factbook.json/africa/to.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>From the 11th to the 16th centuries, various ethnic groups settled the Togo region. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the coastal region became a major trading center for enslaved people, and the surrounding region took on the name of \"The Slave Coast.\" In 1884, Germany declared the area a protectorate called Togoland, which included present-day Togo. After World War I, colonial rule over Togo was transferred to France. French Togoland became Togo upon independence in 1960. <br><br>Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multi-party elections instituted in the early 1990s, EYADEMA largely dominated the government. His Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has been in power almost continually since 1967, with its successor, the Union for the Republic, maintaining a majority of seats in today's legislature. Upon EYADEMA's death in 2005, the military installed his son, Faure GNASSINGBE, as president and then engineered his formal election two months later. Togo held its first relatively free and fair legislative elections in 2007. Since then, GNASSINGBE has started the country along a gradual path to democratic reform. Togo has held multiple presidential and legislative elections, and in 2019, the country held its first local elections in 32 years. <br><br>Despite those positive moves, political reconciliation has moved slowly, and the country experiences periodic outbursts of protests from frustrated citizens, leading to violence between security forces and protesters. Constitutional changes in 2019 to institute a runoff system in presidential elections and to establish term limits have done little to reduce the resentment many Togolese feel after more than 50 years of one-family rule. GNASSINGBE became eligible for his current fourth term and one additional fifth term under the new rules. The next presidential election is set for 2025. </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "8 00 N, 1 10 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "56,785 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "54,385 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "2,400 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,880 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Benin 651 km; Burkina Faso 131 km; Ghana 1,098 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "56 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "30 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mont Agou 986 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "236 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "67.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 45.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "27.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "70 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,917,994"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4,395,271"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4,522,723 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Togolese (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Togolese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Adja-Ewe/Mina 42.4%, Kabye/Tem 25.9%, Para-Gourma/Akan 17.1%, Akposso/Akebu 4.1%, Ana-Ife 3.2%, other Togolese 1.7%, foreigners 5.2%, no response 0.4% (2013-14 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Togo has an estimated 37 ethnic groups"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "French (official, language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (in the north)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Christian 42.3%, folk religion 36.9%, Muslim 14%, Hindu &lt;1%, Buddhist &lt;1%, Jewish &lt;1%, other &lt;1%, none 6.2% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Togo’s population is estimated to have grown to four times its size between 1960 and 2010. With nearly 60% of its populace under the age of 25 and a high annual growth rate attributed largely to high fertility, Togo’s population is likely to continue to expand for the foreseeable future. Reducing fertility, boosting job creation, and improving education will be essential to reducing the country’s high poverty rate. In 2008, Togo eliminated primary school enrollment fees, leading to higher enrollment but increased pressure on limited classroom space, teachers, and materials. Togo has a good chance of achieving universal primary education, but educational quality, the underrepresentation of girls, and the low rate of enrollment in secondary and tertiary schools remain concerns.</p> <p>Togo is both a country of emigration and asylum. In the early 1990s, southern Togo suffered from the economic decline of the phosphate sector and ethnic and political repression at the hands of dictator Gnassingbe EYADEMA and his northern, Kabye-dominated administration. The turmoil led 300,000 to 350,000 predominantly southern Togolese to flee to Benin and Ghana, with most not returning home until relative stability was restored in 1997. In 2005, another outflow of 40,000 Togolese to Benin and Ghana occurred when violence broke out between the opposition and security forces over the disputed election of EYADEMA’s son Faure GNASSINGBE to the presidency. About half of the refugees reluctantly returned home in 2006, many still fearing for their safety. Despite ethnic tensions and periods of political unrest, Togo in December 2022 was home to almost 8,400 refugees from Ghana.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "38.7% (male 1,749,533/female 1,699,084)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "57% (male 2,486,142/female 2,597,914)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "4.3% (2024 est.) (male 159,596/female 225,725)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "76.5"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "71"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "18.3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.7 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "19.9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.4 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.41% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "30.9 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "44.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.982 million LOME (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.71 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "25 years (2017 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "399 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "38.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "43 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "33.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "72.1 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "69.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "74.7 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.13 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.03 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "23.9% (2017)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 93.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 60.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 74.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 6.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 39.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 25.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 81.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 18.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 45.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 18.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 81.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 54.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "15.2% (2017)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "62% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "6.4%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "24.8%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "2.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "66.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "80%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "55.1% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12 years (2017)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; very little rain forest still present and what remains is highly degraded; desertification; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "67.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 45.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "27.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "44.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "3.96% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "35.66 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "3 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "3.06 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,109,030 tons (2014 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "22,181 tons (2012 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "2% (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "80 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "14.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Togolese Republic"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Togo"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "R&eacute;publique Togolaise"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "French Togoland"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derived from the Ewe words \"to\" (river) and \"godo\" (on the other side) to give the sense of \"on the other side of the river\"; originally, this designation applied to the town of Togodo (now Togoville) on the northern shore of Lake Togo, but the name was eventually extended to the entire nation"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Lome"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "6 07 N, 1 13 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Lome comes from \"alotime\" which in the native Ewe language means \"among the alo plants\"; alo trees dominated the city's original founding site"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "5 regions (regions, singular - region); Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 27 April (1960)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "customary law system"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1992, effective 14 October 1992; revised 6 May 2024"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one fifth of the National Assembly membership; passage requires four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; a referendum is required if approved by only two-thirds majority of the Assembly or if requested by the president; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2007, last in 2024 (reported as a revision)"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Togo"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Victoire TOMEGAH Dogb&eacute; (since 25 September 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 22 February 2020 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister appointed by the president<br>note- on 21 May 2024 the Prime Minister and her cabinet resigned. The President requested they continue serving during the government transition."
