factbook.json/africa/td-chad.json

{
  "intro": {
    "background": {
      "text": "Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and the insurgents. In 2005, new rebel groups emerged in western Sudan and made probing attacks into eastern Chad despite signing peace agreements in December 2006 and October 2007. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007. The capital experienced a significant insurrection in early 2008, but has had no significant rebel threats since then, in part due to Chad's 2010 rapprochement with Sudan, which previously used Chadian rebels as proxies. DEBY in 2011 was reelected to his fourth term in an election that international observers described as proceeding without incident. Power remains in the hands of an ethnic minority."
    }
  },
  "geo": {
    "location": {
      "text": "Central Africa, south of Libya"
    },
    "geographic_coordinates": {
      "text": "15 00 N, 19 00 E"
    },
    "map_references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "area": {
      "total": "1.284 million sq km",
      "land": "1,259,200 sq km",
      "water": "24,800 sq km"
    },
    "area_comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than three times the size of California"
    },
    "land_boundaries": {
      "total": "5,968 km",
      "border_countries": "Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km"
    },
    "coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "maritime_claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "climate": {
      "text": "tropical in south, desert in north"
    },
    "terrain": {
      "text": "broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south"
    },
    "elevation_extremes": {
      "lowest_point": "Djourab 160 m",
      "highest_point": "Emi Koussi 3,415 m"
    },
    "natural_resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt"
    },
    "land_use": {
      "arable_land": "3.82%",
      "permanent_crops": "0.02%",
      "other": "96.16% (2011)"
    },
    "irrigated_land": {
      "text": "302.7 sq km (2003)"
    },
    "total_renewable_water_resources": {
      "text": "43 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
      "total": "0.88  cu km/yr (12%/12%/76%)",
      "per_capita": "84.81  cu m/yr (2005)"
    },
    "natural_hazards": {
      "text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues"
    },
    "environment_current_issues": {
      "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification"
    },
    "environment_international_agreements": {
      "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands",
      "signed_but_not_ratified": "Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping"
    },
    "geography_note": {
      "text": "landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel"
    }
  },
  "people": {
    "nationality": {
      "noun": "Chadian(s)",
      "adjective": "Chadian"
    },
    "ethnic_groups": {
      "text": "Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)"
    },
    "languages": {
      "text": "French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects"
    },
    "religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 53.1%, Catholic 20.1%, Protestant 14.2%, animist 7.3%, other 0.5%, unknown 1.7%, atheist 3.1% (1993 census)"
    },
    "population": {
      "text": "11,193,452 (July 2013 est.)"
    },
    "age_structure": {
      "0_14_years": "45.2% (male 2,565,613/female 2,494,020)",
      "15_24_years": "20.4% (male 1,107,121/female 1,178,946)",
      "25_54_years": "27.6% (male 1,393,498/female 1,693,233)",
      "55_64_years": "3.9% (male 188,558/female 242,559)",
      "65_years_and_over": "2.9% (male 137,590/female 192,314) (2013 est.)"
    },
    "dependency_ratios": {
      "total_dependency_ratio": "103.3 %",
      "youth_dependency_ratio": "98.4 %",
      "elderly_dependency_ratio": "4.9 %",
      "potential_support_ratio": "20.4 (2013)"
    },
    "median_age": {
      "total": "17 years",
      "male": "15.9 years",
      "female": "18.1 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "population_growth_rate": {
      "text": "1.95% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "birth_rate": {
      "text": "37.99 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "death_rate": {
      "text": "14.85 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "net_migration_rate": {
      "text": "-3.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "urbanization": {
      "urban_population": "21.8% of total population (2011)",
      "rate_of_urbanization": "3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
    },
    "major_urban_areas_population": {
      "text": "N'DJAMENA (capital) 1.079 million (2011)"
    },
    "sex_ratio": {
      "at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female",
      "0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
      "15_24_years": "0.93 male(s)/female",
      "25_54_years": "0.82 male(s)/female",
      "55_64_years": "0.78 male(s)/female",
      "65_years_and_over": "0.72 male(s)/female",
      "total_population": "0.93 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
    },
    "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
      "text": "18.2 (2004 est.)"
