factbook.json/africa/sg.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Senegal is one of the few countries in the world with evidence of continuous human life from the Paleolithic period to present. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, the Jolof Empire ruled most of Senegal. Starting in the 15th century, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain traded along the Senegalese coast. Senegal’s location on the western tip of Africa made it a favorable base for the European slave trade. European powers used the Senegalese island of Goree as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland, and at the height of the slave trade in Senegal, over one-third of the Senegalese population was enslaved. In 1815, France abolished slavery and began expanding inland. During the second half of the 19th century, France took possession of Senegal as a French colony. In 1959, the French colonies of Senegal and French Sudan were merged and granted independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. The union broke up after only a few months. In 1982, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never implemented, and the union dissolved in 1989.<br><br>Since the 1980s, the Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance - a separatist movement based in southern Senegal - has led a low-level insurgency. Several attempts at reaching a comprehensive peace agreement have failed. Since 2012, despite sporadic incidents of violence, an unofficial cease-fire has remained largely in effect. Senegal is one of the most stable democracies in Africa and has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping and regional mediation. The Socialist Party of Senegal ruled for 40 years until Abdoulaye WADE was elected president in 2000 and re-elected in 2007. WADE amended Senegal's constitution over a dozen times to increase executive power and weaken the opposition. In 2012, WADE’s decision to run for a third presidential term sparked public backlash that led to his defeat to current President Macky SALL. A 2016 constitutional referendum limited future presidents to two consecutive five-year terms. SALL announced in July 2023 that he would not seek another term in office, and will conclude his tenure in April 2024. "
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "14 00 N, 14 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "196,722 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "192,530 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "4,192 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than South Dakota; slightly larger than twice the size of Indiana"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,684 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "The Gambia 749 km; Guinea 363 km; Guinea-Bissau 341 km; Mali 489 km; Mauritania 742 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "531 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "unnamed elevation 2.8 km southeast of Nepen Diaka 648 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "69 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish, phosphates, iron ore"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "46.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 17.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "9.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,200 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Senegal (shared with Guinea [s], Mali, and Mauritania [m] ) - 1,641 km; Gambie (Gambia) (shared with Guinea [s] and The Gambia [m]) - 1,094 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Senegal (456,397 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "18,384,660 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Senegalese (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Senegalese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Wolof 39.7%, Pulaar 27.5%, Sereer 16%, Mandinka 4.9%, Jola 4.2%, Soninke 2.4%, other 5.4% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent) (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka, Serer, Soninke"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 97.2% (most adhere to one of the four main Sufi brotherhoods), Christian 2.7% (mostly Roman Catholic) (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Senegal has a large and growing youth population but has not been successful in developing its potential human capital. Senegal’s high total fertility rate of almost 4.5 children per woman continues to bolster the country’s large youth cohort – more than 60% of the population is under the age of 25. Fertility remains high because of the continued desire for large families, the low use of family planning, and early childbearing. Because of the country’s high illiteracy rate (more than 40%), high unemployment (even among university graduates), and widespread poverty, Senegalese youths face dim prospects; women are especially disadvantaged.</p> <p>Senegal historically was a destination country for economic migrants, but in recent years West African migrants more often use Senegal as a transit point to North Africa – and sometimes illegally onward to Europe. The country also has been host to several thousand black Mauritanian refugees since they were expelled from their homeland during its 1989 border conflict with Senegal. The country’s economic crisis in the 1970s stimulated emigration; departures accelerated in the 1990s. Destinations shifted from neighboring countries, which were experiencing economic decline, civil wars, and increasing xenophobia, to Libya and Mauritania because of their booming oil industries and to developed countries (most notably former colonial ruler France, as well as Italy and Spain). The latter became attractive in the 1990s because of job opportunities and their periodic regularization programs (legalizing the status of illegal migrants).</p> <p> </p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "41.19% (male 3,858,937/female 3,714,062)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "55.46% (male 4,925,324/female 5,271,627)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.34% (2023 est.) (male 266,485/female 348,225)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "81.5"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "75.8"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.7"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "17.4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19 years (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19.8 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.52% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "30.8 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "49.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "3.340 million DAKAR (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "21.9 years (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "261 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "35.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "70.3 years (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "68.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "72.1 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.17 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.03 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "26.9% (2019)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 95.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 79.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 87.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 4.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 20.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 12.7% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.2% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 94.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 55.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 74.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 5.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 44.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 25.9% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and sexually transmitted diseases: hepatitis B (2024)"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "respiratory diseases": {
