factbook.json/africa/gm-gambia.json

{
  "intro": {
    "background": {
      "text": "The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed a short-lived federation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty, but tensions have flared up intermittently since then. Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup in 1994 that overthrew the president and banned political activity. A new constitution and presidential elections in 1996, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, completed a nominal return to civilian rule. JAMMEH has been elected president in all subsequent elections including most recently in late 2011."
    }
  },
  "geo": {
    "location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Senegal"
    },
    "geographic_coordinates": {
      "text": "13 28 N, 16 34 W"
    },
    "map_references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "area": {
      "total": "11,295 sq km",
      "land": "10,000 sq km",
      "water": "1,295 sq km"
    },
    "area_comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Delaware"
    },
    "land_boundaries": {
      "total": "740 km",
      "border_countries": "Senegal 740 km"
    },
    "coastline": {
      "text": "80 km"
    },
    "maritime_claims": {
      "territorial_sea": "12 nm",
      "contiguous_zone": "18 nm",
      "exclusive_fishing_zone": "200 nm",
      "continental_shelf": "extent not specified"
    },
    "climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)"
    },
    "terrain": {
      "text": "flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills"
    },
    "elevation_extremes": {
      "lowest_point": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m",
      "highest_point": "unnamed elevation 53 m"
    },
    "natural_resources": {
      "text": "fish, clay, silica sand, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon"
    },
    "land_use": {
      "arable_land": "39.82%",
      "permanent_crops": "0.44%",
      "other": "59.73% (2011)"
    },
    "irrigated_land": {
      "text": "50 sq km (2011)"
    },
    "total_renewable_water_resources": {
      "text": "8 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
      "total": "0.09  cu km/yr (41%/21%/39%)",
      "per_capita": "65.77  cu m/yr (2005)"
    },
    "natural_hazards": {
      "text": "drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)"
    },
    "environment_current_issues": {
      "text": "deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases prevalent"
    },
    "environment_international_agreements": {
      "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling",
      "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
    },
    "geography_note": {
      "text": "almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa"
    }
  },
  "people": {
    "nationality": {
      "noun": "Gambian(s)",
      "adjective": "Gambian"
    },
    "ethnic_groups": {
      "text": "African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1% (2003 census)"
    },
    "languages": {
      "text": "English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars"
    },
    "religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 90%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 2%"
    },
    "population": {
      "text": "1,883,051 (July 2013 est.)"
    },
    "age_structure": {
      "0_14_years": "39.2% (male 369,966/female 367,285)",
      "15_24_years": "21.1% (male 196,194/female 201,206)",
      "25_54_years": "32.5% (male 299,837/female 312,864)",
      "55_64_years": "4% (male 36,330/female 38,464)",
      "65_years_and_over": "3.2% (male 28,722/female 32,183) (2013 est.)"
    },
    "dependency_ratios": {
      "total_dependency_ratio": "93.5 %",
      "youth_dependency_ratio": "88.9 %",
      "elderly_dependency_ratio": "4.6 %",
      "potential_support_ratio": "21.6 (2013)"
    },
    "median_age": {
      "total": "19.9 years",
      "male": "19.6 years",
      "female": "20.2 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "population_growth_rate": {
      "text": "2.29% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "birth_rate": {
      "text": "32.59 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "death_rate": {
      "text": "7.38 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "net_migration_rate": {
      "text": "-2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "urbanization": {
      "urban_population": "57.3% of total population (2011)",
      "rate_of_urbanization": "3.63% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
    },
    "major_urban_areas_population": {
      "text": "BANJUL (capital) 436,000 (2009)"
    },
    "sex_ratio": {
      "at_birth": "1.03 male(s)/female",
      "0_14_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
      "15_24_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
      "25_54_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
      "55_64_years": "0.95 male(s)/female",
      "65_years_and_over": "0.9 male(s)/female",
      "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
    },
    "maternal_mortality_rate": {
      "text": "360 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
    },
    "infant_mortality_rate": {
      "total": "67.63 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "male": "73.15 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "female": "61.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
    },
    "life_expectancy_at_birth": {
      "total_population": "64.09 years",
      "male": "61.78 years",
      "female": "66.47 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "total_fertility_rate": {
      "text": "3.98 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
    },
    "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "13.3% (2010)"
    },
    "health_expenditures": {
      "text": "5.7% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "physicians_density": {