    },
    "maternal_mortality_rate": {
      "text": "1,100 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
    },
    "infant_mortality_rate": {
      "total": "91.94 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "male": "97.64 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "female": "86.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
    },
    "life_expectancy_at_birth": {
      "total_population": "49.07 years",
      "male": "47.95 years",
      "female": "50.22 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "total_fertility_rate": {
      "text": "4.8 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
    },
    "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "4.8% (2010)"
    },
    "health_expenditures": {
      "text": "4.5% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "physicians_density": {
      "text": "0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2004)"
    },
    "hospital_bed_density": {
      "text": "0.43 beds/1,000 population (2005)"
    },
    "drinking_water_source": {
      "improved": "urban: 70% of population; rural: 44% of population; total: 51% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 30% of population; rural: 56% of population; total: 49% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "sanitation_facility_access": {
      "improved": "urban: 30% of population; rural: 6% of population; total: 13% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 70% of population; rural: 94% of population; total: 87% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "3.4% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
      "text": "210,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_deaths": {
      "text": "11,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "major_infectious_diseases": {
      "degree_of_risk": "very high",
      "food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever",
      "vectorborne_diseases": "malaria and dengue fever",
      "water_contact_disease": "schistosomiasis",
      "respiratory_disease": "meningococcal meningitis",
      "animal_contact_disease": "rabies (2013)"
    },
    "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "2.7% (2008)"
    },
    "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
      "text": "33.9% (2004)"
    },
    "education_expenditures": {
      "text": "2.9% of GDP (2011)"
    },
    "literacy": {
      "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic",
      "total_population": "35.4%",
      "male": "45.6%",
      "female": "25.4% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
      "total": "8 years",
      "male": "10 years",
      "female": "6 years (2011)"
    },
    "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
      "total_number": "1,475,960",
      "percentage": "48 % (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "govt": {
    "country_name": {
      "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Chad",
      "conventional_short_form": "Chad",
      "local_long_form": "Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad",
      "local_short_form": "Tchad/Tshad"
    },
    "government_type": {
      "text": "republic"
    },
    "capital": {
      "name": "N'Djamena",
      "geographic_coordinates": "12 06 N, 15 02 E",
      "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
    },
    "administrative_divisions": {
      "text": "22 regions (regions, singular - region); Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira"
    },
    "independence": {
      "text": "11 August 1960 (from France)"
    },
    "national_holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 11 August (1960)"
    },
    "constitution": {
      "text": "passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits"
    },
    "legal_system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of civil and customary law"
    },
    "international_law_organization_participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "executive_branch": {
      "chief_of_state": "President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4 December 1990)",
      "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Djimrangar DADNADJI (since 21 January 2013)",
      "cabinet": "Council of State; members are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister",
      "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last election held on 25 April 2011 (next to be held by 2016); prime minister appointed by the president",
      "election_results": "Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 83.6%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 8.6%, Nadji MADOU 7.8%"
    },
    "legislative_branch": {
      "text": "unicameral National Assembly (188 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)",
      "elections": "National Assembly - last held on 13 February 2011 (next to be held by 2015); note - legislative elections, originally scheduled for 2006, were first delayed by National Assembly action and subsequently by an accord, signed in August 2007, between government and opposition parties",
      "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ART 133, UNDR 11, others 44"
    },
    "judicial_branch": {
      "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 15 judges or councilors and divided into 3 chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 3 judges and 6 jurists)",
