of High Mountains\" and was originally applied to the entire island of Hispaniola"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Port-au-Prince"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "18 32 N, 72 20 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "according to tradition, in 1706, a Captain de Saint-Andre named the bay and its surrounding area after his ship Le Prince; the name of the town that grew there means, \"the Port of The Prince\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "10 departments (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, Grand'Anse, Nippes, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 January 1804 (from France)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 1 January (1804)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system strongly influenced by Napoleonic Code"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "many previous; latest adopted 10 March 1987, with substantial revisions in June 2012; note &ndash; the constitution is commonly referred to as the &ldquo;amended 1987 constitution&rdquo;"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the executive branch or by either the Senate or the Chamber of Deputies; consideration of proposed amendments requires support by at least two-thirds majority of both houses; passage requires at least two-thirds majority of the membership present and at least two-thirds majority of the votes cast; approved amendments enter into force after installation of the next president of the republic; constitutional articles on the democratic and republican form of government cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2012"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a native-born citizen of Haiti"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President (vacant)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Alix Didier FILS-AIM&Eacute; (since 10 November 2024)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president; parliament must ratify the Cabinet and Prime Minister's governing policy"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a single non-consecutive term); last election was 20 November 2016; new elections were delayed in 2022 and 2023 and have not been scheduled by the transitional presidential council"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br><em>2016:</em> Jovenel MOÏSE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Jovenel MOÏSE (PHTK) 55.6%, Jude CELESTIN (LAPEH) 19.6%, Jean-Charles MOÏSE (PPD) 11%, Maryse NARCISSE (FL) 9%; other 4.8%<br><br><em>2011:</em> Michel MARTELLY elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Michel MARTELLY (Peasant's Response) 68%, Mirlande MANIGAT (RDNP) 32%"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> former Prime Minister Ariel HENRY, who had assumed executive responsibilities following the assassination of President MOÏSE on 7 July 2021, resigned on 24 April 2024; a nine-member Presidential Transitional Council, equipped with presidential powers, was sworn in on 25 April 2024 and will remain in place until 7 February 2026"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> when the two chambers meet collectively, it is known as the National Assembly (or L'Assemblée nationale) and is convened for specific purposes spelled out in the constitution<br><strong><br>note 2:</strong> as of October 2024, the Senate and Chamber of Deputies were not functional"
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "119 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "8/9/2015 to 10/25/2015"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Haitian Tet Kale Party (PHTK) (9); Konvansyon Inite Demokratik (KID) (7); Ayiti an aksyon (AAA) (6); Fanmi Lavalas (6); Patriotic Unity Party (Inite Patriyotik) (4); People's Struggle Party (OPL) (7); Other (24)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "0%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "December 2025"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Senate (Sénat)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "30 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "partial renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "6 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "11/20/2016 to 1/29/2017"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Haitian Tet Kale Party (PHTK) (9); Truth (Vérité) (3); Konvansyon Inite Demokratik (KID) (2); Bouclier (2); Ayiti an aksyon (AAA) (2); Other (10)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "0%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "December 2025"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Cour de cassation (currently 11 of 12 judges as prescribed by the constitution, 8 of whom were appointed in March 2023); note - Haiti is a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice; Constitutional Court, called for in the 1987 constitution but not yet established; High Court of Justice, for trying high government officials - currently not functional"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judges appointed by the president from candidate lists submitted by the Senate of the National Assembly; note - Article 174 of Haiti's constitution states that judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for 10 years, whereas Article 177 states that judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for life"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; magistrate's courts; land, labor, and children's courts"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: the Superior Council of the Judiciary or Conseil Superieur du Pouvoir Judiciaire is a 9-member body charged with the administration and oversight of the judicial branch of government"
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alternative League for Haitian Progress and Emancipation (Ligue Alternative pour le Progres et l’Emancipation Haitienne) or LAPEH<br>Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MCNH or Mochrenha<br>Christian National Movement for the Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH<br>Combat of Peasant Workers to Liberate Haiti (Konbit Travaye Peyizan Pou Libere Ayiti) or Kontra Pep La <br>Convention for Democratic Unity or KID<br>Cooperative Action to Rebuild Haiti or KONBA<br>December 16 Platform or Platfom 16 Desanm<br>Democratic Alliance Party or ALYANS (coalition includes KID and PPRH)<br>Democratic Centers' National Council or CONACED<br>Democratic and Popular Sector (Secteur Democratique et Populaire) or SDP<br>Democratic Unity Convention (Konvansyon Inite Demokratik) or KID<br>Dessalinian Patriotic and Popular Movement or MOPOD<br>Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP<br>Fanmi Lavalas or FL<br>Forward (En Avant)<br>Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats (Fusion Des Sociaux-Démocrates Haïtiens) or FHSD<br>G18 Policy Platform (Plateforme Politique G18)<br>Haiti in Action (Ayiti An Aksyon Haiti's Action) or AAA<br>Haitian