factbook.json/africa/mp.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Although known to Arab and European sailors since at least the early 1500s, the island of Mauritius was uninhabited until 1638 when the Dutch established a settlement named in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU. Their presence led to the rapid disappearance of the flightless dodo bird that has since become one of the most well-known examples of extinction in modern times. The Dutch abandoned their financially distressed settlement in 1710, although a number of formerly enslaved people remained. In 1722, the French established what would become a highly profitable settlement focused on sugar cane plantations that were reliant on the labor of enslaved people brought to Mauritius from other parts of Africa. In the 1790s, the island had a brief period of autonomous rule when plantation owners rejected French control because of laws ending slavery that were temporarily in effect during the French Revolution. Britain captured the Island in 1810 as part of the Napoleonic Wars, but kept most of the French administrative structure which remains to this day in the form of the country’s legal codes and widespread use of French Creole language. The abolition of slavery in 1835 - later than most other British colonies - led to increased reliance on contracted laborers from the Indian subcontinent to work on plantations. Today their descendants form the majority of the population. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later an air station, playing a role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as for the collection of signals intelligence.</p> <p>Mauritius gained independence from the UK in 1968 as a Parliamentary Republic and has remained a stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record. The country also attracted considerable foreign investment and now has one of Africa's highest per capita incomes. Mauritius’ often fractious coalition politics has been dominated by two prominent families each of which has had father-son pairs who have been prime minister over multiple, often nonconsecutive, terms. Seewoosagur RAMGOOLAM (1968-76) was Mauritius’ first prime minister and he was succeeded by Anerood JUGNAUTH (1982-95, 2000-03, 2014-17); his son Navin RAMGOOLAM (1995-2000, 2005-14); and Paul Raymond BERENGER (2003-05), the only non-Hindu prime minister of post-independence Mauritius. In 2017, Pravind JUGNAUTH became prime minister after his father stepped down short of completing his term, and he was elected in his own right in 2019. Mauritius claims the French island of Tromelin and the British Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory). Since 2017, Mauritius has secured favorable UN General Assembly resolutions and an International Court of Justice advisory opinion relating to its sovereignty dispute with the UK.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, about 800 km (500 mi) east of Madagascar"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "20 17 S, 57 33 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,040 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "2,030 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "10 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost 11 times the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "177 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
      },
      "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mont Piton 828 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "arable land, fish"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 38.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "17.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "38.9% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "190 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban cluster are found throught the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the main island, from which the country derives its name, is of volcanic origin and is almost entirely surrounded by coral reefs; former home of the dodo, a large flightless bird related to pigeons, driven to extinction by the end of the 17th century through a combination of hunting and the introduction of predatory species"
    },
    "Map description": {
      "text": "<p>Mauritius map showing major population centers on this island nation in the Indian Ocean.</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "1,308,222 (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Mauritian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Mauritian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Indo-Mauritian (compose approximately two thirds of the total population), Creole, Sino-Mauritian, Franco-Mauritian",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Mauritius has not had a question on ethnicity on its national census since 1972"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Creole 86.5%, Bhojpuri 5.3%, French 4.1%, two languages 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes English, one of the two official languages of the National Assembly, which is spoken by less than 1% of the population), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Hindu 48.5%, Roman Catholic 26.3%, Muslim 17.3%, other Christian 6.4%, other 0.6%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Mauritius has transitioned from a country of high fertility and high mortality rates in the 1950s and mid-1960s to one with among the lowest population growth rates in the developing world today. After World War II, Mauritius’ population began to expand quickly due to increased fertility and a dramatic drop in mortality rates as a result of improved health care and the eradication of malaria. This period of heightened population growth – reaching about 3% a year – was followed by one of the world’s most rapid birth rate declines.</p><p>The total fertility rate fell from 6.2 children per women in 1963 to 3.2 in 1972 – largely the result of improved educational attainment, especially among young women, accompanied by later marriage and the adoption of family planning methods. The family planning programs’ success was due to support from the government and eventually the traditionally pronatalist religious communities, which both recognized that controlling population growth was necessary because of Mauritius’ small size and limited resources. Mauritius’ fertility rate has consistently been below replacement level since the late 1990s, a rate that is substantially lower than nearby countries in southern Africa.</p><p>With no indigenous population, Mauritius’ ethnic mix is a product of more than two centuries of European colonialism and continued international labor migration. Sugar production relied on slave labor mainly from Madagascar, Mozambique, and East Africa from the early 18th century until its abolition in 1835, when slaves were replaced with indentured Indians. Most of the influx of indentured labor – peaking between the late 1830s and early 1860 – settled permanently creating massive population growth of more than 7% a year and reshaping the island’s social and cultural composition. While Indians represented about 12% of Mauritius’ population in 1837, they and their descendants accounted for roughly two-thirds by the end of the 19th century. Most were Hindus, but the majority of the free Indian traders were Muslims.