factbook.json/africa/gh-ghana.json

{
  "intro": {
    "background": {
      "text": "Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a long series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS took over as head of state in early 2009, but he died in July 2012 and was succeeded by his vice president John Dramani MAHAMA, who subsequently won a December 2012 special presidential election."
    }
  },
  "geo": {
    "location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo"
    },
    "geographic_coordinates": {
      "text": "8 00 N, 2 00 W"
    },
    "map_references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "area": {
      "total": "238,533 sq km",
      "land": "227,533 sq km",
      "water": "11,000 sq km"
    },
    "area_comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Oregon"
    },
    "land_boundaries": {
      "total": "2,094 km",
      "border_countries": "Burkina Faso 549 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 km"
    },
    "coastline": {
      "text": "539 km"
    },
    "maritime_claims": {
      "territorial_sea": "12 nm",
      "contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
      "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
      "continental_shelf": "200 nm"
    },
    "climate": {
      "text": "tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north"
    },
    "terrain": {
      "text": "mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area"
    },
    "elevation_extremes": {
      "lowest_point": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m",
      "highest_point": "Mount Afadjato 885 m"
    },
    "natural_resources": {
      "text": "gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone"
    },
    "land_use": {
      "arable_land": "20.12%",
      "permanent_crops": "11.74%",
      "other": "68.14% (2011)"
    },
    "irrigated_land": {
      "text": "309 sq km (2003)"
    },
    "total_renewable_water_resources": {
      "text": "53.2 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
      "total": "0.98  cu km/yr (24%/10%/66%)",
      "per_capita": "48.82  cu m/yr (2000)"
    },
    "natural_hazards": {
      "text": "dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts"
    },
    "environment_current_issues": {
      "text": "recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water"
    },
    "environment_international_agreements": {
      "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
      "signed_but_not_ratified": "Marine Life Conservation"
    },
    "geography_note": {
      "text": "Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake by surface area (8,482 sq km; 3,275 sq mi)"
    }
  },
  "people": {
    "nationality": {
      "noun": "Ghanaian(s)",
      "adjective": "Ghanaian"
    },
    "ethnic_groups": {
      "text": "Akan 47.5%, Mole-Dagbon 16.6%, Ewe 13.9%, Ga-Dangme 7.4%, Gurma 5.7%, Guan 3.7%, Grusi 2.5%, Mande-Busanga 1.1%, other 1.6% (2010 census)"
    },
    "languages": {
      "text": "Asante 14.8%, Ewe 12.7%, Fante 9.9%, Boron (Brong) 4.6%, Dagomba 4.3%, Dangme 4.3%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.7%, Akyem 3.4%, Ga 3.4%, Akuapem 2.9%, other (includes English (official)) 36.1% (2000 census)"
    },
    "religions": {
      "text": "Christian 71.2% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 28.3%, Protestant 18.4%, Catholic 13.1%, other 11.4%), Muslim 17.6%, traditional 5.2%, other 0.8%, none 5.2% (2010 census)"
    },
    "population": {
      "text": "25,199,609 (July 2013 est.)",
      "note": "estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected"
    },
    "age_structure": {
      "0_14_years": "38.7% (male 4,902,094/female 4,858,630)",
      "15_24_years": "18.8% (male 2,360,293/female 2,382,573)",
      "25_54_years": "33.7% (male 4,120,921/female 4,363,889)",
      "55_64_years": "4.7% (male 577,431/female 610,716)",
      "65_years_and_over": "4.1% (male 476,297/female 546,765) (2013 est.)"
    },
    "dependency_ratios": {
      "total_dependency_ratio": "72.2 %",
      "youth_dependency_ratio": "66.2 %",
      "elderly_dependency_ratio": "6 %",
      "potential_support_ratio": "16.7 (2013)"
    },
    "median_age": {
      "total": "20.7 years",
      "male": "20.3 years",
      "female": "21.2 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "population_growth_rate": {
      "text": "2.19% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "birth_rate": {
      "text": "31.7 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "death_rate": {
      "text": "7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "net_migration_rate": {
      "text": "-2.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "urbanization": {
      "urban_population": "51.9% of total population (2011)",
      "rate_of_urbanization": "3.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
    },
    "major_urban_areas_population": {
      "text": "ACCRA (capital) 2.269 million; Kumasi 1.773 million (2009)"
    },
    "sex_ratio": {
      "at_birth": "1.03 male(s)/female",
      "0_14_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
      "15_24_years": "0.99 male(s)/female",
      "25_54_years": "0.95 male(s)/female",
      "55_64_years": "0.95 male(s)/female",
      "65_years_and_over": "0.88 male(s)/female",
      "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
    },
    "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
      "text": "21.8",
      "note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008 est.)"
