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556 lines
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22 KiB
JSON
556 lines
No EOL
22 KiB
JSON
{
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"intro": {
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"background": {
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"text": "Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of \"The Friendly Islands\" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900; it withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific."
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}
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},
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"geo": {
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"location": {
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"text": "Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand"
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},
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"geographic_coordinates": {
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"text": "20 00 S, 175 00 W"
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},
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"map_references": {
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"text": "Oceania"
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},
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"area": {
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"total": "747 sq km",
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"land": "717 sq km",
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"water": "30 sq km"
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},
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"area_comparative": {
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"text": "four times the size of Washington, DC"
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},
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"land_boundaries": {
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"text": "0 km"
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},
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"coastline": {
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"text": "419 km"
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},
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"maritime_claims": {
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"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
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"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
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"continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
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},
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"climate": {
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"text": "tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)"
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},
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"terrain": {
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"text": "most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base"
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},
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"elevation_extremes": {
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"lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m",
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"highest_point": "unnamed elevation on Kao Island 1,033 m"
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},
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"natural_resources": {
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"text": "fish, fertile soil"
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},
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"land_use": {
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"arable_land": "21.33%",
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"permanent_crops": "14.67%",
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"other": "64% (2011)"
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},
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"irrigated_land": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"natural_hazards": {
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"text": "cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou",
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"volcanism": "moderate volcanic activity; Fonualei (elev. 180 m) has shown frequent activity in recent years, while Niuafo'ou (elev. 260 m), which last erupted in 1985, has forced evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Late and Tofua"
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},
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"environment_current_issues": {
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"text": "deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations"
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},
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"environment_international_agreements": {
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"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution",
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"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
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},
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"geography_note": {
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"text": "archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)"
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}
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},
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"people": {
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"nationality": {
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"noun": "Tongan(s)",
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"adjective": "Tongan"
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},
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"ethnic_groups": {
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"text": "Polynesian, Europeans"
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},
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"languages": {
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"text": "Tongan (official), English (official)"
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},
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"religions": {
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"text": "Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)"
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},
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"population": {
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"text": "106,322 (July 2013 est.)"
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},
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"age_structure": {
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"0_14_years": "36.2% (male 19,545/female 18,927)",
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"15_24_years": "19.2% (male 10,432/female 9,935)",
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"25_54_years": "33% (male 17,549/female 17,562)",
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"55_64_years": "5.4% (male 2,779/female 2,994)",
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"65_years_and_over": "6.2% (male 3,034/female 3,565) (2013 est.)"
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},
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"dependency_ratios": {
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"total_dependency_ratio": "75.7 %",
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"youth_dependency_ratio": "65.4 %",
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"elderly_dependency_ratio": "10.3 %",
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"potential_support_ratio": "9.7 (2013)"
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},
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"median_age": {
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"total": "21.8 years",
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"male": "21.3 years",
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"female": "22.2 years (2013 est.)"
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},
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"population_growth_rate": {
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"text": "0.14% (2013 est.)"
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},
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"birth_rate": {
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"text": "24.12 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
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},
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"death_rate": {
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"text": "4.87 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
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},
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"net_migration_rate": {
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"text": "-17.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
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},
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"urbanization": {
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"urban_population": "23% of total population (2010)",
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"rate_of_urbanization": "0.8% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
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},
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"sex_ratio": {
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"at_birth": "1.03 male(s)/female",
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"0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
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"15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
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"25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female",
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"55_64_years": "0.91 male(s)/female",
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"65_years_and_over": "0.86 male(s)/female",
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"total_population": "1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
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},
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"maternal_mortality_rate": {
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"text": "110 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
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},
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"infant_mortality_rate": {
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"total": "12.78 deaths/1,000 live births",
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"male": "13.2 deaths/1,000 live births",
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"female": "12.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
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},
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"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
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"total_population": "75.6 years",
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"male": "74.16 years",
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"female": "77.09 years (2013 est.)"