</p><p>Mauritius again turned to overseas labor when its success in clothing and textile exports led to a labor shortage in the mid-1980s. Clothing manufacturers brought in contract workers (increasingly women) from China, India, and, to a lesser extent Bangladesh and Madagascar, who worked longer hours for lower wages under poor conditions and were viewed as more productive than locals. Downturns in the sugar and textile industries in the mid-2000s and a lack of highly qualified domestic workers for Mauritius’ growing services sector led to the emigration of low-skilled workers and a reliance on skilled foreign labor. Since 2007, Mauritius has pursued a circular migration program to enable citizens to acquire new skills and savings abroad and then return home to start businesses and to invest in the country’s development.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "19.44% (male 137,010/female 131,113)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "14.06% (male 98,480/female 95,472)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "43.11% (male 297,527/female 297,158)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "12.31% (male 80,952/female 88,785)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "11.08% (2020 est.) (male 63,230/female 89,638)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "41.5"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "23.7"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "17.7"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "5.6 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36.3 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "35 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "37.6 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.1% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "9.86 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "8.86 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban cluster are found throught the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "40.8% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "149,000 PORT LOUIS (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.9 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.47 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "61 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12.08 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13.63 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "74.86 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "72.04 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "77.88 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.35 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "63.8% (2014)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "6.2% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.71 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "3.7 beds/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: (2020 est.) NA"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "1.7% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "14,000 (2020)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "(2020) <1000"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "10.8% (2016)"
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "37.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "91.3%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "93.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "89.4% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28.4% (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "water pollution, degradation of coral reefs; soil erosion; wildlife preservation; solid waste disposal"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "13.54 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "4.35 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "2.06 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 38.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "17.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "38.9% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "40.8% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "438,000 tons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "260 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "344 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "2.751 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Mauritius"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Mauritius"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Mauritius"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Mauritius"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "island named after Prince Maurice VAN NASSAU, stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, in 1598"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced mah-rish-us"
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Port Louis"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "20 09 S, 57 29 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after Louis XV, who was king of France in 1736 when the port became the administrative center of Mauritius&nbsp;and a major reprovisioning stop for French ships traveling between Europe and Asia"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "12 March 1968 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence and Republic Day, 12 March (1968 & 1992); note - became independent and a republic on the same date in 1968 and 1992 respectively"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 12 March 1968"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles, including the sovereignty of the state, fundamental rights and freedoms, citizenship, or the branches of government, requires approval in a referendum by at least three-fourths majority of voters followed by a unanimous vote by the Assembly; passage of other amendments requires only two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; amended many times, last in 2016"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil legal system based on French civil law with some elements of English common law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 out of the previous 7 years including the last 12 months"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Pritivirajsing ROOPUN (since 2 December 2019); Vice President Marie Cyril EDDY Boiss&eacute;zon (since 2 December 2019); note - President Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM, the country's first female president, resigned on 23 March 2018 amid a credit card scandal; Acting Presidents served from March 2018 until ROOPUN's appointment in 2019"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Pravind JUGNAUTH (since 23 January 2017); note - Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH stepped down on 23 January 2017 in favor of his son, Pravind Kumar JUGNAUTH, who was then appointed prime minister; following 7 November 2019 parliamentary elections, Pravind JUGNAUTH remained prime minister and home affairs minister and also became defense minister"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers (Council of Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for 5-year renewable terms; election last held on 7 