    },
    "maternal_mortality_rate": {
      "text": "350 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
    },
    "infant_mortality_rate": {
      "total": "39.7 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "male": "43.8 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "female": "35.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
    },
    "life_expectancy_at_birth": {
      "total_population": "65.32 years",
      "male": "62.99 years",
      "female": "67.71 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "total_fertility_rate": {
      "text": "4.12 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
    },
    "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "23.5% (2008)"
    },
    "health_expenditures": {
      "text": "5.2% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "physicians_density": {
      "text": "0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
    },
    "hospital_bed_density": {
      "text": "0.9 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "drinking_water_source": {
      "improved": "urban: 91% of population; rural: 80% of population; total: 86% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 9% of population; rural: 20% of population; total: 14% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "sanitation_facility_access": {
      "improved": "urban: 19% of population; rural: 8% of population; total: 14% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 81% of population; rural: 92% of population; total: 86% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "1.8% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
      "text": "260,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_deaths": {
      "text": "18,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "major_infectious_diseases": {
      "degree_of_risk": "very high",
      "food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
      "vectorborne_diseases": "malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever",
      "water_contact_disease": "schistosomiasis",
      "respiratory_disease": "meningococcal meningitis",
      "animal_contact_disease": "rabies",
      "note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds\r\n (2013)"
    },
    "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "7.5% (2008)"
    },
    "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
      "text": "14.3% (2008)"
    },
    "education_expenditures": {
      "text": "8.2% of GDP (2011)"
    },
    "literacy": {
      "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
      "total_population": "71.5%",
      "male": "78.3%",
      "female": "65.3% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
      "total": "12 years",
      "male": "12 years",
      "female": "11 years (2012)"
    },
    "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
      "total_number": "1,806,750",
      "percentage": "34 % (2006 est.)"
    },
    "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
      "total": "16.6%",
      "male": "16.4%",
      "female": "16.7% (2000)"
    }
  },
  "govt": {
    "country_name": {
      "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Ghana",
      "conventional_short_form": "Ghana",
      "former": "Gold Coast"
    },
    "government_type": {
      "text": "constitutional democracy"
    },
    "capital": {
      "name": "Accra",
      "geographic_coordinates": "5 33 N, 0 13 W",
      "time_difference": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
    },
    "administrative_divisions": {
      "text": "10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western"
    },
    "independence": {
      "text": "6 March 1957 (from the UK)"
    },
    "national_holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 6 March (1957)"
    },
    "constitution": {
      "text": "approved 28 April 1992"
    },
    "legal_system": {
      "text": "mixed system of English common law and customary law"
    },
    "international_law_organization_participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "executive_branch": {
      "chief_of_state": "President John Dramani MAHAMA (since 24 July 2012); Vice President Kwesi Bekoe AMISSAH-ARTHUR (since 6 August 2012); note - President MAHAMA assumed office due to the death of former president John Atta MILLS and subsequently won the December 2012 presidential election; the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
      "head_of_government": "President John Dramani MAHAMA (since 24 July 2012); Vice President Kwesi Bekoe AMISSAH-ARTHUR (since 6 August 2012); note - President MAHAMA assumed office due to the death of former president John Atta MILLS and subsequently won the December 2012 presidential election",
      "cabinet": "Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to approval by Parliament",
      "elections": "president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 December 2012 (next to be held in December 2016)",
      "election_results": "John Dramani MAHAMA elected president; percent of vote - John Dramani MAHAMA 50.7%, Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO 47.7%, other 1.6%"
    },
    "legislative_branch": {
      "text": "unicameral Parliament (275 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote in single-seat constituencies to serve four-year terms)",
      "elections": "last held on 7 and 8 December 2012 (next to be held in December 2016)",
      "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NPP 47.5%, NDC 46.4%, PNC 0.6%, independent 2.5%, other 3.0%; seats by party - NDC 151, NPP 120, PNC 1, independent 3"
    },
    "judicial_branch": {
      "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 12 justices)",
      "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State (a small advisory body of prominent citizens) and with the approval of Parliament; other justices appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Council (an 18-member independent body of judicial, military and police officials, and presidential nominees) and on the advice of the Council of State; justices can retire at age 60, with compulsory retirement at age 70",
      "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal; High Court; Circuit Court; District Court; regional tribunals"
    },