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},
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"total_fertility_rate": {
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"text": "3.46 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
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},
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"health_expenditures": {
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"text": "5.1% of GDP (2010)"
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},
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"physicians_density": {
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"text": "0.29 physicians/1,000 population (2002)"
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},
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"hospital_bed_density": {
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"text": "2.6 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
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},
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"drinking_water_source": {
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"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
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},
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"sanitation_facility_access": {
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"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 96% of population; total: 96% of population",
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"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 4% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)"
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},
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"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"hiv_aids_deaths": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
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"text": "57.6% (2008)"
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},
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"education_expenditures": {
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"text": "3.9% of GDP (2004)"
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},
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"literacy": {
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"definition": "can read and write Tongan and/or English",
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"total_population": "99%",
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"male": "99%",
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"female": "99.1% (2006 est.)"
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},
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"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
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"total": "14 years",
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"male": "14 years",
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"female": "14 years (2007)"
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},
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"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
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"total": "11.9%",
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"male": "9.9%",
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"female": "15.1% (2003)"
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}
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},
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"govt": {
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"country_name": {
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"conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Tonga",
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"conventional_short_form": "Tonga",
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"local_long_form": "Pule'anga Tonga",
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"local_short_form": "Tonga",
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"former": "Friendly Islands"
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},
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"government_type": {
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"text": "constitutional monarchy"
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},
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"capital": {
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"name": "Nuku'alofa",
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"geographic_coordinates": "21 08 S, 175 12 W",
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"time_difference": "UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
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},
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"administrative_divisions": {
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"text": "3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u"
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},
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"independence": {
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"text": "4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)"
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},
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"national_holiday": {
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"text": "National Day, 4 November (1875)"
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},
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"constitution": {
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"text": "4 November 1875; revised 1967"
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},
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"legal_system": {
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"text": "English common law"
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},
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"international_law_organization_participation": {
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"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
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},
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"suffrage": {
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"text": "21 years of age; universal"
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},
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"executive_branch": {
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"chief_of_state": "King TUPOU VI (since 18 March 2012); note - King George TUPOU V died on 18 March 2012 in Hong Kong; he was succeeded by his brother Crown Prince TUPOUTO'A Lavaka, who took the throne name TUPOU VI",
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"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Lord Siale'ataonga TU'IVAKANO (since 22 December 2010)",
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"cabinet": "Cabinet is nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch",
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"note": "there is also a Privy Council that advises the monarch",
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"elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members of parliament and appointed by the monarch",
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"election_results": "Lord Siale'ataonga TU'IVAKANO elected by parliament on 21 December 2010 with 14 of 26 votes"
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},
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"legislative_branch": {
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"text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (26 seats - 9 for nobles elected from among the country's 29 nobles, 17 members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)",
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"elections": "last held on 25 November 2010 (next to be held in 2014)",
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"election_results": "Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - independents 67.3%, Democratic Party 28.5%, other 4.2%; seats - Democratic Party 12, independents 5"
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},
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"judicial_branch": {
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"highest_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and a number of judges determined by the monarch); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are brought before the King in Privy Council, the monarch's advisory organ that has both judicial and legislative powers",
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"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judge appointments and tenures made by the King in Privy Council, judge appointments subject to consent of the Legislative Assembly",
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"subordinate_courts": "Supreme Court; Magistrate's Courts; Land Courts"
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},
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"political_parties_and_leaders": {
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"text": "Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands [Samuela 'Akilisi POHIVA]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tesina FUKO]; Sustainable Nation-Building Party [Sione FONUA]; Tonga Democratic Labor Party [NA]; Tonga Human Rights and Democracy Movement or THRDM [NA]"
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},
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"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
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"text": "Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman]; Public Servant's Association [Finau TUTONE]"
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},
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"international_organization_participation": {
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"text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
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},
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"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
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"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Sonatane Tu'akinamolahi TAUMOEPEAU-TUPOU",
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"chancery": "800 Second Avenue, Suite 400B, New York, NY 10017",
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"telephone": "[1] (800) 345-6541",
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"consulates_general": "San Francisco"
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},
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"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
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"text": "the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the US ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga"
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},
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"flag_description": {
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"text": "red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross reflects the deep-rooted Christianity in Tonga; red represents the blood of Christ and his sacrifice; white signifies purity"
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},
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"national_symbols": {
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"text": "red cross on white field; arms equal length"
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},
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"national_anthem": {
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"name": "\"Ko e fasi `o e tu\"i `o e `Otu Tonga\" (Song of the King of the Tonga Islands)",
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"lyrics_music": "Uelingatoni Ngu TUPOUMALOHI/Karl Gustavus SCHMITT",
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"note": "in use since 1875; the anthem is more commonly known as \"Fasi Fakafonua\" (National Song)"
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}
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},
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"econ": {
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"economy_overview": {
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"text": "Tonga has a small, open, South Pacific island economy. It has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, vanilla beans, and yams are the main crops. Agricultural exports, including fish, make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. Tonga had 39,000 visitors in 2006. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well developed social services. High unemployment among the young, moderate inflation, pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues facing the government."