November 2019 (next to be held in 2024); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister who have the majority support in the National Assembly"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2019</em>: Pritivirajsing ROOPUN (MSM) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote; note - GURIB-FAKIM resigned on 23 March 2018<br><br><em>2015</em>: Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM (independent) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote; note - GURIB-FAKIM was Mauritius' first female president <br>"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (70 seats maximum; 62 members directly elected multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and up to 8 seats allocated to non-elected party candidates by the Office of Electoral Commissioner; members serve a 5-year term)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on&nbsp;7&nbsp;November 2019&nbsp;(next to be held by late&nbsp;2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - MSM 61%,&nbsp; Mauritius Labour Party 23%, MMM 13%, OPR 3%; elected seats by party as of - the Militant Socialist Movement (MSM) wins 38 seats, the Mauritius Labour Party (PTR) or (MLP) 14, Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM) 8 and the Rodrigues People's Organization (OPR) 2; composition as of July 2022 - men 56, women 14, percent of women 20% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Mauritius (consists of the chief justice, a senior puisne judge, and 24 puisne judges); note - the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "chief justice appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister; senior puisne judge appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; other puisne judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Judicial and Legal Commission, a 4-member body of judicial officials including the chief justice; all judges serve until retirement at age 67"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "lower regional courts known as District Courts, Court of Civil Appeal; Court of Criminal Appeal; Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance Morisien (Mauritian Alliance 2019; coalition includes MSM, ML, Patriotic Movement, and Militant Platform) [Pravind JUGNAUTH] <br>Mauritius Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PTR or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]<br>Mauritian Militant Movement (Mouvement Militant Mauricien) or MMM [Paul BERENGER]<br>Mauritian People's Union (Linion Pep Morisien) [Bruneau LAURETTE and Dev SUNNASY]<br>Mauritian Rally (Rassemblement Mauricien) [Nando BODHA]<br>Mauritian Social Democratic Party (Parti Mauricien Social Democrate) or PMSD [Xavier Luc DUVAL]<br>Militant Platform (Plateforme Militante) [Steven OBEEGADOO]<br>Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialist Mauricien) or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH]<br>Muvman Liberater or ML [Ivan COLLENDAVELLOO]<br>Patriotic Movement (Mouvement Patriotic) [Alan GANOO]<br>Rodrigues Peoples Organization (Organisation du Peuple Rodriguais) or OPR [Serge CLAIR]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, C, CD, COMESA, CPLP (associate), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, SAARC (observer), SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Purmanund JHUGROO (since 7 July 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1709 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; administrative offices at 3201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 441, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 244-1491; [1] (202) 244-1492"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 966-0983"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>mauritius.embassy@verizon.net; washingtonemb@govmu.org<br><br>https://mauritius-washington.govmu.org/Pages/index.aspx"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Judes E. DEBAERE (since June 2019); note - also accredited to Seychelles"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Avenue, Port Louis"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2450 Port Louis Place, Washington, DC 20521-2450"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[230] 202-4400"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[230] 208-9534"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>PTLConsular@state.gov<br><br>https://mu.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents self-determination and independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> while many national flags consist of three - and in some cases five - horizontal bands of color, the flag of Mauritius is the world's only national flag to consist of four horizontal color bands"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "dodo bird, Trochetia Boutoniana flower; national colors: red, blue, yellow, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Motherland\""
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Jean Georges PROSPER/Philippe GENTIL"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1968"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "2 (both cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Aapravasi Ghat; Le Morne Cultural Landscape"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has undergone a remarkable economic transformation from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a diversified, upper middle-income economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. Mauritius has achieved steady growth over the last several decades, resulting in more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure.</p> <p> </p> <p>The economy currently depends on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel, and financial services, but is expanding into fish processing, information and communications technology, education, and hospitality and property development. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area but sugar makes up only around 3-4% of national GDP. Authorities plan to emphasize services and innovation in the coming years. After several years of slow growth, government policies now seek to stimulate economic growth in five areas: serving as a gateway for international investment into Africa; increasing the use of renewable energy; developing smart cities; growing the ocean economy; and upgrading and modernizing infrastructure, including public transportation, the port, and the airport.</p> <p> </p> <p>Mauritius has attracted more than 32,000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in India, South Africa, and China. The Mauritius International Financial Center is under scrutiny by international bodies promoting fair tax competition and Mauritius has been cooperating with the European Union and the United states in the automatic exchange of account information. Mauritius is also a member of the OECD/G20’s Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting and is under pressure to review its Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements. The offshore sector is vulnerable to changes in the tax framework and authorities have been working on a Financial Services Sector Blueprint to enable Mauritius to transition to a jurisdiction of higher value added. Mauritius’ textile sector has taken advantage of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, a preferential trade program that allows duty free access to the US market, with Mauritian exports to the US growing by 35.6 % from 2000 to 2014. However, lack of local labor as well as rising labor costs eroding the competitiveness of textile firms in Mauritius.