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br><em>2020:</em> Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE (UNIR) 70.8%, Agbeyome KODJO (MPDD) 19.5%, Jean-Pierre FABRE (ANC) 4.7%, other 5%<br><br><em>2015:</em> Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE (UNIR) 58.8%, Jean-Pierre FABRE (ANC) 35.2%, Tchaboure GOGUE (ADDI) 4%, other 2% <p> </p>"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "113 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "6 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "4/29/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Union for the Republic (UNIR) (108); Other (5)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "15%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "April 2030"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> party lists are required to contain equal numbers of men and women"
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (organized into criminal and administrative chambers, each with a chamber president and advisors); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including the court president)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court president appointed by decree of the president of the republic upon the proposal of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy, a 9-member judicial, advisory, and disciplinary body; other judicial appointments and judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Assizes (sessions court); Appeal Court; tribunals of first instance (divided into civil, commercial, and correctional chambers; Court of State Security; military tribunal"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Action Committee for Renewal or CAR <br>Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development or ADDI <br>Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA <br>Democratic Forces for the Republic or FDR <br>National Alliance for Change or ANC <br>New Togolese Commitment <br>Pan-African National Party or PNP <br>Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP <br>Patriotic Movement for Democracy and Development or MPDD <br>Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR <br>The Togolese Party <br>Union of Forces for Change or UFC <br>Union for the Republic or UNIR "
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AIIB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Edem HEGBE (since 24 April 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 234-4212"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 232-3190"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>embassyoftogo@hotmail.com<br><br>https://embassyoftogousa.com/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Ronald E. HAWKINS Jr. (since 31 May 2024)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "DoS PDF Ambassador Assignments Overseas Report, 23 December 2024 and 28 June 2024, accessed 14 January 2025; and<br>U.S. Embassy Togo website homepage, U.S. Mission Leaders, https://tg.usembassy.gov/, Homepage - U.S. Embassy in Togo, current as of 14 January 2025, accessed 14 January 2025; and<br>U.S. Embassy Togo website, U.S. Mission Leaders, (undated), https://tg.usembassy.gov/category/u-s-mission-leaders/, U.S. Mission Leaders Archives - U.S. Embassy in Togo, accessed 14 January 2025<br>X@USEmbassyLome post on departure of Ambassador, 30 May 2024, accessed 14 January 2025"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2300 Lome Place, Washington, DC 20521-2300"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[228] 2261-5470"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[228] 2261-5501"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>consularLome@state.gov<br><br>https://tg.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people, green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture, while yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: green, yellow, red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Salut a toi, pays de nos aieux\" (Hail to Thee, Land of Our Forefathers)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Alex CASIMIR-DOSSEH"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960, restored 1992; this anthem was replaced by another during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Koutammakou; the Land of the Batammariba"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "low-income West African economy; primarily agrarian economy; has a deep-water port; growing international shipping locale; improving privatization and public budgeting transparency; key phosphate mining industry; extremely high rural poverty"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$25.75 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$24.199 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$22.881 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.41% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "5.76% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.99% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$2,800 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$2,700 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$2,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$9.171 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "7.97% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "4.19% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "1.7% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B3 (2019)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "18.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "20.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "51.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "78.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "12.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "23.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-37.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "cassava, yams, maize, oil palm fruit, sorghum, soybeans, beans, rice, vegetables, cotton (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "6.74% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "3.241 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "2.05% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "2.07% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "2.29% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "45.5% (2018 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "37.9 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.8% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "29.6% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "7.09% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "7.96% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "7.8% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$1.434 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$1.32 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "75.7% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "14.19% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$20.738 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$55.444 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "-$184.852 million (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$1.722 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$1.665 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$1.703 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "UAE 26%, India 11%, Cote d'Ivoire 11%, South Africa 6%, Burkina Faso 6% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, refined petroleum, phosphates, soybeans, plastic products (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$2.389 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$2.261 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$2.329 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "India 30%, China 16%, South Korea 13%, Nigeria 4%, Taiwan 4% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, motorcycles and cycles, garments, rice (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$77.