        "text": "meningococcal meningitis"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.8% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "0.7% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "14.4% (2019)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "65.3% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "8.8%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "30.5%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "0.7% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "56.3%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "68.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "45.4% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10 years (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; periodic droughts; seasonal flooding; overfishing; weak environmental protective laws; wildlife populations threatened by poaching"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "46.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 17.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "9.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "49.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "severe localized food insecurity": {
        "text": "<em>due to localized shortfalls in cereal production and reduced incomes - </em>the latest analysis indicates that about 1.26 million people are projected to be acutely food insecure during the June to August 2023 lean season; this would be a significant deterioration compared to the previous year; the main drivers of acute food insecurity are macroeconomic challenges and high prices of basic food items (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "1.46% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "38.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "10.9 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "11.74 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2,454,059 tons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Senegal (shared with Guinea [s], Mali, and Mauritania [m] ) - 1,641 km; Gambie (Gambia) (shared with Guinea [s] and The Gambia [m]) - 1,094 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Senegal (456,397 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "260 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "2.76 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "38.97 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Senegal"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Senegal"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republique du S&eacute;n&eacute;gal&nbsp;"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "S&eacute;n&eacute;gal"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Senegambia (along with The Gambia), Mali Federation"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named for the Senegal River that forms the northern border of the country; many theories exist for the origin of the river name; perhaps the most widely cited derives the name from \"Azenegue,\" the Portuguese appellation for the Berber Zenaga people who lived north of the river"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Dakar"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "14 44 N, 17 38 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, D.C., during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the Atlantic coast trading settlement of Ndakaaru came to be called \"Dakar\" by French colonialists"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "14 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, K&eacute;edougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 4 April (1960)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1959 (pre-independence), 1963; latest adopted by referendum 7 January 2001, promulgated 22 January 2001"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic&nbsp;or by the National Assembly; passage requires Assembly approval and approval in a referendum; the president can bypass a referendum and submit an amendment directly to the Assembly, which requires at least three-fifths majority vote; the republican form of government is not amendable; amended several times, last in 2019"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system based on French law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Council"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Senegal"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no, but Senegalese citizens do not automatically lose their citizenship if they acquire citizenship in another state"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Bassirou Diomaye FAYE (since 2 April 2024)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Ousmane SONKO (since 2 April 2024)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single, renewable 5-year term; election last held on 24 March 2024 (next to be held in 2029)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2024:</em> Bassirou Diomaye FAYE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Bassirou Diomaye FAYE (PASTEF) 54%, Amadou BA (APR) 36%, other 10%<br><em><em><br>2019:</em></em> Macky SALL reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Macky SALL (APR) 58.3%, Idrissa SECK (Rewmi) 20.5%, Ousmane SONKO (PASTEF) 15.7%, other 5.5% <p> </p>"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Assembl&eacute;e Nationale (165 seats; 112 members including 15 representing Senegalese diaspora directly elected by plurality vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies and 53 members directly elected by proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency; member term is 5-years)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 31 July 2022 (next scheduled to be held in July 2027)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - BBY 46.6%, YAW 32.9%, WS 14.5%, other 6%; seats by party/coalition - BBY 82, YAW 42, WS 24, other 17; composition - men 92, women 73, percent of women 44%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or <em>Cour Suprême  </em>(consists of the court president and 12 judges and organized into civil and commercial, criminal, administrative, and social chambers); Constitutional Council or <em>Conseil Constitutionnel </em> (consists of 7 members, including the court president, vice president, and 5 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon recommendation of the Superior Council of the Magistrates, a body chaired by the president and minister of justice; judge tenure varies, with mandatory retirement either at 65 or 68 years; Constitutional Council members appointed - 5 by the president and 2 by the National Assembly speaker; judges serve 6-year terms, with renewal of 2 members every 2 years"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "High Court of Justice (for crimes of high treason by the president); Courts of Appeal; Court of Auditors; assize courts; regional and district courts; Labor Court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance for Citizenship and Work or ACT [Abdoul MBAYE]<br>Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar or APR [Macky SALL]<br>Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]<br>AND (National Alliance for Democracy) [Aissatou MBODJ]<br>And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Landing SAVANE]<br>ARC (Alternative for the next generation of citizens) [Anta Babacar NGOM] <br>Awalé [Abdourahmane DIOUF] <br>Benno Bokk Yakaar or BBY (United in Hope) [vacant] (coalition includes AFP, APR, BGC, LD-MPT, PIT, PS, and UNP)<br>Bokk Gis Gis coalition [Pape DIOP]<br>Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk [Mansour Sy DJAMIL]<br>Coalition Mimi 2024 [Aminata TOURE]<br>Dare the Future movement [Aissata Tall SALL]<br>Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Mamadou NDOYE]<br>Democratic Renaissance Congress [NA]<br>Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE]<br>Gainde Centrist Bloc or BCG [Jean-Paul DIAS MENDES ]<br>General Alliance for the Interests of the Republic or AGIR [Thierno BOCOUM]<br>Grand Party or GP [Malick GAKOU]<br>Gueum sa Bopp (Believe in yourself) [Bougane Dany GUEYE]<br>Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Maguette THIAM]<br>Jotna Coalition [Dr Abdoulaye NIANE]<br>Liberate the People (Yewwi Askan Wi) or YAW [Ousmane SONKO, Déthié FALL, Cheikh Tidiane YOUM]<br>Madicke 2019 coalition [Madicke NIANG]<br>National Union for the People or UNP [Abdoul MBAYE]<br>Only Senegal Movement [Pierre Goudiaby ATEPA]<br>Party for Truth and Development or PVD [Cheikh Ahmadou Kara MBAKE]<br>Party of Unity and Rally or PUR [Cheikh Mouhamadou Moustapha SY]<br>Patriotic Convergence Kaddu Askan Wi or CP-Kaddu Askan Wi [Abdoulaye BALDE]<br>PRP (Republican party for Progress) [Déthié FALL]<br>Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK]<br>Save Senegal (Wallu Senegal Grand Coalition) or WS [Karim WADE] (coalition includes PDS, Jotna Coalition, Democratic Renaissance Congress)<br>Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Karim WADE]<br>Socialist Party or PS [vacant]<br>Tekki Movement [Mamadou Lamine DIALLO]<br>Réewum Ngor (Republic of Values) [Thierno Alassane SALL]<br>Servants (Les Serviteurs) [Pape Djibril FALL]<br><br><br><br>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, CPLP (associate), ECOWAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Mansour Elimane KANE (since 6 January 2020)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2215 M ST NW, Washington, D.C. 20037"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 234-0540"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 332-6315; [1] (202) 629-2961"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>contact@ambasenegal-us.org<br><br>http://www.ambasenegal-us.org/index.php"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Houston, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Michael RAYNOR (since 10 March 2022); note - also accredited to Guinea-Bissau"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Route des Almadies, Dakar"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2130 Dakar Place, Washington D.C.&nbsp; 20521-2130"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[221] 33-879-4000"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>DakarACS@state.gov<br><br>https://sn.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: green, yellow, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons\" (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Leopold Sedar SENGHOR/Herbert PEPPER"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960; lyrics written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem sometimes played incorporating the Koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and Balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "7 (5 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Island of Gor&eacute;e (c); Niokolo-Koba National Park (n); Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary (n); Island of Saint-Louis (c); Stone Circles of Senegambia (c); Saloum Delta (c); Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula, and Bedik Cultural Landscapes (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "lower middle-income, services-driven West African economy; key mining, construction, agriculture, and fishing industries; tourism and exports hit hard by COVID-19; large informal economy; developing offshore oil and gas fields; systemic corruption"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$61.727 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$59.265 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$55.627 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: data in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "4.15% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "6.54% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "1.34% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$3,600 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$3,500 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$3,400 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: data in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$27.684 billion (2022 est.)",
      "note": "note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "9.7% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "2.18% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "2.54% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Ba3 (2017)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B+ (2000)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "16.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "24.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "58.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "71.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "15.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "25.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "3.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "27% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-42.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "groundnuts, watermelons, rice, sugar cane, cassava, millet, maize, onions, sorghum, vegetables"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, zircon, and gold mining, construction materials, ship construction and repair"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "1.14% (2022 est.)",
      "note": "note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "5.124 million (2022 est.)",
      "note": "note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.01% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.32% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "3.34% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.5%"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "46.7% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
        "text": "38.3 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "30.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "9.03% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "11.23% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2020": {
        "text": "10.63% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$4.76 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$5.662 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-3.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "48.3% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "47.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "18.66% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$3.327 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$2.662 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$1.898 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$6.78 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$5.063 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$5.836 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Mali 22%, Switzerland 14%, India 9%, China 7% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, refined petroleum, phosphoric acid, fish, ground nuts (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$12.278 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$9.627 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$9.17 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 17%, France 11%, Belgium 7%, Russia 7%, Netherlands 7% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, rice, cars, malt extract, clothing and apparel (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$1.827 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$116.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$8.571 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$6.327 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "623.76 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "554.531 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "575.586 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "585.911 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "555.446 (2018 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "population without electricity": {
        "text": "5 million (2020)"
      },