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},
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"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
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"text": "$801 million (2012 est.); $789.4 million (2011 est.); $778.8 million (2010 est.)",
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"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
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},
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"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
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"text": "$476 million (2012 est.)"
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},
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"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
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"text": "1.4% (2012 est.); 1.5% (2011 est.); 1.6% (2010 est.)"
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},
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"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
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"text": "$7,700 (2012 est.); $7,600 (2011 est.); $7,500 (2010 est.)",
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"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
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},
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"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
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"household_consumption": "97.7%",
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"government_consumption": "17%",
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"investment_in_fixed_capital": "29.2%",
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"investment_in_inventories": "0%",
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"exports_of_goods_and_services": "17.5%",
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"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-61.4% (2012 est.)"
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},
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"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
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"agriculture": "20.9%",
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"industry": "16.6%",
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"services": "62.5% (2012 est.)"
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},
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"agriculture_products": {
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"text": "squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish"
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},
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"industries": {
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"text": "tourism, construction, fishing"
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},
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"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
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"text": "0.5% (2012 est.)"
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},
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"labor_force": {
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"text": "39,960 (2007)"
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},
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"labor_force_by_occupation": {
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"agriculture": "31.8%",
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"industry": "30.6%",
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"services": "2,003% (2003 est.)"
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},
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"unemployment_rate": {
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"text": "13% (FY03/04 est.)"
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},
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"population_below_poverty_line": {
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"text": "24% (FY03/04)"
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},
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"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
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"lowest_10%": "NA%",
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"highest_10%": "NA%"
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},
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"budget": {
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"revenues": "$116.3 million",
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"expenditures": "$116.3 million (2012 est.)"
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},
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"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
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"text": "24.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
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},
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"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
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"text": "0% of GDP (2012 est.)"
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},
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"fiscal_year": {
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"text": "1 July - 30 June"
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},
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"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
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"text": "1.2% (2012 est.); 6.3% (2011 est.)"
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},
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"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
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"text": "10.36% (31 December 2012 est.); 11.21% (31 December 2011 est.)"
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},
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"stock_of_narrow_money": {
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"text": "$81.03 million (31 December 2012 est.); $66.56 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
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},
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"stock_of_broad_money": {
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"text": "$169.2 million (31 December 2012 est.); $177.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
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},
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"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
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"text": "$125.5 million (31 December 2012 est.); $132.1 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
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},
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"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
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"text": "$NA"
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},
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"current_account_balance": {
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"text": "-$48.1 million (2012 est.); -$29.8 million (2011 est.)"
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},
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"exports": {
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"text": "$8.4 million (2012 est.); $8 million (2011 est.)"
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},
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"exports_commodities": {
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"text": "squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops"
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},
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"exports_partners": {
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"text": "South Korea 17.8%, US 16.4%, NZ 15.1%, Fiji 10.9%, Japan 9.2%, Samoa 9.1%, American Samoa 5.8%, Australia 5% (2012)"
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},
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"imports": {
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"text": "$121.9 million (2012 est.); $131 million (2011 est.)"
