factbook.json/africa/ao.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Bantu-speaking people settled in the area now called Angola in 6th century A.D.; by the 10th century various Bantu groups had established kingdoms, of which Kongo became the most powerful. From the late-14th to the mid-19th century, a Kingdom of Kongo stretched across central Africa from present-day northern Angola into the current Congo republics. It traded heavily with the Portuguese who, beginning in the 16th century, established coastal colonies and trading posts and introduced Christianity. Angola became a major hub of the transatlantic slave trade conducted by the Portuguese and other European powers -- often in collaboration with local kingdoms, including the Kongo. The Angola area is estimated to have lost as many as 4 million people as a result of the slave trade. The Kingdom of Kongo’s main rival was the Kingdom of Ndongo to its south, whose most famous leader was Nzingha Mbande, the 17th century diplomat to the Portuguese and later Queen, who successfully fought off Portuguese encroachment during her nearly 40-year reign. Smaller kingdoms, such as the Matamba and Ngoyo, often came under the control of the Kongo or Ndongo Kingdoms. During the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, Portugal and other European powers set Angola’s modern borders, but the Portuguese did not fully control large portions of the territory. Portugal gained control of the Kingdom of Kongo in 1888 when Kongo’s King Pedro V sought Portuguese military assistance in exchange for becoming a vassal. After a revolt in 1914, Portugal imposed direct rule over the colony and abolished the Kongo Kingdom.<br> <p>The Angolan National Revolution began in 1961, and in 1975, Angola won its independence when Portugal’s dictatorship fell, a collapse that occurred in part because of growing discontent over conflict in Angola and other colonies. Angola’s multiple independence movements soon clashed, with the Popular Movement for Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Agostinho NETO, taking power and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, emerging as its main competitor. After NETO’s death in 1979, Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, also of the MPLA, became president. Over time, the Angolan civil war escalated and became a major Cold War conflict, with the Soviet Union and Cuba supporting the MPLA and the US and South Africa supporting UNITA. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost -- and 4 million people displaced -- during the more than a quarter-century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and cemented the MPLA's hold on power. DOS SANTOS did not seek reelection in 2017 and supported Joao LOURENCO’s successful bid to become president. LOURENCO was reelected in 2022. Angola scores low on human development indexes despite using its large oil reserves to rebuild since 2002. </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "12 30 S, 18 30 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "1,246,700 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "1,246,700 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about eight times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,369 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,646 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province); Republic of the Congo 231 km; Namibia 1,427 km; Zambia 1,065 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "1,600 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Moco 2,620 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,112 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "45.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "54.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "860 sq km (2014)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rio Zambeze (Zambezi) (shared with Zambia [s], Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km; Rio Cubango (Okavango) river source (shared with Namibia and Botswana [m]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)<br>Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Congo Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "37,202,061"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18,196,058"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19,006,003 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Angolan(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Angolan"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Portuguese 71.2% (official), Umbundu 23%, Kikongo 8.2%, Kimbundu 7.8%, Chokwe 6.5%, Nhaneca 3.4%, Nganguela 3.1%, Fiote 2.4%, Kwanhama 2.3%, Muhumbi 2.1%, Luvale 1%, other 3.6%  (2014 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 41.1%, Protestant 38.1%, other 8.6%, none 12.3% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>More than two decades after the end of Angola's 27-year civil war, the country still faces a variety of socioeconomic problems, including poverty, high maternal and child mortality, and illiteracy. Despite the country's rapid post-war economic growth based on oil production, about 30 percent of Angolans live below the poverty line and unemployment is widespread, especially among the large young-adult population. Only about 70% of the population is literate, and the rate drops to around 60% for women. The youthful population - about 48% are under the age of 15 as of 2022 - is expected to continue growing rapidly with a fertility rate of more than 5 children per woman and a low rate of contraceptive use. Fewer than half of women deliver their babies with the assistance of trained health care personnel, which contributes to Angola's high maternal mortality rate.</p> <p>Of the estimated 550,000 Angolans who fled their homeland during its civil war, most have returned home since 2002. In 2012, the UN assessed that conditions in Angola had been stable for several years and invoked a cessation of refugee status for Angolans. Following the cessation clause, some of those still in exile returned home voluntarily through UN repatriation programs, and others integrated into host countries.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "46.9% (male 8,752,419/female 8,701,422)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "50.7% (male 9,076,080/female 9,795,035)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "2.4% (2024 est.) (male 367,559/female 509,546)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "91.5"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "86.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "20.1 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16.3 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16.8 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "3.33% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "41.1 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "68.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "9.292 million LUANDA (capital), 959,000 Lubango, 905,000 Cabinda, 809,000 Benguela, 783,000 Malanje&nbsp; (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.72 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "19.4 years (2015/16 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "222 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "55.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "60.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "50.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "62.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "60.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "65.1 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "5.7 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.81 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "13.7% (2015/16)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 81.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 36.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 66.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 18.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 63.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 33.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "2.9% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.21 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 93.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 30.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 72.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 6.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 69.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 27.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.2% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.84 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "3.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1.27 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "19% (2015/16)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "55.7% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "7.9%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "30.3%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "6% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "2.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "71.