factbook.json/europe/ro.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist \"people's republic\" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "46 00 N, 25 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "238,391 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "229,891 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "8,500 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,844 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "225 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Moldoveanu 2,544 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Black Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "414 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "60.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "28.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "4,730 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km <br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18,148,155"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8,747,795"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "9,400,360 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Romanian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Romanian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "53.7"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "24.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "29.1"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "45.5 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "44 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "46.9 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.94% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "14.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "54.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.7 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "27.1 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "76.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "73.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "80.5 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.63 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.79 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6.5% of GDP (2021)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "6.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 96.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 76% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 87.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 3.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 24% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 12.7% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "22.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "28% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "35.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "54.8% (2023)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "98.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "98.7% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2020)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "60.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "28.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "54.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.16% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "13.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "69.26 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "27.62 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4.895 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "277,547 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "5.7% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km <br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "1.09 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "3.9 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "1.43 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "212 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Geoparks": {
      "total global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "Buzău; Haţeg (2023)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Romania"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Romania"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name derives from the Latin \"Romanus\" meaning \"citizen of Rome\" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Bucharest"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "44 26 N, 26 06 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "related to the Romanian word \"bucura\" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is \"to be glad (happy)\"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to \"city of joy\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania&rsquo;s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or &ndash; if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Interim President Ilie BOLOJAN (since 12 February 2025)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Marcel CIOLACU (since 15 June 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held in November 2024, but results were annulled, with new election expected in May 2025; prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2019: </em>Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%<br><br><em>2014:</em> Klaus IOHANNIS elected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>Romania's constitutional court has annulled the results of the most recent presidential election in November-December 2024, which resets the election cycle. A new election is expected in May 2025."
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "331 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "12/1/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "22.4%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "November 2028"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Senate (Senatul)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "136 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "12/1/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "20.1%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "November 2028"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alliance for the Fatherland or APP <br>Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR<br>Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD <br>Civic Hungarian Party<br>Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR <br>Ecologist Party of Romania or PER <br>Force of the Right or FD <br>Greater Romania Party or PRM <br>Green Party<br>National Liberal Party or PNL<br>Popular Movement Party or PMP <br>PRO Romania or PRO<br>Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR <br>Save Romania Union Party or USR <br>Social Democratic Party or PSD <br>Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)<br>S.O.S. Romania <br>The Right Alternative or AD <br>United Romania Party or PRU <br>We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER "
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 332-4829"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 232-4748"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@mae.ro<br><br>https://washington.mae.ro/en"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Kathleen KAVALEC (since 14 February 2023)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-5260"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[40] (21) 200-3300"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[40] (21) 200-3442"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSBucharest@state.gov<br><br>https://ro.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Desteapta-te romane!\" (Wake up, Romanian!)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "<p>Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)</p>"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income EU member economy; joined Schengen area as of March 2024; euro membership delayed over convergence criteria; persistent inflation but recovery driven by consumption and EU-funded investments; skilled labor shortage; regional economic disparities; fiscal reforms to address rising deficits"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$775.064 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$756.867 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$727.999 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "2.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.97% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.71% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$40,700 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$39,700 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$38,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$350.776 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "10.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "13.8% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "5.05% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2011)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa3 (2006)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2014)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "26.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "60.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "61.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "17.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "27% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-1.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "39.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-43.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "1.31% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "8.28 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "5.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "5.61% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.59% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "21.2% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "33.9 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.9% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "24% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "2.84% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "2.96% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "3.18% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$93.681 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$110.163 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2022": {
        "text": "50.88% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "16.16% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$24.461 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$27.326 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$20.627 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$136.488 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$129.286 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$115.879 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$153.427 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$149.209 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$132.056 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$73 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$55.81 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$51.886 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "lei (RON) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "4.574 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "4.688 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "4.16 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "4.244 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "4.238 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "19.126 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "49.805 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "7.429 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "8.653 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "6.204 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "39.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "18.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "3.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "12.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "25.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "2 (2023)"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "1.3GW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "18.9% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "18.16 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "19.404 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "242,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.338 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "291 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "221,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "600 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "9.501 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "10.055 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "832.421 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.977 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "62.594 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "15.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "28.604 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "18.67 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "60.67 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1.96 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "10 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "23.2 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "118 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Romania&rsquo;s telecom market has undergone several significant changes in recent years; the mobile market is served by network operators that have extensive LTE networks in place, while services based on 5G have been offered under their existing spectrum concessions since 2019; the delayed multi-spectrum auction, expected to be completed later in 2021, will enable the operators to expand 5G network capacity and enable consumers to make far greater use of the technology&rsquo;s potential; in line with legislation passed in July 2021 the MNOs will have to replace equipment provided by vendors deemed to be a security risk (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity is 13 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is119 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 40; landing point for the Diamond Link Global submarine cable linking Romania with Georgia; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ro"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "89% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.63 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "35 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "8 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "60"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4,908,235 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2.71 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "YR"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "82 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "18 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "3,726 km gas, 2,451 km oil (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "85,387 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,731 km (2010) (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "127 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "11 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "8"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force<br><br>Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, the Romanian Gendarmerie (Jandarmeria Română), the Romanian Border Police, the General Directorate for Internal Protection, and the Directorate General for Anticorruption (2024)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2023)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2022)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 68,000 active-duty military personnel (53,000 Land Forces; 7,000 Naval Forces; 8,000 Air Force) (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; all military inductees contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36; conscription ended in 2006 (2023)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including cyber attacks and terrorism, but its primary focus is Russian aggression against neighboring Ukraine and Russia's activities in the Black Sea and Romania’s other eastern neighbor, Moldova<br><br>Romania joined NATO in 2004, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains regularly with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "space program is integrated into the European Space Agency (ESA) and dates back to the 1960s; program is involved in the development and production of a wide range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs), remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, telecommunications, and other space-related applications; in addition to the ESA/EU and their member states (particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy), it cooperates with a variety of other space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also participates in international programs; has an active space industry sector with over 50 entities involved in space-related activities (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "77,250 (Ukraine) (as of 14 April 2024)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "297 (2022)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> 16,085 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)"
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a source country for cannabis</p>"
    }
  }
}