factbook.json/south-america/ns.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. The Netherlands granted the colony independence in 1975. Five years later the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared Suriname a socialist republic. It continued to exert control through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic election. In 1990, the military overthrew the civilian leadership, but a democratically elected government - a four-party coalition - returned to power in 1991. The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military leader Desire BOUTERSE and his opposition coalition to power. President BOUTERSE was reelected unopposed in 2015."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French Guiana and Guyana"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "4 00 N, 56 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "South America"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "163,820 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "156,000 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "7,820 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than Georgia"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,907 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Brazil 515 km; French Guiana 556 km; Guyana 836 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "386 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Juliana Top 1,230 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "246 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "94.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "570 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population concentrated along the nothern coastal strip; the remainder of the country is sparsely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "flooding"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "smallest independent country on South American continent; mostly tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna that, for the most part, is increasingly threatened by new development; relatively small population, mostly along the coast"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "614,749 (July 2021 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Surinamer(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Surinamese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Hindustani (also known locally as \"East Indians\"; their ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the 19th century) 27.4%, Maroon (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 21.7%, Creole (mixed White and Black) 15.7%, Javanese 13.7%, mixed 13.4%, other 7.6%, unspecified 0.6% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is the native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Het Wereld Feitenboek, een omnisbare bron van informatie. (Dutch)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Protestant 23.6% (includes Evangelical 11.2%, Moravian 11.2%, Reformed .7%, Lutheran .5%), Hindu 22.3%, Roman Catholic 21.6%, Muslim 13.8%, other Christian 3.2%, Winti 1.8%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 1.7%, none 7.5%, unspecified 3.2% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Suriname is a pluralistic society consisting primarily of Creoles (persons of mixed African and European heritage), the descendants of escaped African slaves known as Maroons, and the descendants of Indian and Javanese (Indonesian) contract workers. The country overall is in full, post-industrial demographic transition, with a low fertility rate, a moderate mortality rate, and a rising life expectancy. However, the Maroon population of the rural interior lags behind because of lower educational attainment and contraceptive use, higher malnutrition, and significantly less access to electricity, potable water, sanitation, infrastructure, and health care.</p><p>Some 350,000 people of Surinamese descent live in the Netherlands, Suriname's former colonial ruler. In the 19th century, better-educated, largely Dutch-speaking Surinamese began emigrating to the Netherlands. World War II interrupted the outflow, but it resumed after the war when Dutch labor demands grew - emigrants included all segments of the Creole population. Suriname still is strongly influenced by the Netherlands because most Surinamese have relatives living there and it is the largest supplier of development aid. Other emigration destinations include French Guiana and the United States. Suriname's immigration rules are flexible, and the country is easy to enter illegally because rainforests obscure its borders. Since the mid-1980s, Brazilians have settled in Suriname's capital, Paramaribo, or eastern Suriname, where they mine gold. This immigration is likely to slowly re-orient Suriname toward its Latin American roots.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "23.38% (male 72,642/female 69,899)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "17.2% (male 53,427/female 51,438)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "44.09% (male 136,889/female 131,868)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "8.78% (male 26,435/female 27,066)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "6.55% (male 17,437/female 22,468) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "51.1"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "40.3"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "10.8"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "9.3 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "31.4 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.91% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "15.38 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.59 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population concentrated along the nothern coastal strip; the remainder of the country is sparsely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "66.3% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "239,000 PARAMARIBO (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "120 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.72 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "73.57 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71.09 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "76.16 years (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.85 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "39.1% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 98.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 1.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.9% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "9.7% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "1.21 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "3 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 91.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 96% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 8.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "1.1% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "5,200 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "<200 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "dengue fever and malaria"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "26.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "6.7% (2018)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "7.2% of GDP (2019)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "94.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "96.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "92.7% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "39.9% (2016 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by small-scale mining activities"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "23.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "1.74 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "2.28 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "94.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "66.3% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "2.36% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "dengue fever and malaria"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "78,620 tons (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "49.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "135.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "431.