      "text": "0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
    },
    "hospital_bed_density": {
      "text": "1.1 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "drinking_water_source": {
      "improved": "urban: 92% of population; rural: 85% of population; total: 89% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 8% of population; rural: 15% of population; total: 11% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "sanitation_facility_access": {
      "improved": "urban: 70% of population; rural: 65% of population; total: 68% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 30% of population; rural: 35% of population; total: 32% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "2% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
      "text": "18,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_deaths": {
      "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "major_infectious_diseases": {
      "degree_of_risk": "very high",
      "food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
      "vectorborne_diseases": "malaria and dengue fever",
      "water_contact_disease": "schistosomiasis",
      "respiratory_disease": "meningococcal meningitis",
      "animal_contact_disease": "rabies (2013)"
    },
    "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "7.9% (2008)"
    },
    "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
      "text": "15.8% (2006)"
    },
    "education_expenditures": {
      "text": "3.9% of GDP (2011)"
    },
    "literacy": {
      "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
      "total_population": "51.1%",
      "male": "60.9%",
      "female": "41.9% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
      "total": "8.6 years (2008)"
    },
    "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
      "total_number": "103,389",
      "percentage": "25 % (2006 est.)"
    }
  },
  "govt": {
    "country_name": {
      "conventional_long_form": "Republic of The Gambia",
      "conventional_short_form": "The Gambia"
    },
    "government_type": {
      "text": "republic"
    },
    "capital": {
      "name": "Banjul",
      "geographic_coordinates": "13 27 N, 16 34 W",
      "time_difference": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
    },
    "administrative_divisions": {
      "text": "5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Central River, Lower River, North Bank, Upper River, Western"
    },
    "independence": {
      "text": "18 February 1965 (from the UK)"
    },
    "national_holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 18 February (1965)"
    },
    "constitution": {
      "text": "approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; effective 16 January 1997"
    },
    "legal_system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law"
    },
    "international_law_organization_participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "executive_branch": {
      "chief_of_state": "President Yahya JAMMEH (since 18 October 1996); note - from 1994 to 1996 he was chairman of the junta; Vice President Isatou NJIE-SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
      "head_of_government": "President Yahya JAMMEH (since 18 October 1996); Vice President Isatou NJIE-SAIDY (since 20 March 1997)",
      "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president",
      "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held on 24 November 2011 (next to be held in 2016)",
      "election_results": "Yahya JAMMEH reelected president; percent of vote - Yahya JAMMEH 71.5%, Ousainou DARBOE 17.4%, Hamat BAH 11.1%"
    },
    "legislative_branch": {
      "text": "unicameral National Assembly (53 seats; 48 members elected by popular vote, 5 appointed by the president; members to serve five-year terms)",
      "elections": "last held on 29 March 2012 (next to be held in 2017)",
      "election_results": "percent of vote by party - APRC 51.8%, independents 38.8%, NRP 9.4%; seats by party - APRC 43, independents 4, NRP 1",
      "note": "except for the NRP, all opposition parties boycotted the 29 March 2012 legislative elections"
    },
    "judicial_branch": {
      "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of The Gambia (consists of the chief justice and 6 other justices); note - court sessions held with 5 justices",
      "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices appointed by the president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, a 6-member independent body of high-level judicial officials, a presidential appointee, and a National Assembly appointee; justices appointed for life or until mandatory retirement age",
      "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal; High Court; Special Criminal Court; Khadis or Muslim courts; district tribunals; magistrates courts"
    },
    "political_parties_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC [Yahya JAMMEH] (the ruling party); Gambia People's Democratic Party or GPDP [Henry GOMEZ]; National Alliance for Democracy and Development or NADD [Halifa SALLAH]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA]; National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Halifa SALLAH]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]"
    },
    "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
      "text": "National Environment Agency or NEA; West African Peace Building Network-Gambian Chapter or WANEB-GAMBIA; Youth Employment Network Gambia or YENGambia",
      "other": "special needs group advocates; teachers and principals"
    },
    "international_organization_participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Baboucarr JARROW",
      "chancery": "Suite 240, Georgetown Plaza, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007",
      "telephone": "[1] (202) 785-1379, 1399, 1425",
      "fax": "[1] (202) 342-0240"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Edward M. ALFORD",
      "embassy": "Kairaba Avenue, Fajara, Banjul",