Tet Kale Party (Parti Haitien Tet Kale) or PHTK<br>Independent Movement for National Reconciliation or MIRN<br>Lavni Organization or LAVNI<br>Lod Demokratik<br>Love Haiti (Renmen Ayiti) or RA<br>MTV Ayiti<br>National Consortium of Haitian Political Parties (Consortium National des Partis Politiques Haitiens) or CNPPH <br>National Shield Network (Reseau Bouclier National)<br>Organization of the People's Struggle (Oganizasyon Pep Kap Lite) or OPL<br>Patriotic Unity (Inite Patriyotik) or Inite<br>Platform Pitit Desalin (Politik Pitit Dessalines) or PPD<br>Political Party for Us All or Bridge (Pont) or Pou Nou Tout<br>Popular Patriotic Dessalinien Movement (Mouvement Patriotique Populaire Dessalinien) or MOPOD<br>Rally of Progressive National Democrats (Rassemblement des Democrates Nationaux Progressistes) or RDNP<br>Respe (Respect)<br>Women and Families Political Parties (Defile Pati Politik Fanm Ak Fanmi)"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, ACS, AOSIS, Caricom, CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIF, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Louis Harold JOSEPH (since 15 May 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 332-4090"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 745-7215"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>amb.washington@diplomatie.ht<br><br>https://www.haiti.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Miami, Orlando (FL), New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Dennis HANKINS (since 3 May 2024) <br>"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Tabarre 41, Route de Tabarre, Port-au-Prince"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "3400 Port-au-Prince Place, Washington, DC 20521-3400"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[011] (509) 2229-8000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[011] (509) 2229-8027"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>acspap@state.gov<br><br>https://ht.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength); the colors are taken from the French Tricolor and represent the union of blacks and mulattoes"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Hispaniolan trogon (bird), hibiscus flower; national colors: blue, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"La Dessalinienne\" (The Dessalines Song)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Justin LHERISSON/Nicolas GEFFRARD"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1904; named for Jean-Jacques DESSALINES, a leader in the Haitian Revolution and first ruler of an independent Haiti"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "National History Park &ndash; Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "small Caribbean island economy and OECS-member state; extreme poverty and inflation; enormous income inequality; ongoing civil unrest due to recent presidential assassination; US preferential market access; very open to foreign direct investment"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$34.406 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$35.059 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$35.659 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "-1.86% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "-1.68% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "-1.8% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$3,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$3,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$3,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$19.851 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "36.81% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "33.98% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "16.84% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "18.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "31% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "47.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "100.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "6.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "13.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "5.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-25.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugarcane, cassava, mangoes/guavas, plantains, bananas, maize, avocados, tropical fruits, rice, vegetables (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "textiles, sugar refining, flour milling, cement, light assembly using imported parts"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-3.82% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "5.216 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "14.62% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "14.72% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "15.25% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "46.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "18.91% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "18.75% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "19.13% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$1.179 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$1.527 billion (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "31.1% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "18.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$682.57 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$491.954 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$87.656 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$1.095 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$1.355 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$1.272 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "US 84%, Canada 4%, Mexico 2%, Thailand 1%, France 1% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "garments, essential oils, scrap iron, bedding, tropical fruits (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$5.303 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$5.451 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$5.048 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "US 31%, Dominican Republic 26%, China 16%, Indonesia 3%, India 2% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, rice, cotton fabric, garments, plastic products (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$2.586 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$2.173 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$2.457 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$2.13 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "gourdes (HTG) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "141.036 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "115.631 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "89.227 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "93.51 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "88.815 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "49.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "83%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "1.2% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "471,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "418.367 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "624 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "85.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "13.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "imports": {