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "99 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Suriname"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Suriname"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republiek Suriname"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Suriname"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Netherlands Guiana, Dutch Guiana"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name may derive from the indigenous \"Surinen\" people who inhabited the area at the time of European contact"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Paramaribo"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "5 50 N, 55 10 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name may be the corruption of a Carib (Kalina) village or tribe named Parmirbo"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "25 November 1975 (from the Netherlands)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 25 November (1975)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1975; latest ratified 30 September 1987, effective 30 October 1987"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership; amended 1992"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by Dutch civil law; note - a new criminal code was enacted in 2017"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Suriname"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Chandrikapersad SANTOKHI (since 16 July 2020); Vice President Ronnie BRUNSWIJK (since 16 July 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Chandrikapersad SANTOKHI (since 16 July 2020); Vice President Ronnie BRUNSWIJK (since 16 July 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly; president and vice president serve a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 13 July 2020 (next to be held in May 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Chandrikapersad SANTOKHI elected president unopposed; National Assembly vote - NA"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Nationale Assemblee (51 seats; members directly elected in 10 multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method to serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 25 May 2020 (next to be held in May 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - VHP 41.1%, NDP 29.4%, ABOP 17.6%, NPS 7.8%, other 3.9%; seats by party - VHP 21, NDP 15, ABOP 9, NPS 4, other 2; composition - men 35, women 16, percent of women 31.4%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "High Court of Justice of Suriname (consists of the court president, vice president, and 4 judges); note - appeals beyond the High Court are referred to the Caribbean Court of Justice; human rights violations can be appealed to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights with judgments issued by the Inter-American Court on Human Rights"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "court judges appointed by the national president in consultation with the National Assembly, the State Advisory Council, and the Order of Private Attorneys; judges serve for life"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "cantonal courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alternative Combination or A-Com (coalition includes ABOP, KTPI, Party for Democracy and Development)<br>Brotherhood and Unity in Politics or BEP [Ronnie ASABINA]<br>Democratic Alternative '91 or DA91 [Angelique DEL CASTILLO]<br>General Liberation and Development Party or ABOP [Ronnie BRUNSWIJK}<br>National Democratic Party or NDP [Desire Delano BOUTERSE]<br>National Party of Suriname or NPS [Gregory RUSLAND]<br>Party for Democracy and Development in Unity or DOE [Carl BREEVELD]<br>Party for National Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA]<br>People's Alliance (Pertjaja Luhur) or PL [Paul SOMOHARDJO]<br>Progressive Workers' and Farmers' Union or PALU [Jim HOK]<br>Progressive Reform Party or VHP [Chandrikapersad SANTOKHI]<br>Reform and Renewal Movement or HVB [Raymond SAPOEN]<br>Surinamese Labor Party or SPA [Guno CASTELEN]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AOSIS, Caricom, CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Niermala Sakoentala BADRISING (since 21 July 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 629-4302"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 629-4769"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>amb.vs@gov.sr<br><br>https://www.surinameembassy.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Miami"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Karen Lynn WILLIAMS (since 20 November 2018)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "165 Kristalstraat, Paramaribo"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "3390 Paramaribo Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-3390"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[597] 556-700"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[597] 551-524"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>caparamar@state.gov<br><br>https://sr.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love, green symbolizes hope and fertility, white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "royal palm, faya lobi (flower); national colors: green, white, red, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"God zij met ons Suriname!\" (God Be With Our Suriname)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Cornelis Atses HOEKSTRA and Henry DE ZIEL/Johannes Corstianus DE PUY"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1959; originally adapted from a Sunday school song written in 1893 and contains lyrics in both Dutch and Sranang Tongo"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "2 (1 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Central Suriname Nature Reserve (n), Historic Inner City of Paramaribo (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Suriname’s economy is dominated by the mining industry, with exports of oil and gold accounting for approximately 85% of exports and 27% of government revenues. This makes the economy highly vulnerable to mineral price volatility. The worldwide drop in international commodity prices and the cessation of alumina mining in Suriname significantly reduced government revenue and national income during the past few years. In November 2015, a major US aluminum company discontinued its mining activities in Suriname after 99 years of operation. Public sector revenues fell, together with exports, international reserves, employment, and private sector investment.</p><p></p><p>Economic growth declined annually from just under 5% in 2012 to -10.4% in 2016. In January 2011, the government devalued the currency by 20% and raised taxes to reduce the budget deficit. Suriname began instituting macro adjustments between September 2015 and 2016; these included another 20% currency devaluation in November 2015 and foreign currency interventions by the Central Bank until March 2016, after which time the Bank allowed the Surinamese dollar (SRD) to float. By December 2016, the SRD had lost 46% of its value against the dollar. Depreciation of the Surinamese dollar and increases in tariffs on electricity caused domestic prices in Suriname to rise 22.0% year-over-year by December 2017.</p><p></p><p>Suriname's economic prospects for the medium-term will depend on its commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and on the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition. The government's over-reliance on revenue from the extractive sector colors Suriname's economic outlook. Following two years of recession, the Fitch Credit Bureau reported a positive growth of 1.2% in 2017 and the World Bank predicted 2.2% growth in 2018. Inflation declined to 9%, down from 55% in 2016 , and increased gold production helped lift exports. Yet continued budget imbalances and a heavy debt and interest burden resulted in a debt-to-GDP ratio of 83% in September 2017. Purchasing power has fallen rapidly due to the devalued local currency. The government has announced its intention to pass legislation to introduce a new value-added tax in 2018. Without this and other measures to strengthen the country’s fiscal position, the government may face liquidity pressures.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$9.46 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$11.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$10.95 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "-5.1% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "-2.6% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$16,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$19,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$19,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$3.419 billion (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "22% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