      "mailing_address": "P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul",
      "telephone": "[220] 439-2856, 437-6169, 437-6170",
      "fax": "[220] 439-2475"
    },
    "flag_description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green; red stands for the sun and the savannah, blue represents the Gambia River, and green symbolizes forests and agriculture; the white stripes denote unity and peace"
    },
    "national_symbols": {
      "text": "lion"
    },
    "national_anthem": {
      "name": "\"For The Gambia, Our Homeland\"",
      "lyrics_music": "Virginia Julie HOWE/adapted by Jeremy Frederick HOWE",
      "note": "adopted 1965; the music is an adaptation of the traditional Mandinka song \"Foday Kaba Dumbuya\""
    }
  },
  "econ": {
    "economy_overview": {
      "text": "The Gambia has sparse natural resource deposits and a limited agricultural base, and relies in part on remittances from workers overseas and tourist receipts. About three-quarters of the population depends on the agricultural sector for its livelihood and the sector provides for about one-quarter of GDP. The agricultural sector has untapped potential - less than half of arable land is cultivated. Small-scale manufacturing activity features the processing of peanuts, fish, and hides. The Gambia's natural beauty and proximity to Europe has made it one of the larger markets for tourism in West Africa, boosted by government and private sector investments in eco-tourism and upscale facilities. In 2012, however, sluggish tourism led to a decline in GDP. Tourism brings in about one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture also took a hit in 2012 due to unfavorable weather patterns. The Gambia's re-export trade accounts for almost 80% of goods exports. Unemployment and underemployment rates remain high. Economic progress depends on sustained bilateral and multilateral aid, on responsible government economic management, and on continued technical assistance from multilateral and bilateral donors. International donors and lenders continue to be concerned about the quality of fiscal management and The Gambia's debt burden."
    },
    "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
      "text": "$3.459 billion (2012 est.); $3.327 billion (2011 est.); $3.476 billion (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
      "text": "$918 million (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_real_growth_rate": {
      "text": "3.9% (2012 est.); -4.3% (2011 est.); 6.5% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
      "text": "$1,900 (2012 est.); $1,900 (2011 est.); $2,000 (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gross_national_saving": {
      "text": "11.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 15.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 16.6% of GDP (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
      "household_consumption": "81.9%",
      "government_consumption": "16.1%",
      "investment_in_fixed_capital": "27.8%",
      "investment_in_inventories": "1.7%",
      "exports_of_goods_and_services": "42%",
      "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-69.6% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
      "agriculture": "22.3%",
      "industry": "18.3%",
      "services": "59.5% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "agriculture_products": {
      "text": "rice, millet, sorghum, peanuts, corn, sesame, cassava (manioc), palm kernels; cattle, sheep, goats"
    },
    "industries": {
      "text": "processing peanuts, fish, and hides; tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing"
    },
    "industrial_production_growth_rate": {
      "text": "-3% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force": {
      "text": "777,100 (2007)"
    },
    "labor_force_by_occupation": {
      "agriculture": "75%",
      "industry": "19%",
      "services": "6% (1996)"
    },
    "unemployment_rate": {
      "text": "NA%"
    },
    "population_below_poverty_line": {
      "text": "48.4% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
      "lowest_10%": "2%",
      "highest_10%": "36.9% (2003)"
    },
    "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
      "text": "50.2 (1998); "
    },
    "budget": {
      "revenues": "$180.8 million",
      "expenditures": "$208.9 million (2012 est.)"
    },
    "taxes_and_other_revenues": {
      "text": "19.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
      "text": "-3.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "fiscal_year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
      "text": "4.7% (2012 est.); 4.8% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "central_bank_discount_rate": {
      "text": "9% (31 December 2009); 11% (31 December 2008)"
    },
    "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
      "text": "26.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 28% (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_narrow_money": {
      "text": "$212.2 million (31 December 2012 est.); $220.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_broad_money": {
      "text": "$512.2 million (31 December 2012 est.); $487.9 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_domestic_credit": {
      "text": "$374.4 million (31 December 2012 est.); $380.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "current_account_balance": {
      "text": "-$155.5 million (2012 est.); -$119.1 million (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports": {
      "text": "$104.7 million (2012 est.); $104.5 million (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports_commodities": {
      "text": "peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels"
    },
    "exports_partners": {
      "text": "China 57.3%, India 18%, France 4.6%, UK 4.1% (2012)"
    },
    "imports": {
      "text": "$360.3 million (2012 est.); $328.4 million (2011 est.)"
