factbook.json/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution in 1990, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won most parliamentary elections and stayed in power either governing alone or in coalition. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the DP was elected to office and was re-elected for his second term in June 2013. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which confusingly adopted for itself the MPRP name. Following the 2012 parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties was formed but then dissolved in November 2014 when Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG was voted out of office. A new five-party grand coalition was formed in December 2014 under the leadership of Prime Minister SAIKHANBILEG."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern Asia, between China and Russia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "46 00 N, 105 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,564,116 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "1,553,556 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "10,560 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas",
      "Area comparison map": {
        "text": null
      }
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,082 km"
      },
      "border countries (2)": {
        "text": "China 4,630 km, Russia 3,452 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central"
    },
    "Elevation extremes": {
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Hoh Nuur 560 m"
      },
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "73% ++ arable land 0.4%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 72.6%"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "7%"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "20% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "843 sq km (2003)"
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "34.8 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.55  cu km/yr (13%/43%/44%)"
      },
      "per capita": {
        "text": "196.8  cu m/yr (2009)"
      }
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; \"zud,\" which is harsh winter conditions"
    },
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Mongolian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Mongolian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Khalkh 81.9%, Kazak 3.8%, Dorvod 2.7%, Bayad 2.1%, Buryat-Bouriates 1.7%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1%, Uriankhai 1%, other 4.6% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Buddhist 53%, Muslim 3%, Christian 2.2%, Shamanist 2.9%, other 0.4%, none 38.6% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Population": {
      "text": "2,992,908 (July 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "26.87% (male 409,994/female 394,195)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "17.69% (male 267,507/female 261,869)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "45.04% (male 653,195/female 694,688)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "6.29% (male 86,401/female 101,714)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "4.12% (male 50,372/female 72,973) (2015 est.)"
      },
      "population pyramid": {
        "text": null
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "47.6%"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "41.7%"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "6%"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "16.7% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "26.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28.3 years (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.31% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "20.25 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.35 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "72% of total population (2015)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.78% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "ULAANBAATAR (capital) 1.377 million (2015)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.85 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.69 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22.44 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "25.64 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "69.29 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.04 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "73.76 years (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.17 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "54.9% (2010)"
    },
    "Health expenditures": {
      "text": "6% of GDP (2013)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.84 physicians/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "6.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 66.4% of population ++ rural: 59.2% of population ++ total: 64.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 33.6% of population ++ rural: 40.8% of population ++ total: 35.6% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 66.4% of population ++ rural: 42.6% of population ++ total: 59.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 33.6% of population ++ rural: 57.4% of population ++ total: 40.3% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.04% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "600 (2013 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "fewer than 100 (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "15.7% (2014)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "1.6% (2013)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.5% of GDP (2011)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "98.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "98.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "98.6% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
      "total number": {
        "text": "106,203"
      },
      "percentage": {
        "text": "18% (2005 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "10.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13.2% (2011 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Mongolia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Mongol Uls"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Outer Mongolia"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Ulaanbaatar"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "47 55 N, 106 55 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC), and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "11 July 1921 (from China)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "text": "several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992; amended 1999, 2001 (2011)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Chimed SAIKHANBILEG (since 21 November 2014); Deputy Prime Minister Ukhnaa KHURELSUKH (since 9 December 2014)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president, confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ reelected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (DP) 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE (MPP)  42%, Natsag UDVAL (MPRP) 6.5%, other 1.3%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral State Great Hural or Ulsyn Ikh Khural (76 seats; 48 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 28 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 27, Justice Coalition 11, CWGP 2, independent 3"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "4 seats were determined after the election; 2 DP candidates gained seats when winning MPP candidates were determined to have broken electoral law; candidates in 2 other constituencies did not receive the necessary 28% of the vote to be elected, and MPP candidates won both seats in repolling; seats by party as of May 2015 - DP 35, MPP 26, Justice Coalition 10, CWGP 2, independent 3"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts, a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Hural upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts (established in 2004)"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Sanjaasuren OYUN, Sambuu DEMBEREL, Tserendorj GANKHUYAG] ++ Democratic Party or DP [Zandaakhuu ENKHBOLD] ++ Justice Coalition (includes MPRP and MNDP) ++ Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN] ++ Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Miyegombo ENKHBOLD] ++ Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]"
    },
    "Political pressure groups and leaders": {
      "other": {
        "text": "human rights groups; women's groups; disability rights groups"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL (since 8 January 2013)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 333-7117"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 298-9227"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York, San Francisco"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL (since 6 August 2012)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Denver Street "
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[976] 7007-6001"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[976] 7007-6016"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem (\"soyombo\" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "soyombo emblem; national colors: red, blue, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal\" (National Anthem of Mongolia)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economy - overview": {
      "text": "Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and attendant growth in mining-sector activities have transformed Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mongolia's copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, among others, have attracted foreign direct investment (FDI). Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as strong economic growth because of market reforms and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit hard by the global financial crisis. Slower global economic growth hurt the country's exports, notably copper, and slashed government revenues. As a result, Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and the country emerged from the crisis with a stronger banking sector and needed reforms to the government’s fiscal management.  In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) mine, considered to be among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. However, Mongolia's ongoing dispute with foreign investors developing Oyu Tolgoi has called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign investment. This caused a loss of investor confidence, a severe drop in FDI, and a slowing economy, leading to the dismissal of Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG in November.  The new government has made restoring investor trust and reviving the economy its top priority, but it will be challenged to unwind the monetary and fiscal stimulus programs in use since 2013 to counteract the fall in foreign investment. In December 2014 the government awarded a deal to develop the massive Tavan Tolgoi (TT) coal field to a consortium comprising Energy Resources/MCS (Mongolia), Shenhua (China), and Sumitomo (Japan); talks continue to hammer out the financing and the operating details. The economy grew  more than 10% per year since 2010, largely on the strength of commodity exports to nearby countries and high government spending domestically, before slowing to 7.8% in 2014. Mongolia's economy faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal and monetary policies, which are contributing to high inflation, and from uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports. Trade with China represents nearly 62% of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives some 90% of Mongolia's exports and supplies Mongolia with more than one-third of its imports. Mongolia has relied on Russia for energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases; in 2014, Mongolia purchased nearly 90% of its gasoline and diesel fuel from Russia. A drop in FDI has put pressure on Mongolia's external finances. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant."