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$42.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$2.111 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "606.57 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "623.76 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "554.531 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "575.586 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "585.911 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "57.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "96.5%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "25%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "309,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1.562 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "796.563 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "121.682 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "74.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "6.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "18.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "108,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "108,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "12,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "131.373 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "131.373 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "2.306 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "257,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "1.793 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "256,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "4.077 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "67,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1 (2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "7.05 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "74 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 74 telephones per 100 persons (2022)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 228; landing point for the WACS submarine cable, linking countries along the west coast of Africa with each other and with Portugal; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Symphonie (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "1&nbsp;state-owned TV station with multiple transmission sites; five private TV stations broadcast locally; cable TV service is available; state-owned radio network with two stations (in Lome and Kara); several dozen private radio stations and a few community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".tg"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "38% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "114,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "8"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "566,295 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "10.89 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "5V"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "7 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "62 km gas"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "568 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "568 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9,951 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "1,794 km"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "8,157 km"
      },
      "urban": {
        "text": "1,783 km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "50 km (2011) (seasonally navigable by small craft on the Mono River depending on rainfall)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "397 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 10, general cargo 250, oil tanker 56, other 80"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "2 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Kpeme, Lome"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Togolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Togolaise, FAT): Togolese Army (l'Armee de Terre), Togolese Navy (Forces Naval Togolaises), Togolese Air Force (Armee de l’Air), National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale Togolaise or GNT)<br><br>Ministry of Security and Civil Protection: National Police Directorate (Direction de la Police Nationale) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Police Directorate and GNT are responsible for law enforcement and maintenance of order within the country; the GNT is also responsible for migration and border enforcement; the GNT falls under the Ministry of the Armed Forces but also reports to the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection on many matters involving law enforcement and internal security; in 2022, the Ministry of the Armed Forces was made part of the Office of the Presidency"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "2.2% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.6% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "estimated 15,000 active-duty personnel, including approximately 3,000 Gendarmerie (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in January 2022, the Togolese Government announced its intent to boost the size of the FAT to more than 20,000 by 2025"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FAT has a small inventory of mostly older equipment originating from a variety of countries, including Brazil, Russia/former Soviet Union, Turkey, the US, and some European nations, particularly France (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for military service for men and women; 24-month service obligation; no conscription (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2022, about 7% of the military's personnel were women"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "since its creation in 1963, the Togolese military has had a history of involvement in the country’s politics with assassinations, coups, influence, and a crackdown in 2005 that killed hundreds of civilians; over the past decade, however, it has made some efforts to reform and professionalize, including increasing its role in UN peacekeeping activities, participating in multinational exercises, and receiving training from foreign partners, including France and the US; in addition, Togo has established a regional peacekeeping training center for military and police in Lome<br><br>the FAT’s primary concerns are terrorism and maritime security; in recent years, it has increased operations in the northern border region of the country to boost border security and prevent terrorist infiltrations from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida-affiliated militant groups based in Mali that also operates in neighboring Burkina Faso; in 2022, the Togolese Government declared a state of emergency in the north due to the threat from JNIM following an attack on a Togolese military post that killed several soldiers; northern Togo has also had problems with banditry, as well as arms, drugs, fuel, and gold smuggling, which has aggravated local disputes and provided terrorist groups with financial resources; the Navy and Air Force have increased focus on combating piracy and smuggling in the Gulf of Guinea (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Jama’at Nusrat al Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "9,846 (Burkina Faso), 8,436 (Ghana) (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem"
    }
  }
}