    },
    "imports_commodities": {
      "text": "foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel, machinery and transport equipment"
    },
    "imports_partners": {
      "text": "China 27.1%, Senegal 8.4%, Brazil 8%, UK 6.3%, India 6%, Indonesia 4.1% (2012)"
    },
    "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
      "text": "$236.2 million (31 December 2012 est.); $223.2 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "debt_external": {
      "text": "$480.6 million (31 December 2012 est.); $466.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "exchange_rates": {
      "text": "dalasis (GMD) per US dollar -; 32.0771 (2012 est.); 29.4615 (2011 est.); 28.012 (2010 est.); 26.6444 (2009); 22.75 (2008)"
    }
  },
  "energy": {
    "electricity_production": {
      "text": "240 million kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_consumption": {
      "text": "223.2 million kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_imports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
      "text": "53,000 kW (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
      "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
      "text": "3,181 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
      "text": "41.62 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
      "text": "2,913 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_consumption": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
      "text": "291,000 Mt (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "comm": {
    "telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
      "text": "50,400 (2011)"
    },
    "telephones_mobile_cellular": {
      "text": "1.4 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephone_system": {
      "general_assessment": "adequate microwave radio relay and open-wire network; state-owned Gambia Telecommunications partially privatized in 2007",
      "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity, aided by multiple mobile-cellular providers, is roughly 80 per 100 persons",
      "international": "country code - 220; microwave radio relay links to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; a landing station for the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) undersea fiber-optic cable is scheduled for completion in 2011; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)"
    },
    "broadcast_media": {
      "text": "state-owned, single-channel TV service; state-owned radio station and 4 privately owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available, some via shortwave radio; cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable in some parts of the country (2007)"
    },
    "internet_country_code": {
      "text": ".gm"
    },
    "internet_hosts": {
      "text": "656 (2012)"
    },
    "internet_users": {
      "text": "130,100 (2009)"
    }
  },
  "trans": {
    "airports": {
      "text": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_paved_runways": {
      "total": "1",
      "over_3_047_m": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "roadways": {
      "total": "3,742 km",
      "paved": "723 km",
      "unpaved": "3,019 km (2004)"
    },
    "waterways": {
      "text": "390 km (on River Gambia; small ocean-going vessels can reach 190 km) (2010)"
    },
    "merchant_marine": {
      "total": "4",
      "by_type": "passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1 (2010)"
    },
    "ports_and_terminals": {
      "major_seaports": "Banjul"
    }
  },
  "military": {
    "military_branches": {
      "text": "Office of the Chief of Defense Staff: Gambian National Army (GNA), Gambian Navy (GN), Republican National Guard (RNG) (2010)"
    },
    "military_service_age_and_obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)"
    },
    "manpower_available_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "423,306",
      "females_age_16_49": "438,641 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "315,176",
      "females_age_16_49": "347,017 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
      "male": "20,508",
      "female": "20,853 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "military_expenditures": {
      "text": "0.7% of GDP (2011)"
    }
  },
  "issues": {
    "disputes_international": {
      "text": "attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west African states"
    },
    "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
      "refugees_country_of_origin": "9,042 (Senegal) (2012)"
    },
    "trafficking_in_persons": {
      "current_situation": "The Gambia is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Gambian women, children, and, to a lesser extent, boys are exploited for prostitution and domestic servitude; women, girls, and boys from West African countries are trafficked to the Gambia for sexual exploitation, particularly catering to European tourists seeking sex with children; some Gambian trafficking victims have been identified in neighboring West African countries and the UK; boys in some Koranic schools are forced into street vending or begging",
      "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - The Gambia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has sustained its modest anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts, opening some investigations but failing to initiate any prosecutions or to formally identify any victims; a government program was launched providing resources and financial support to 12 Koranic schools on the condition that their students are not forced to beg (2013)"
    }
  }
}