</p> <p> </p> <p>Mauritius' sound economic policies and prudent banking practices helped mitigate negative effects of the global financial crisis in 2008-09. GDP grew in the 3-4% per year range in 2010-17, and the country continues to expand its trade and investment outreach around the globe. Growth in the US and Europe fostered goods and services exports, including tourism, while lower oil prices kept inflation low. Mauritius continues to rank as one of the most business-friendly environments on the continent and passed a Business Facilitation Act to improve competitiveness and long-term growth prospects. A new National Economic Development Board was set up in 2017-2018 to spearhead efforts to promote exports and attract inward investment.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$24.64 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$28.95 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$28.1 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "3.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "3.8% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "3.6% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$19,500 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$22,900 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$22,200 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$14.004 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "0.4% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "3.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "3.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa1 (2012)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "21.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "74.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "81% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "15.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "17.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-0.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "42.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-55.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugar cane, poultry, pumpkins, gourds, potatoes, eggs, tomatoes, pineapples, bananas, fruit"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, clothing, mining, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, tourism"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "3.2% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "554,000 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "8%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "29.8%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "62.2% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "6.65% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2018": {
        "text": "6.84% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28.4% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "10.3% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "36.8 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2006": {
        "text": "39 (2006 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "2.994 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "3.038 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-0.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "64% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "66.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "22.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 July - 30 June"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$875 million (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$531 million (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$5.17 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$5.59 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "France 10%, South Africa 10%, United States 10%, United Kingdom 8%, Zambia 7%, Madagascar 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "fish products, raw sugar, clothing and apparel, diamonds, refined petroleum (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$7.41 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$7.53 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 15%, India 13%, France 10%, South Africa 8%, United Arab Emirates 7% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, fish products, aircraft, packaged medicines (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$5.984 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$4.967 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$226.799 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$232.17 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Mauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "39.65 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "36.51 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "34.4 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "35.057 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "30.622 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "Installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "936,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Consumption": {
        "text": "2,904,500,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "182.4 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "Fossil fuels": {
        "text": "75.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Solar": {
        "text": "5.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Wind": {
        "text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "3.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Biomass and waste": {
        "text": "15% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "Production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Consumption": {
        "text": "661,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Imports": {
        "text": "1.189 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "Total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "36,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "26,960 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "Production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "Total emissions": {