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "82.6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "62.4% (2015)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "45.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "54.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "68.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "27.16 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "34.69 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "23.28 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4,213,644 tons (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rio Zambeze (Zambezi) (shared with Zambia [s], Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km; Rio Cubango (Okavango) river source (shared with Namibia and Botswana [m]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)<br>Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Congo Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "320 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "240 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "150 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "148.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Angola"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Angola"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republica de Angola"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Angola"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "People's Republic of Angola"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derived by the Portuguese from the title \"ngola\" held by kings of the Ndongo (Ndongo was a kingdom in what is now Angola)"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Luanda"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "8 50 S, 13 13 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "does not observe daylight savings time"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the Portuguese named the city \"S&atilde;o Paulo da Assun&ccedil;&atilde;o de Loanda\" (Saint Paul of the Assumption of Loanda), which over time was shortened to \"Luanda,\" a word that may have been derived from the local Bantu language"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza-Norte, Cuanza-Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda-Norte, Lunda-Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "11 November 1975 (from Portugal)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 11 November (1975)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil legal system based on Portuguese civil law; no judicial review of legislation"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1975, 1992; latest passed by National Assembly 21 January 2010, adopted 5 February 2010"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one third of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly subject to prior Constitutional Court review if requested by the president of the republic"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Angola"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO&nbsp;"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the candidate of the winning party or coalition in the last legislative election becomes the president; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term); last held on 24 August 2022 (next to be held in 2027)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (MPLA) elected president by then winning party following the 24 August 2022 general election"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly (Assembleia nacional)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "220 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "8/24/2022"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) (124); National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) (90); Other (6)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "39.1%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "August 2027"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president, vice president, and a minimum of 16 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 11 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president upon recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, an 18-member body chaired by the president; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges - 4 nominated by the president, 4 elected by National Assembly, 2 elected by Supreme National Council, 1 elected by competitive submission of curricula; judges serve single 7-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "provincial and municipal courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition or CASA-CE <br>Humanist Party of Angola or PHI <br>National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA; note - party has two factions<br>National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA (largest opposition party)<br>Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA; note- ruling party in power since 1975<br>Social Renewal Party or PRS "
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CEMAC, CPLP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Agostinho de Carvalho dos Santos VAN-D&Uacute;NEM (since 30 June 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 785-1156"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 822-9049"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@angola.org<br><br>https://angola.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Houston, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Ambassador James Story (since 23 October 2024)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Rua Houari Boumedienne, #32, Luanda"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2550 Luanda Place, Washington, DC 20521-2550"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[244] (222) 64-1000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[244] (222) 64-1000"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>Consularluanda@state.gov<br><br>https://ao.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty and black the African continent; the symbols characterize workers and peasants"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Palanca Negra Gigante (giant black sable antelope); national colors: red, black, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Angola Avante\" (Forward Angola)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Manuel Rui Alves MONTEIRO/Rui Alberto Vieira Dias MINGAO"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1975"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Mbanza-Kongo"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "middle-income, oil-dependent African economy; widespread poverty; rising inflation and currency depreciation; seeking diversification through agricultural production; significant corruption in public institutions; major infrastructure investments from China and US; exited OPEC in 2023"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$266.249 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$263.61 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$255.821 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.04% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "1.2% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$7,200 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$7,400 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$7,400 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$84.825 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "13.64% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "21.36% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "25.75% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "CCC (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Caa1 (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "CCC+ (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "14.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "45.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "39.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "56.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "5.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "40.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-26.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "cassava, bananas, maize, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, pineapples, tomatoes, onions, potatoes, citrus fruits (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar; textiles; ship repair"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-1% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "15.315 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "14.62% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "14.69% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "15.8% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "28.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "25.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "32.3% (2018 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