    "political_parties_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Convention People's Party or CPP [Samia NKRUMAH]; Democratic Freedom Party or DFP [Obed Yao ASAMOAH]; Democratic People’s Party or DPP [T.N. WARD BREW]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Henry GIDI]; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [vacant]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Kwabena ADJEI]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Nii Armah JOSIAH-AYEH]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Jake OBETSEBI-LAMPEY]; People's National Convention or PNC [Alhaji Amed RAMADAN]; National Reform Party [Peter KPORDUGBE]; United Renaissance Party or URP [Kofi WAYO]"
    },
    "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Christian Aid (water rights); Committee for Joint Action or CJA (education reform); National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water or CAP (water rights); Oxfam (water rights); Public Citizen (water rights); Students Coalition Against EPA [Kwabena Ososukene OKAI] (education reform); Third World Network (education reform)"
    },
    "international_organization_participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Daniel Ohene AGYEKUM",
      "chancery": "3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008",
      "telephone": "[1] (202) 686-4520",
      "fax": "[1] (202) 686-4527",
      "consulates_general": "New York"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Gene CRETZ",
      "embassy": "24 Fourth Circular Rd., Cantonments, Accra",
      "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 194, Accra",
      "telephone": "[233] 30-2741-000",
      "fax": "[233] 30-2741-389"
    },
    "flag_description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom",
      "note": "uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band"
    },
    "national_symbols": {
      "text": "black star; golden eagle"
    },
    "national_anthem": {
      "name": "\"God Bless Our Homeland Ghana\"",
      "lyrics_music": "unknown/Philip GBEHO",
      "note": "music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, once when a republic was declared in 1960 and again after a 1966 coup"
    }
  },
  "econ": {
    "economy_overview": {
      "text": "Ghana's economy has been strengthened by a quarter century of relatively sound management, a competitive business environment, and sustained reductions in poverty levels. Ghana is well endowed with natural resources and agriculture accounts for roughly one-quarter of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. The services sector accounts for 50% of GDP. Gold and cocoa production and individual remittances are major sources of foreign exchange. Oil production at Ghana's offshore Jubilee field began in mid-December, 2010, and is expected to boost economic growth. President MAHAMA faces challenges in managing new oil revenue while maintaining fiscal discipline and resisting debt accumulation. Estimated oil reserves have jumped to almost 700 million barrels. Ghana signed a Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact in 2006, which aims to assist in transforming Ghana''s agricultural sector. Ghana opted for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) program in 2002, and is also benefiting from the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative that took effect in 2006. In 2009 Ghana signed a three-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF to improve macroeconomic stability, private sector competitiveness, human resource development, and good governance and civic responsibility. Sound macro-economic management along with higher prices for oil, gold and, cocoa helped sustain high GDP growth in 2008-12, despite the general slowdown in the global economy during that same time period."
    },
    "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
      "text": "$83.74 billion (2012 est.); $78.28 billion (2011 est.); $68.43 billion (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
      "text": "$38.94 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_real_growth_rate": {
      "text": "7% (2012 est.); 14.4% (2011 est.); 8% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
      "text": "$3,400 (2012 est.); $3,200 (2011 est.); $2,900 (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gross_national_saving": {
      "text": "18.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 17.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 17.2% of GDP (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
      "household_consumption": "60.9%",
      "government_consumption": "13.6%",
      "investment_in_fixed_capital": "29%",
      "investment_in_inventories": "6.9%",
      "exports_of_goods_and_services": "45.9%",
      "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-56.2% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
      "agriculture": "22.7%",
      "industry": "27.3%",
      "services": "50% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "agriculture_products": {
      "text": "cocoa, rice, cassava (manioc), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber"
    },
    "industries": {
      "text": "mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building"
    },
    "industrial_production_growth_rate": {
      "text": "7% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force": {
      "text": "11.79 million (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force_by_occupation": {
      "agriculture": "56%",
      "industry": "15%",
      "services": "29% (2005 est.)"
    },
    "unemployment_rate": {
      "text": "11% (2000 est.)"
    },
    "population_below_poverty_line": {
      "text": "28.5% (2007 est.)"
    },
    "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
      "lowest_10%": "2%",
      "highest_10%": "32.8% (2006)"
    },
    "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
      "text": "39.4 (2005-06); 40.7 (1999)"
    },
    "budget": {
      "revenues": "$9.282 billion",
      "expenditures": "$14.13 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "taxes_and_other_revenues": {
      "text": "23.8% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
      "text": "-12.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "public_debt": {
      "text": "49.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 41.8% of GDP (2011 est.)"