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},
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"imports_commodities": {
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"text": "foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals"
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},
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"imports_partners": {
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"text": "Fiji 38%, NZ 23.5%, US 10.1%, China 9.9% (2012)"
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},
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"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
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"text": "$152.4 million (31 December 2012 est.); $143.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
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},
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"debt_external": {
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"text": "$198.1 million (31 December 2012 est.); $190.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
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},
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"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
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"text": "$61.43 million (31 December 2012 est.); $61.47 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
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},
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"exchange_rates": {
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"text": "pa'anga (TOP) per US dollar -; 1.7195 (2012 est.); 1.729 (2011 est.); 1.906 (2010 est.)"
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}
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},
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"energy": {
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"electricity_production": {
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"text": "41 million kWh (2009 est.)"
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},
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"electricity_consumption": {
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"text": "38.13 million kWh (2009 est.)"
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},
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"electricity_exports": {
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"text": "0 kWh (2010)"
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},
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"electricity_imports": {
|
|
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
|
|
"text": "12,000 kW (2009 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
|
|
"text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
|
|
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
|
|
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
|
|
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"crude_oil_production": {
|
|
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"crude_oil_exports": {
|
|
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"crude_oil_imports": {
|
|
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
|
|
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
|
|
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
|
|
"text": "1,221 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
|
|
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
|
|
"text": "1,202 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"natural_gas_production": {
|
|
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"natural_gas_consumption": {
|
|
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"natural_gas_exports": {
|
|
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"natural_gas_imports": {
|
|
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
|
|
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
|
|
"text": "155,000 Mt (2010 est.)"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"comm": {
|
|
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
|
|
"text": "30,000 (2011)"
|
|
},
|
|
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
|
|
"text": "55,000 (2011)"
|
|
},
|
|
"telephone_system": {
|
|
"general_assessment": "competition between Tonga Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications Tonga (SCT) is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT granted approval to introduce high-speed digital service for telephone, Internet, and television while TCC has exclusive rights to operate the mobile-phone network; international telecom services are provided by government-owned Tonga Telecommunications International",
|
|
"domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 80 telephones per 100 persons; fully automatic switched network",
|
|
"international": "country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2011)"
|
|
},
|
|
"broadcast_media": {
|
|
"text": "2 state-owned TV stations and 2 privately owned TV stations; satellite and cable TV services are available; 2 state-owned and 3 privately owned radio stations; Radio Australia broadcasts available via satellite (2009)"
|
|
},
|
|
"internet_country_code": {
|
|
"text": ".to"
|
|
},
|
|
"internet_hosts": {
|
|
"text": "5,367 (2012)"
|
|
},
|
|
"internet_users": {
|
|
"text": "8,400 (2009)"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"trans": {
|
|
"airports": {
|
|
"text": "6 (2013)"
|
|
},
|
|
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
|
|
"total": "1",
|
|
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "1 (2013)"
|
|
},
|
|
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
|
|
"total": "5",
|
|
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
|
|
"914_to_1_523_m": "3",
|
|
"under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
|
|
},
|
|
"roadways": {
|
|
"total": "680 km",
|
|
"paved": "184 km",
|
|
"unpaved": "496 km (2000)"
|
|
},
|
|
"merchant_marine": {
|
|
"total": "7",
|
|
"by_type": "cargo 4, carrier 1, passenger/cargo 2",
|
|
"foreign_owned": "2 (Australia 1, UK 1) (2010)"
|
|
},
|
|
"ports_and_terminals": {
|
|
"text": "Nuku'alofa, Neiafu, Pangai"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"military": {
|
|
"military_branches": {
|
|
"text": "Tonga Defense Services (TDS): Land Force (Royal Guard), Maritime Force (includes Royal Marines, Air Wing) (2013)"
|
|
},
|
|
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
|
|
"text": "16 years of age for voluntary enlistment (with parental consent); no conscription; the king retains the right to call up \"all those capable of bearing arms\" in wartime (2012)"
|
|
},
|
|
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
|
|
"males_age_16_49": "24,460",
|
|
"females_age_16_49": "24,041 (2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
|
|
"males_age_16_49": "20,956",
|
|
"females_age_16_49": "20,577 (2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
|
|
"male": "1,196",
|
|
"female": "1,134 (2010 est.)"
|
|
},
|
|
"military_expenditures": {
|
|
"text": "0.9% of GDP (2012)"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"issues": {
|
|
"disputes_international": {
|
|
"text": "none"
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
} |