        "text": "55.5% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "C (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Caa3 (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "SD (2020)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "11.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "31.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "57.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "27.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "11.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "52.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "26.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "68.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-60.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "rice, sugar cane, bananas, oranges, vegetables, plantains, coconuts, poultry, cassava, eggs"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "gold mining, oil, lumber, food processing, fishing"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "1% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "144,000 (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "11.2%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "19.5%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "69.3% (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2017": {
        "text": "8.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2016": {
        "text": "9.7% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "39.9% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "70% (2002 est.)"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "560.7 million (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "827.8 million (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-7.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "69.3% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "75.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "16.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$2 million (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$169 million (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$2.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$2.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Switzerland 39%, United Arab Emirates 31%, Belgium 10% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, lumber, refined petroleum, fish, cigarettes (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$2.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$2.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "United States 22%, Netherlands 14%, China 13%, Trinidad and Tobago 7%, Antigua and Barbuda 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, delivery trucks, excavation machinery, cars, construction vehicles (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$424.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$381.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$1.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$1.436 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "Surinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "7.53 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "6.229 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "6.229 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "3.4167 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "3.3 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "97.4% (2018)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "99% (2018)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "94.3% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "1.967 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "1.75 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "504,000 kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "61% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "38% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "17,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "820 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "84.2 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "7,571 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "13,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "14,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "10,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2011 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "103,240 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "17.6 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "899,339 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "153.3 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "smallest nation in South America with low population and client base; state-owned fixed-line tele-density rates and broadband services below regional average for Latin America and Caribbean; operator building out fiber network; mobile penetration is above regional average; fixed-line effective along the coastline yet poor in the interior; competition in the mobile sector; launch of 5G in Paramaribo; importer of broadcasting equipment from USA (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line nearly 18 per 100 and mobile-cellular teledensity over 153 telephones per 100 persons; microwave radio relay network is in place (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 597; landing point for the SG-SCS submarine cable linking South America with the Caribbean; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "2 state-owned TV stations; 1 state-owned radio station; multiple private radio and TV stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".sr"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "352,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "48.95% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "92,270 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "15.73 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "20"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "272,347 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "33.2 million mt-km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "PZ"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "55 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "5 (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "49"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "45 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "50 km oil (2013)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,304 km (2003)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "1,119 km (2003)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "3,185 km (2003)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,200 km (most navigable by ships with drafts up to 7 m) (2011)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 3, other 2 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Paramaribo, Wageningen"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Suriname Army (National Leger, NL): Army, Navy, Air Force, Military Police (2021)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2016": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2015": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "the Suriname Army is comprised of approximately 2,000 active personnel (ground, air, naval, and military police) (2021)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Suriname Army has a limited inventory comprised of a mix of older, foreign-supplied equipment; since 2010, Suriname has received small quantities of military hardware from several countries, including the US (2021)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2021)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "<p>as of 2021, a key mission of the National Leger was assisting the Suriname police as part of the government’s overall efforts to secure the country’s borders and combat crime, particularly narco-trafficking, including joint military and police patrols, as well as joint special security teams</p>"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UN Convention on the Law of the Sea arbitration to resolve the longstanding dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters</p>"
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "a transit country for South American cocaine en route to Europe, the United States and Africa; marijuana is the primary drug consumed locally"
    }
  }
}