    },
    "GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "text": "$34.76 billion (2014 est.) ++ $32.24 billion (2013 est.) ++ $28.88 billion (2012 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
      }
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$11.98 billion (2014 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - real growth rate": {
      "text": "7.8% (2014 est.) ++ 11.6% (2013 est.) ++ 12.3% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
      "text": "$11,900 (2014 est.) ++ $11,000 (2013 est.) ++ $9,900 (2012 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
      }
    },
    "Gross national saving": {
      "text": "24.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.6% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 27.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "54.4%"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "12%"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "46.1%"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "10.3%"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "43.7%"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-66.5% ++  (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "12.2%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "35%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "52.8% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agriculture - products": {
      "text": "wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "16.1% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "1.128 million (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "28.6%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "21%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "50.4% (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "text": "7.7% (2014 est.) ++ 7.8% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "29.8% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "28.4% (2008)"
      }
    },
    "Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
      "text": "36.5 (2008) ++ 32.8 (2002)"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$3.524 billion"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$3.735 billion (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "30.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-1.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "text": "12.9% (2014 est.) ++ 11.9% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Central bank discount rate": {
      "text": "13% (15 January 2015) ++ 12% (31 July 2014)"
    },
    "Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
      "text": "18.2% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 17.4% (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of narrow money": {
      "text": "$1.184 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.259 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of broad money": {
      "text": "$6.178 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.72 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of domestic credit": {
      "text": "$7.958 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.751 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Market value of publicly traded shares": {
      "text": "$1.293 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.579 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.093 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "text": "-$985 million (2014 est.) ++ -$3.192 billion (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "text": "$5.775 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.273 billion (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 95.3% (2014)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "text": "$5.237 billion (2014 est.) ++ $6.355 billion (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 41.5%, Russia 27.4%, South Korea 6.5%, Japan 6.1% (2014)"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "text": "$5.352 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.371 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
      "text": "$15.74 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $13.46 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
      "text": "$1.241 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $1.191 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "text": "togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - ++ 1,817.4 (2014 est.) ++ 1,523.9 (2013 est.) ++ 1,357.6 (2012 est.) ++ 1,265.5 (2011 est.) ++ 1,357.1 (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "4.472 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "4.062 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "24 million kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "258 million kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "833,200 kW (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "99.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "14,050 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "5,680 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "NA bbl"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "25,110 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "17,360 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
      "text": "11.36 million Mt (2012 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "230,000"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "8 (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3 million"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "103 (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephone system": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)"
    },
    "Radio broadcast stations": {
      "text": "AM 7, FM 108 (includes 20 national radio broadcaster repeaters), shortwave 4 (2009)"
    },
    "Television broadcast stations": {
      "text": "99 (2009)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mn"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "527,100"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "17.9% (2014 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Airports": {
      "text": "44 (2013)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "3 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "24"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": " ++ 1 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,815 km"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "1,815 km 1.520-m gauge"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "national operator Ulannbaator Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "49,249 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "4,800 km"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "44,449 km (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers ice free from May to September) (2010)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "57"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1"
      },
      "foreign-owned": {
        "text": "44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military": {
    "Military branches": {
      "text": "Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air and Air Defense (2015)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 1-year conscript service obligation in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2015)"
    },
    "Manpower available for military service": {
      "males age 16-49": {
        "text": "898,546"
      },
      "females age 16-49": {
        "text": "891,192 (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Manpower fit for military service": {
      "males age 16-49": {
        "text": "726,199"
      },
      "females age 16-49": {
        "text": "756,628 (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
      "male": {
        "text": "30,829"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "29,648 (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "text": "1.12% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.99% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.12% of GDP (2010)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "none"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "16 (2014)"
      }
    }
  }
}