        "text": "51.3 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "50% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "1.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "39.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.01% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.01% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.02% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$18.117 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$13.871 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "65% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "10.09% (of GDP) (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$4.185 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$11.763 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$8.399 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$36.961 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$50.12 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$33.675 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 40%, India 9%, Netherlands 7%, France 7%, UAE 7% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, ships, refined petroleum (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$23.688 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$28.564 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$18.845 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 24%, Portugal 10%, Netherlands 8%, UAE 5%, India 4% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, wheat, cars, poultry, palm oil (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$13.942 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$13.655 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$14.468 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$46.196 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "kwanza (AOA) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "685.02 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "460.568 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "631.442 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "578.259 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "364.826 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "48.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "76.2%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "7.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "7.588 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "14.986 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.954 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "25% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "74.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "imports": {
        "text": "3,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "1.175 million bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "127,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "7.783 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "5.514 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1.397 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "4.116 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "343.002 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "19.818 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "8,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "17.069 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "2.741 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "9.61 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "87,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "25.7 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "67 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Angola&rsquo;s telecom sector in recent years has benefited from political stability, which has encouraged foreign investment in the sector; the government and regulator have also set in train mechanisms to open up the telecom sector to new competitors, mobile services were launched in April 2022; the MNOs were slow to develop LTE services, instead relying on their GSM and 3G network capabilities; there has been slow progress in LTE network development, with only a small proportion of the country covered by network infrastructure; the Ministry of Telecommunications in early 2021 set up a 5G hub to assess 5G user cases; the regulator in November 2021 granted licenses to various companies offering 5G services, with spectrum in the 3.3-3.7GHz range having been set aside for such services (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "less than one fixed-line per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 44 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 244; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, WACS, ACE and SACS&nbsp;fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to other countries in west Africa, Brazil, Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 29, Angosat-2 satellite expected by 2021 (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "State-owned media dominate the media landscape, the many privately owned newspapers that emerged following the advent of multiparty politics in 1992, only four still exist in print form, State-run Radio Nacional de Angola (RNA) is the only outlet to offer programs in indigenous languages such as Bantu, private stations operate in cities, including Catholic Radio Ecclesia, but RNA is the only broadcaster with near-national coverage (2023)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ao"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "39% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "137,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "10 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "55"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,516,628 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "78.16 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "D2"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "106 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "352 km gas, 85 km liquid petroleum gas, 1,065 km oil, 5 km oil/gas/water (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,761 km (2022)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "2,638 km (2022) 1.067-m gauge"
      },
      "note": "123 km 0.600-mm gauge"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "76,000 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "13,680 km (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,300 km (2011)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "64 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 43"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "21 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "8"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "13"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "17"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Cabinda, Estrela Oil Field, Lobito, Luanda, Malongo Oil Terminal, Namibe, Palanca Terminal, Takula Terminal"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Angolan Armed Forces (Forcas Armadas Angolanas, FAA): Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra Angola, MGA), Angolan National Air Force (Forca Aerea Nacional Angolana, FANA; under operational control of the Army)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: National Police, Border Guard Police (2024)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 100,000 active troops (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "most Angolan military weapons and equipment are of Russian or Soviet-era origin; there are smaller quantities of items originating from such suppliers as China, Brazil, and South Africa (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "20-45 years of age for compulsory and 18-45 years for voluntary military service for men (registration at age 18 is mandatory); 20-45 years of age for voluntary service for women; 24-month conscript service obligation; Angolan citizenship required; the Navy is entirely staffed with volunteers (2023)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "in 2023, Angola agreed to send 500 troops to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) for 12 months to oversee cantonment of a rebel group known as M23 (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Angolan Armed Forces were created in 1991 under the Bicesse Accords signed between the Angolan Government and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA); the current force is responsible for country&rsquo;s external defense but also has some domestic security responsibilities, including border protection, expulsion of irregular migrants, and small-scale counterinsurgency operations against separatist groups; the Army and Air Force are some of the largest and better equipped forces in the region (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "National Space Program Office (Gabinete de Gest&atilde;o do Programa Espacial Nacional, GGPEN; established 2013) (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "has a national space strategy with a focus on capacity building, developing space infrastructure, investing in domestic space sector, supporting socioeconomic growth, and establishing cooperation agreements with foreign technical and scientific institutions in the space industry; contracts with foreign companies to build and launch satellites; operates satellites; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Russia, and the US (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "9,272 (Guinea), 6,357 (Cote d'Ivoire), 5,725 (Mauritania) (2023); 22,841 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2024)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa</p>"
    }
  }
}