        "text": "5.7 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "19,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3.256 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3.256 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "2.805 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "2.799 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "6,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "3.403 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "7.32 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "64 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Haiti is in desperate need of maintaining effective communication services to enable it to keep going through the countless natural disasters, the country&rsquo;s telecoms sector is really only surviving on the back of international goodwill to repair and replace the systems destroyed in the latest upheaval; Haiti&rsquo;s fixed-line infrastructure is now practically non-existent, having been torn apart by Hurricane Matthew in 2016; what aid and additional investment has been forthcoming has been directed towards mobile solutions; over half of the country can afford a mobile handset or the cost of a monthly subscription; and mobile broadband subscriptions is half of that again &ndash; an estimated 28% in 2022; international aid continues to flow in to try and help the country&rsquo;s telecoms sector recover &ndash; the World Bank has released a further $120 million to go on top of the $60 million grant provided after the last major 7.2 earthquake in August 2021 (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is less than 1 per 100; mobile-cellular teledensity is nearly 64 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 509; landing points for the BDSNi and Fibralink submarine cables to 14 points in the Bahamas and Dominican Republic; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "<p>per 2019 data released by Haitian telecommunications regulator CONATEL (Conseil National des Télécommunications), there are 398 legal sound broadcasting stations on the territory, including about 60 community radio stations, and 7 radio stations on the AM band; the FM band in Haiti is oversaturated by 158 percent; most radio stations broadcast 17 to 19 hours a day; there are 105 television stations operating in Haiti, including 36 TV stations in Port- au- Prince, 41 others in the provinces, and more than 40 radio-television stations; a large number of broadcasting stations operate irregularly and some stations operate with technical parameters that do not comply with established standards, thus causing harmful interference to existing telecommunications systems; VOA Creole Service broadcasts daily on 30 affiliate stations</p> (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ht"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "39% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "1"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "HH"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "17 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2024)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,875 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 3, other 1"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "5 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Cap Haitien, Jacmel, Miragoane, Petit Goave, Port au Prince"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "the Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH): Army<br><br>Ministry of Justice and Public Security: Haitian National Police (Police Nationale d'Haïti or PNH) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the PNH is responsible for maintaining public security; it includes police, corrections, fire, emergency response, airport security, port security, and coast guard functions; its units include a presidential guard and a paramilitary rapid-response Motorized Intervention Unit or BIM  <p class=\"gmail-css-axufdj\"> </p>"
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "up to 2,000 trained military troops (the force is planned to eventually have around 5,000 personnel); estimates for the National Police range from a low of 9,000 to a high of about 13,000 (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "in recent years, Canada, Taiwan, the US, and the UAE have provide some equipment to the Haitian security forces, including vehicles (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "men and women 18-25 may volunteer for the FAdH (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Haiti's military was disbanded in 1995 after it participated in multiple coups and was accused of other political interference and human rights violations; the military was reinstated by former President MOISE in 2017 after the UN ended its peacekeeping operation in Haiti; the reconstituted military established an Army command in 2018 and has received training assistance from Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, France, and Mexico; the military’s stated mission is to assist with natural disaster relief, border security, and combating transnational crime; in 2023, Prime Minister HENRY called upon the military to assist the National Police (PNH) in combating armed gangs, which have overwhelmed the PNH, killed hundreds of Haitians, and seized control of much of the capital Port-au-Prince since the assassination of President MOISE in 2021; as of 2024, at least 300 criminal groups were operating in Haiti<br><br>in 2023, the UN Security Council approved the deployment of a Kenya-led multinational security support mission (MSS) to help bring gang violence under control; the first contingent of MSS personnel from the Kenya National Police Service arrived in mid-2024; the Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Chad, and Jamaica have also pledged forces; the mission is slated to have a total of 2,500 personnel (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "362,551 (violence among armed gangs in primarily in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince) (2024)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "2,992 (2018); note - individuals without a nationality who were born in the Dominican Republic prior to January 2010"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Special Category"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a transit point for cocaine from South America and marijuana from Jamaica en route to the United States; not a producer or large consumer of illicit drugs; some cultivation of cannabis for local consumption</p>"
    }
  }
}