factbook.json/australia-oceania/pc.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Polynesians were the first inhabitants of the Pitcairn Islands, but the islands were uninhabited by the time they were discovered by Europeans in 1606. Pitcairn Island was rediscovered by British explorer Philip CARTERET in 1767, although he incorrectly plotted the coordinates. In 1789, Fletcher CHRISTIAN led a mutiny on the HMS Bounty and after several months of searching for Pitcairn Island, he landed on it with eight other mutineers and their Tahitian companions. They lived in isolation and evaded detection by English authorities until 1808, by which point only one man, 10 women, and 23 children remained. In 1831, with the population growing too big for the island - there were 87 people - the British attempted to move all the islanders to Tahiti, but they were soon returned to Pitcairn Island. The island became an official British colony in 1838 and in 1856, the British again determined that the population of 193 was too high and relocated all of the residents to Norfolk Island. Several families returned in 1858 and 1864, bringing the island’s population to 43, and almost all of the island’s current population are descendants of these returnees. In 1887, the entire population converted to the Seventh-Day Adventist faith.<br><br>The UK annexed the nearby islands of Henderson, Oeno, and Ducie in 1902 and incorporated them into the Pitcairn Islands colony in 1938, although all three are uninhabited. The population peaked at 233 in 1937 as outmigration, primarily to New Zealand, has thinned the population. Only two children were born between 1986 and 2012, and in 2005, a couple became the first new outsiders to obtain citizenship in more than a century. (The current population is below 50.) Since 2013, the Pitcairn Islands has tried to attract new migrants but has had no applicants because it requires prospective migrants to front significant sums of money and prohibits employment during a two-year trial period, at which point the local council can deny long-term resident status."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about midway between Peru and New Zealand"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "25 04 S, 130 06 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Oceania"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "47 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "47 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about three-tenths the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "51 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Palwala Valley Point on Big Ridge 347 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish, note, manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "74.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "25.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "less than 50 inhabitants on Pitcairn Island, most reside near the village of Adamstown"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "occasional tropical cyclones (especially November to March), but generally only heavy tropical storms; landslides"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "Britain's most isolated dependency; only the larger island of Pitcairn is inhabited but it has no port or natural harbor; supplies must be transported by rowed longboat from larger ships stationed offshore"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "50 (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Pitcairn Islander(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Pitcairn Islander"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian wives"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "English (official), Pitkern (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Seventh Day Adventist 100%"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "less than 50 inhabitants on Pitcairn Island, most reside near the village of Adamstown"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "NA (2018)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: NA"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: NA"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "NA"
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation (only a small portion of the original forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "74.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "25.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Pitcairn Islands"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after Midshipman Robert PITCAIRN who first sighted the island in 1767"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary democracy"
    },
    "Dependency status": {
      "text": "overseas territory of the UK"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Adamstown"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "25 04 S, 130 05 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-9 (4 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after John Adams (1767&ndash;1829), the last survivor of the Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926); Discovery Day (Pitcairn Day), 2 July (1767)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest drafted 10 February 2010, presented 17 February 2010, effective 4 March 2010"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "Reviewed 10 Jun '21; NC"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "local island by-laws"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "text": "see United Kingdom"
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal with three years residency"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand and Governor (nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Laura CLARK (since 25 January 2018)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Mayor and Chairman of the Island Council Charlene WARREN-PEU (since 1 January 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor and commissioner appointed by the monarch; island mayor directly elected by majority popular vote for a 3-year term; election last held on&nbsp;6 November 2019 (next to be held not later than December 2022)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Charlene WARREN-PEU elected mayor and chairman of the Island Council; Island Council vote - NA"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Island Council (10 seats; 4 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 1 nominated by the elected Council members, 2 appointed by the governor, and 3 ex-officio members - the governor, deputy governor, and commissioner; elected members serve 1-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held in November 2017 (next to be held not later than December 2019)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote - NA; seats - 5 independent; composition - men 5, women 5, percent of women 50%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Pitcairn Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, 2 judges, and the Supreme Court chief justice, an ex-officio member); Pitcairn Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 2 judges); note - appeals beyond the Pitcairn Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "all judges of both courts appointed by the governor of the Pitcairn Islands on the instructions of the Queen of England through the Secretary of State; all judges can serve until retirement, normally at age 75"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Magistrate's Court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "none"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "SPC, UPU"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the green, yellow, and blue of the shield represents the island rising from the ocean; the green field features a yellow anchor surmounted by a bible (both the anchor and the bible were items found on the HMS Bounty); sitting on the crest is a Pitcairn Island wheelbarrow from which springs a flowering twig of miro (a local plant)"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "We From Pitcairn Island"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "unknown/Frederick M. LEHMAN"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the UK, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "The inhabitants of this tiny isolated economy exist on fishing, subsistence farming, handicrafts, and postage stamps. The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships."
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "text": "<p>NA</p>"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "honey; wide variety of fruits and vegetables; goats, chickens; fish"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "postage stamps, handicrafts, beekeeping, honey"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "15 (2004)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing</p>"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "746,000 (FY04/05)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "1.028 million (FY04/05)"
      }
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 April - 31 March"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "text": "<p>NA</p>"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "South Africa 24%, Canada 20%, Germany 13%, Czechia 8%, El Salvador 5%, Spain 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "leather footwear, gas turbine parts, precious metal ores, clothing and apparel, beef (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "text": "<p>NA</p>"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Ecuador 43%, New Zealand 29% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, food preparation products, plastics, iron fasteners (2019)"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "1.416 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "1.4279 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "1.4279 (2015)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "1.4279 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "1.2039 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "satellite-based phone services; rural connectivity a challenge; 2G services widespread; demand for mobile broadband due to mobile services providing Internet source; the launch of the Kacific-1 satellite in 2019 will improve telecommunications in the region (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "local phone service with international connections via Internet (2018)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 872; satellite earth station - 1 Inmarsat"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "satellite TV from Fiji-based Sky Pacific offering a wide range of international channels"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".pn"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "54"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "100% (July 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Communications - note": {
      "text": "satellite-based local phone service and broadband Internet connections available in all homes"
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Adamstown (on Bounty Bay)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none</p>"
    }
  }
}