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "67.9% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "93.9% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "43.4% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "1.312 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "4,735,980,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "324 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "764 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "84.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "6.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "2.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "894,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "894,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "57,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "20,500 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "17,590 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "4,063 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "32,050 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "60.003 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "60.003 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "10.696 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.955 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "8.64 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "101,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "9.221 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "297,046 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "20,854,830 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "120 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Senegal&rsquo;s telecom market continues to show steady growth in all sectors; this has been supported by the particular demands made on consumers during the pandemic, which resulted in a particularly strong increase in the number of subscribers; the mobile subscriber base increased 6.7% in 2020, year-on-year, and by 4.1% in 2021, while the number of fixed broadband subscribers increased 17.5% year-on-year in 2021; mobile internet platforms account for the vast majority of all internet accesses; quality of service issues continue to plague the market, with the regulator periodically issuing fines to the market players (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 2 per 100 and mobile-cellular 118 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 221; landing points for the ACE, Atlantis-2, MainOne and SAT-3/WASC submarine cables providing connectivity from South Africa, numerous western African countries, Europe and South America;&nbsp;satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "Senegal&rsquo;s media environment includes over 25 private television stations, hundreds of radio stations, and more than 45 newspapers. &nbsp;State-run Radiodiffusion Television Senegalaise (RTS) broadcasts from five cities in Senegal and a wide range of independent TV programming is available via satellite; transmissions of several international broadcasters are accessible on FM in Dakar"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".sn"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.86 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "58% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "153,813 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "11"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "21,038 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "40,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "6V"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "19 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "43 km gas, 8 km refined products (2017)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "906 km (2017) (713 km operational in 2017)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "906 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16,665 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "6,126 km (includes 241 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "10,539 km (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,000 km (2012) (primarily on the Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance Rivers)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 1, other 30"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Dakar"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Senegalese Armed Forces (les Forces Armées Sénégalaises, FAS): Army (l’Armée de Terre, AT), Senegalese National Navy (Marine Séenéegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (l'Arméee de l'Air du Séenéegal, AAS), National Gendarmerie (includes Territorial and Mobile components)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: National Police (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Police operates in major cities, while the Gendarmerie under the FAS primarily operates outside urban areas; both services have specialized anti-terrorism units"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 27,000 active personnel (15,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air Force; 16,000 National Gendarmerie); 15,000 National Police (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FAS inventory includes mostly older or secondhand equipment from a variety of countries, including France, South Africa, and Russia/former Soviet Union; in recent years, the FAS has undertaken a modernization program and has received small amounts of newer equipment from more than 10 countries, with France as the leading supplier (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 20 years of age for selective compulsory service for men and possibly women; 24-month service obligation (2023)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "<p>200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 800 (ECOWAS Military Intervention in The Gambia--ECOMIG); 500 (ECOWAS Stabilization Support Mission in Guinea-Bissau--EESMGB); note - Senegal also has up to 1,000 police deployed to UN peacekeeping missions in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA)and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)</p> (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "despite limited resources, the FAS is considered to be a well-equipped, experienced, and effective military; it has a history of non-interference in the country’s political process and positive relations with civil authorities; the FAS is experienced in foreign deployments and has received assistance from the French military, which maintains a presence in Senegal, as well as Germany, Spain, the UK, and the US; the FAS’s primary focuses are border, internal, and maritime security; it is closely watching the prevalence of multiple active terrorist groups across the region and political instability in neighboring Mali and Guinea and has recently established new military and gendarmerie camps along its eastern border with Mali; the FAS also works with the government in areas such as preventive healthcare, infrastructure development, environmental protection, and disaster response<br><br>the Army is spread amongst seven military zones and organized into a mix of light infantry battalions and light armored reconnaissance squadrons, as well as airborne, special operations, and artillery battalions; the Gendarmerie includes mobile units, as well as the Presidential Guard (aka “The Red Guard”); the Navy is a small force of coastal patrol craft; in recent years it has acquired some modern platforms from France and Israel, including two offshore patrol vessels, to improve the Navy’s ability to patrol Senegal’s coastline and economic exclusion zone, conduct fisheries inspections, counter drug trafficking, and combat piracy; the Air Force is configured for supporting the ground forces and has a small number of light attack aircraft and helicopter gunships, as well as transport and reconnaissance aircraft<br><br>Senegalese security forces have been engaged in a low-level counterinsurgency campaign in the southern Casamance region against various factions of the separatist Movement of Democratic Forces of the Casamance (MDFC) since 1982; the conflict is one of longest running low-level insurgencies in the World, having claimed more than 5,000 lives while leaving another 60,000 displaced; in May 2023, a faction of the MFDC agreed to a peace deal (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Jama&rsquo;at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Senegal-Guinea-Bissau</em>: rebels from the Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance find refuge in Guinea-Bissau</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "11,518 (Mauritania) (2023)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "8,400 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a transit point on the cocaine route from South America to Europe; large production of cannabis in southern Casamance region; the high domestic use of cannabis, ecstasy, and to a lesser extent crack cocaine</p>"
    }
  }
}