      "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice selected by the president; councilors - 8 designated by the president and 7 by the speaker of the National Assembly; chief justice and councilors appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges - 2 appointed by the president and 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly; jurists - 3 each by the president and by the speaker of the National Assembly; judges term NA",
      "subordinate_courts": "High Court of Justice; Courts of Appeal; tribunals; justices of the peace"
    },
    "political_parties_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance for the Renaissance of Chad or ART, an alliance among the ruling MPS, RDP, and Viva-RNDP; Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]"
    },
    "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
      "text": "rebel groups"
    },
    "international_organization_participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Maitine DJOUMBE",
      "chancery": "2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
      "telephone": "[1] (202) 462-4009",
      "fax": "[1] (202) 265-1937"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Mark M. BOULWARE",
      "embassy": "Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena",
      "mailing_address": "B. P. 413, N'Djamena",
      "telephone": "[235] 2251-70-09",
      "fax": "[235] 2251-56-54"
    },
    "flag_description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice",
      "note": "similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France"
    },
    "national_symbols": {
      "text": "goat (north); lion (south)"
    },
    "national_anthem": {
      "name": "\"La Tchadienne\" (The Chadian)",
      "lyrics_music": "Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD",
      "note": "adopted 1960"
    }
  },
  "econ": {
    "economy_overview": {
      "text": "Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major foreign direct investment projects in the oil sector that began in 2000. Economic conditions have been positive in recent years, with real GDP growth reaching 13% in 2010 because of high international prices for oil and a strong local harvest. GDP growth for 2012 was 5%. However, Chad's investment climate remains challenging due to limited infrastructure, a lack of trained workers, extensive government bureaucracy, and corruption. At least 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. The government of Chad is determined to improve agricultural production through modernization and mechanization over the next three years, and hosted a national Rural Development Forum in 2012 to promote investment in agriculture. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. Remittances are also an important source of income. The Libyan conflict disrupted inflows of remittances to Chad's impoverished western region that relies on income from Chadians living in Libya. A consortium led by two US companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves - estimated at 1.5 billion barrels - in southern Chad. Chinese companies are also expanding exploration efforts and have completed a 311-km pipeline and the country's first refinery. The nation's total oil reserves are estimated at 1.5 billion barrels. Oil production came on stream in late 2003. Chad began to export oil in 2004. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings."
    },
    "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
      "text": "$21 billion (2012 est.); $19.99 billion (2011 est.); $19.89 billion (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
      "text": "$10.81 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_real_growth_rate": {
      "text": "5% (2012 est.); 0.5% (2011 est.); 13% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
      "text": "$2,000 (2012 est.); $1,900 (2011 est.); $1,900 (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gross_national_saving": {
      "text": "28% of GDP (2012 est.); 30.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 27.7% of GDP (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
      "household_consumption": "66.5%",
      "government_consumption": "11.9%",
      "investment_in_fixed_capital": "31.9%",
      "investment_in_inventories": "0.7%",
      "exports_of_goods_and_services": "41%",
      "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-52.1% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
      "agriculture": "47.1%",
      "industry": "9.2%",
      "services": "43.7% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "agriculture_products": {
      "text": "cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels"
    },
    "industries": {
      "text": "oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials"
    },
    "industrial_production_growth_rate": {
      "text": "10.6% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force": {
      "text": "4.293 million (2007)"
    },
    "labor_force_by_occupation": {
      "agriculture": "80% (2006 est.)",
      "industry_and_services": "20% (2006 est.)"
    },
    "unemployment_rate": {
      "text": "NA%"
    },
    "population_below_poverty_line": {
      "text": "80% (2001 est.)"
    },
    "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
      "lowest_10%": "2.6%",
      "highest_10%": "30.8% (2003)"
    },
    "budget": {
      "revenues": "$2.748 billion",
      "expenditures": "$2.979 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "taxes_and_other_revenues": {
      "text": "25.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
      "text": "-2.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "public_debt": {
      "text": "33.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 43.4% of GDP (2011 est.)"