        "text": "7.191 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "From coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.595 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "From petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "5.596 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "From consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "79.448 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "478,700 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "38 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1,912,900 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "150 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "The telecom sector in Mauritius has long been supported by the varied needs of tourists; this has stimulated the mobile market, leading to a particularly high penetration rate; the response of the country&rsquo;s telcos to tourist requirements also contributed to the country being among the first in the region to provide services based on 3G and WiMAX technologies; the incumbent telco Mauritius Telecom, part-owned by Orange Group, now provides comprehensive LTE and fiber broadband coverage, and in late 2021 it launched a gigabit fiber-based broadband service; the country has seen improved international internet capacity in recent years, with direct cables linking to India, Madagascar, and South Africa, as well as other connections to Rodrigues and Reunion. Despite these advantages, some services remain slow; at the end of 2021, the median mobile data rate available was only 21Mb/s, ranking the country 84th of 138 monitored; the median fixed broadband data rate was about 19.8Mb/s, with a rank of 117th of 178 countries; mobile subscribers in Mauritius secured 5G services in mid-2021; this followed the regulator&rsquo;s award of spectrum in two bands to the MNOs; the award was made directly, rather than via an auction, since the regulator was keen to see services made available as soon as possible; this will help the government&rsquo;s ambition to make telecommunications a pillar of economic growth, and to have a fully digital-based infrastructure; such infrastructure will also contribute to a revival of tourism, the mainstay of the economy; although GDP growth returned in 2021, the number of tourist arrivals remains a fraction of the pre-pandemic level. (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity over 37 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular services teledensity roughly 150 per 100 persons (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 230; landing points for the SAFE, MARS, IOX Cable System, METISS&nbsp;and LION submarine cable system that provides links to Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean Islands of Reunion, Madagascar, and Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HF radiotelephone links to several countries (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "the government maintains control over TV broadcasting through the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), which only operates digital TV stations since June 2015; MBC is a shareholder in a local company that operates 2 pay-TV stations; the state retains the largest radio broadcast network with multiple stations; several private radio broadcasters have entered the market since 2001; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mu"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "822,731 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "65% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "323,200 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "25 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "13"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,745,291 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "233.72 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "3B"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "1 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "1 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,428 km (2015)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "2,379 km (2015) (includes 99 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "49 km (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 4, other 24 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Port Louis"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "no regular military forces; the Mauritius Police Force (MPF) includes a paramilitary unit known as the Special Mobile Force, which includes a motorized infantry battalion and 2 light armored squadrons; the MPF also has a Police Helicopter Squadron, a Special Support Unit (riot police), and the National Coast Guard (also includes an air squadron) (2022)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.2% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.3% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $80 million)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.3% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $80 million)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "0.3% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $80 million)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 1,700 Special Mobile Force; approximately 800 National Coast Guard (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the MPF's inventory is comprised of mostly second-hand equipment from Western European countries and India; since 2010, India has been the primary supplier (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "service is voluntary (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "<p>as of 2022, the country’s primary security partner was India, and Indian naval vessels often patrol Mauritian waters; the MPF has also received assistance and training from France, the UK, and the US; the MPF’s chief security concerns are piracy and narcotics trafficking</p> <p>the paramilitary Special Mobile Force was created in 1960 following the withdrawal of the British garrison</p>"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory); claims French-administered Tromelin Island</p> <p><em>Mauritius-France</em>: Mauritius has claimed French-administered Tromelin Island (part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands) since 1976<br><br><em>Mauritius-UK</em>: Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)</p>"
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "current situation": {
        "text": "Mauritius is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Mauritian girls are induced or sold into prostitution, often by peers, family members, or businessmen offering other forms of employment; Mauritian adults have been identified as labor trafficking victims in the UK, Belgium, and Canada, while Mauritian women from Rodrigues Island are also subject to domestic servitude in Mauritius; Malagasy women transit Mauritius en route to the Middle East for jobs as domestic servants and subsequently are subjected to forced labor; Cambodian men are victims of forced labor on foreign fishing vessels in Mauritius’ territorial waters; other migrant workers from East and South Asia and Madagascar are also subject to forced labor in Mauritius’ manufacturing and construction sectors"
      },
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Mauritius does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, the government made modest efforts to address child sex trafficking but none related to adult forced labor; law enforcement lacks an understanding of trafficking crimes outside of child sex trafficking, despite increasing evidence of other forms of human trafficking; authorities made no trafficking prosecutions or convictions and made modest efforts to assist a couple of child sex trafficking victims; officials sustained an extensive public awareness campaign to prevent child sex trafficking, but no efforts were made to raise awareness or reduce demand for forced adult or child labor (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally; significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money laundering</p>"
    }
  }
}