    },
    "fiscal_year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
      "text": "9.2% (2012 est.); 8.7% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "central_bank_discount_rate": {
      "text": "18% (31 December 2009); 17% (31 December 2008)"
    },
    "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
      "text": "22.2% (31 December 2012 est.); 18.2% (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_narrow_money": {
      "text": "$5.771 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.925 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_broad_money": {
      "text": "$11.56 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $11.79 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_domestic_credit": {
      "text": "$12.45 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
      "text": "$3.097 billion (31 December 2011); $3.531 billion (31 December 2010); $2.508 billion (31 December 2009)"
    },
    "current_account_balance": {
      "text": "-$4.559 billion (2012 est.); -$3.675 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports": {
      "text": "$13.73 billion (2012 est.); $12.79 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports_commodities": {
      "text": "oil, gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, horticultural products"
    },
    "exports_partners": {
      "text": "France 13.3%, Italy 12.1%, Netherlands 8.7%, China 7.2%, Germany 4.2% (2012)"
    },
    "imports": {
      "text": "$17.56 billion (2012 est.); $15.84 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "imports_commodities": {
      "text": "capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs"
    },
    "imports_partners": {
      "text": "China 25.8%, Nigeria 10.9%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.3%, Singapore 4.5%, UK 4.1%, India 4% (2012)"
    },
    "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
      "text": "$5.705 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.805 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "debt_external": {
      "text": "$12.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $11.29 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "exchange_rates": {
      "text": "cedis (GHC) per US dollar -; 1.796 (2012 est.); 1.512 (2011 est.); 1.431 (2010 est.); 1.409 (2009); 1.1 (2008)"
    }
  },
  "energy": {
    "electricity_production": {
      "text": "8.764 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_consumption": {
      "text": "6.122 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_exports": {
      "text": "752 million kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_imports": {
      "text": "198 million kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
      "text": "1.985 million kW (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
      "text": "40.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
      "text": "59.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_production": {
      "text": "72,580 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_exports": {
      "text": "14,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_imports": {
      "text": "43,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "660 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_production": {
      "text": "27,260 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
      "text": "61,590 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
      "text": "7,275 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
      "text": "24,390 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_consumption": {
      "text": "120 million cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_imports": {
      "text": "120 million cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "22.65 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
      "text": "10.58 million Mt (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "comm": {
    "telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
      "text": "284,700 (2011)"
    },
    "telephones_mobile_cellular": {
      "text": "21.166 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephone_system": {
      "general_assessment": "primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed; outdated and unreliable fixed-line infrastructure heavily concentrated in Accra",
      "domestic": "competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of more than 80 per 100 persons and rising",
      "international": "country code - 233; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC, Main One, and GLO-1 fiber-optic submarine cables that provide connectivity to South Africa, Europe, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors (2009)"
    },
    "broadcast_media": {
      "text": "state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately owned TV stations and a large number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable (2007)"
    },
    "internet_country_code": {
      "text": ".gh"
    },
    "internet_hosts": {
      "text": "59,086 (2012)"
    },
    "internet_users": {
      "text": "1.297 million (2009)"
    }
  },
  "trans": {
    "airports": {
      "text": "10 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_paved_runways": {
      "total": "7",
      "over_3_047_m": "1",
      "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1",
      "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "2 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
      "total": "3",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "3 (2013)"
    },
    "pipelines": {
      "text": "gas 394 km; oil 20 km; refined products 361 km (2013)"
    },
    "railways": {
      "total": "947 km",
      "narrow_gauge": "947 km 1.067-m gauge (2008)"
    },
    "roadways": {
      "total": "109,515 km",
      "paved": "13,787 km",
      "unpaved": "95,728 km (2009)"
    },
    "waterways": {
      "text": "1,293 km (168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta) (2011)"
    },
    "merchant_marine": {
      "total": "4",
      "by_type": "petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 3",
      "foreign_owned": "2 (Brazil 1, South Korea 1) (2010)"
    },
    "ports_and_terminals": {
      "major_seaports": "Takoradi, Tema"
    }
  },
  "military": {
    "military_branches": {
      "text": "Ghana Army, Ghana Navy, Ghana Air Force (2012)"
    },
    "military_service_age_and_obligation": {
      "text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription; must be HIV/AIDS negative (2012)"
    },
    "manpower_available_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "6,268,191",
      "females_age_16_49": "6,194,339 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "4,136,406",
      "females_age_16_49": "4,220,761 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
      "male": "267,896",
      "female": "260,992 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "military_expenditures": {
      "text": "1.7% of GDP (2009)"
    }
  },
  "issues": {
    "disputes_international": {
      "text": "disputed maritime border between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire"
    },
    "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
      "refugees_country_of_origin": "5,156 (Liberia) (2012); 8,532 (Cote d'Ivoire; flight from 2010 post-election fighting) (2013)"
    },
    "illicit_drugs": {
      "text": "illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and cannabis use"
    }
  }
}