    },
    "fiscal_year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
      "text": "10.2% (2012 est.); -4.9% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "central_bank_discount_rate": {
      "text": "4.25% (31 December 2009); 4.75% (31 December 2008)"
    },
    "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
      "text": "15.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 15% (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_narrow_money": {
      "text": "$1.499 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.235 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_broad_money": {
      "text": "$1.642 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.335 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_domestic_credit": {
      "text": "$785.1 million (31 December 2012 est.); $553.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "current_account_balance": {
      "text": "-$1.965 billion (2012 est.); -$2.386 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports": {
      "text": "$4.144 billion (2012 est.); $4.306 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports_commodities": {
      "text": "oil, cattle, cotton, gum arabic"
    },
    "exports_partners": {
      "text": "US 82.5%, China 6.7% (2012)"
    },
    "imports": {
      "text": "$2.761 billion (2012 est.); $2.696 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "imports_commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles"
    },
    "imports_partners": {
      "text": "China 19.8%, Cameroon 19.7%, France 15.8%, Saudi Arabia 5.4%, US 4.1% (2012)"
    },
    "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
      "text": "$1.174 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $968.1 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "debt_external": {
      "text": "$1.793 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.821 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
      "text": "; $4.5 billion (2006 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "exchange_rates": {
      "text": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar -; 510.53 (2012 est.); 471.87 (2011 est.); 495.28 (2010 est.); 472.19 (2009); 447.81 (2008)"
    }
  },
  "energy": {
    "electricity_production": {
      "text": "95 million kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_consumption": {
      "text": "88.35 million kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_imports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
      "text": "31,000 kW (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
      "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_production": {
      "text": "123,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_exports": {
      "text": "115,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
      "text": "1,817 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
      "text": "1,754 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_consumption": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
      "text": "290,900 Mt (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "comm": {
    "telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
      "text": "31,200 (2011)"
    },
    "telephones_mobile_cellular": {
      "text": "3.666 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephone_system": {
      "general_assessment": "inadequate system of radiotelephone communication stations with high costs and low telephone density",
      "domestic": "fixed-line connections for less than 1 per 100 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of only about 35 per 100 persons",
      "international": "country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)"
    },
    "broadcast_media": {
      "text": "1 state-owned TV station; state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations; about 10 private radio stations; some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2007)"
    },
    "internet_country_code": {
      "text": ".td"
    },
    "internet_hosts": {
      "text": "6 (2012)"
    },
    "internet_users": {
      "text": "168,100 (2009)"
    }
  },
  "trans": {
    "airports": {
      "text": "59 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_paved_runways": {
      "total": "9",
      "over_3_047_m": "2",
      "2_438_to_3_047_m": "4",
      "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2",
      "under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
      "total": "50",
      "over_3_047_m": "1",
      "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2",
      "1_524_to_2_437_m": "14",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "22",
      "under_914_m": "11 (2013)"
    },
    "pipelines": {
      "text": "oil 582 km (2013)"
    },
    "roadways": {
      "total": "40,000 km",
      "note": "consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved (2011)"
    },
    "waterways": {
      "text": "(Chari and Legone rivers are navigable only in wet season) (2012)"
    }
  },
  "military": {
    "military_branches": {
      "text": "Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT): Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), National Gendarmerie, National and Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT) (2013)"
    },
    "military_service_age_and_obligation": {
      "text": "20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age of 21 (2012)"
    },
    "manpower_available_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "2,090,244",
      "females_age_16_49": "2,441,321 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "1,183,242",
      "females_age_16_49": "1,395,811 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
      "male": "128,723",
      "female": "128,244 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "military_expenditures": {
      "text": "1.6% of GDP (2011)"
    }
  },
  "issues": {
    "disputes_international": {
      "text": "since 2003, ad hoc armed militia groups and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries"
    },
    "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
      "refugees_country_of_origin": "306,960 (Sudan) (2012); 83,751 (Central African Republic) (2013)",
      "idps": "90,000 (majority are in the east) (2012)"
    },
    "trafficking_in_persons": {
      "current_situation": "Chad is a source, transit, and destination country for children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the trafficking problem is mainly internal and frequently involves family members entrusting children to relatives or intermediaries in return for promises of education, apprenticeships, goods, or money; child trafficking victims are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude, forced cattle herding, forced begging, involuntary agricultural labor, or commercial sexual exploitation; some Chadian girls who travel to larger towns in search of work are forced into prostitution; in 2012, Chadian children were identified in some government military training centers and among rebel groups",
      "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Chad does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has made a limited commitment to increased anti-trafficking law enforcement but continues to lack formal victim identification procedures; draft revisions to Chad's penal code that would prohibit child trafficking and provide protection for victims were not enacted for the third consecutive year; the government continues its nationwide campaign on human rights issues, including human trafficking, and high-ranking officials, such as the president and prime minister, are speaking out publicly against human trafficking (2013)"
    }
  }
}