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519 lines
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19 KiB
JSON
519 lines
No EOL
19 KiB
JSON
{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding island groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate in 1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925. Referenda held in 2006 and 2007 to change the status of the islands from that of a New Zealand territory to one of free association with New Zealand did not meet the needed threshold for approval."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"Location": {
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"text": "Oceania, group of three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand"
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},
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"Geographic coordinates": {
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"text": "9 00 S, 172 00 W"
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},
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"Map references": {
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"text": "Oceania"
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},
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"Area": {
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"total": {
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"text": "12 sq km"
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},
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"land": {
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"text": "12 sq km"
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},
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"water": {
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"text": "0 sq km"
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "about 17 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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"text": "0 km"
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}
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},
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"Coastline": {
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"text": "101 km"
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},
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"Maritime claims": {
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"territorial sea": {
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"text": "12 nm"
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},
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"exclusive economic zone": {
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"text": "200 nm"
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}
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)"
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},
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "unnamed location 5 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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"text": "NEGL"
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "60% (2011 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 0% (2011 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2011 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2011 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "0% (2011 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "40% (2011 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the country's small population is fairly evenly distributed amongst the three atolls"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "lies in Pacific cyclone belt"
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},
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "overexploitation of certain fish and other marine species, coastal sand, and forest resources; pollution of freshwater lenses and coastal waters from improper disposal of chemicals"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "consists of three atolls (Atafu, Fakaofo, Nukunonu), each with a lagoon surrounded by a number of reef-bound islets of varying length and rising to over 3 m above sea level"
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "1,413,958 (July 2021 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Tokelauan(s)"
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},
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"adjective": {
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"text": "Tokelauan"
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Tokelauan 64.5%, part Tokelauan/Samoan 9.7%, part Tokelauan/Tuvaluan 2.8%, Tuvaluan 7.5%, Samoan 5.8%, other Pacific Islander 3.4%, other 5.6%, unspecified 0.8% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Tokelauan 88.1% (a Polynesian language), English 48.6%, Samoan 26.7%, Tuvaluan 11.2%, Kiribati 1.5%, other 2.8%, none 2.8%, unspecified 0.8% (2016 ests.)",
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"note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census</p>"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Congregational Christian Church 50.4%, Roman Catholic 38.7%, Presbyterian 5.9%, other Christian 4.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "2.19% (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "5.67 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "-3.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the country's small population is fairly evenly distributed amongst the three atolls"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "0% of total population (2020)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "0% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Sex ratio": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "34.47 deaths/1,000 live births NA"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "37.85 deaths/1,000 live births NA"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "30.86 deaths/1,000 live births NA (2021 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "69.62 years NA"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "67.94 years NA"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "71.41 years NA (2021 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "4.32 children born/woman NA (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Drinking water source": {
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"improved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: 100% of population"
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},
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"improved: total": {
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"text": "total: 100% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: 0% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: total": {
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"text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "2.72 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
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},
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"Sanitation facility access": {
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"improved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: 100% of population"
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},
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"improved: total": {
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"text": "total: 100% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: 0% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: total": {
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"text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"degree of risk": {
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"text": "high (2020)"
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},
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"food or waterborne diseases": {
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"text": "bacterial diarrhea"
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},
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"vectorborne diseases": {
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"text": "malaria"
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}
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "NA"
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}
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},
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"Government": {
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"Country name": {
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"conventional long form": {
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"text": "none"
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},
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"conventional short form": {
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"text": "Tokelau"
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},
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"former": {
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"text": "Union Islands, Tokelau Islands"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "\"tokelau\" is a Polynesian word meaning \"north wind\""
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}
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},
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"Dependency status": {
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"text": "self-administering territory of New Zealand; note - Tokelau and New Zealand have agreed to a draft constitution as Tokelau moves toward free association with New Zealand; a UN-sponsored referendum on self governance in October 2007 did not meet the two-thirds majority vote necessary for changing the political status"
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "<p>parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy</p>"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"time difference": {
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"text": "UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
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},
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"note": "<br><br>note: there is no designated, official capital for Tokelau; the location of the capital rotates among the three atolls along with the head of government or Ulu o Tokelau"
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},
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"Administrative divisions": {
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"text": "none (territory of New Zealand)"
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},
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"Independence": {
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"text": "none (territory of New Zealand)"
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},
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"National holiday": {
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"text": "Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"history": {
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"text": "many previous; latest effective 1 January 1949 (Tokelau Islands Act 1948)"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed as a resolution by the General Fono; passage requires support by each village and approval by the General Fono; amended many times, last in 2007"
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}
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "common law system of New Zealand"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"text": "see New Zealand"
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},
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"Suffrage": {
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"text": "21 years of age; universal"
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},
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"Executive branch": {
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"chief of state": {
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"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of New Zealand Governor General Dame Patricia Lee REDDY (since 28 September 2016); New Zealand is represented by Administrator Ross ARDERN (since May 2018)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "(Ulu o Tokelau) Fofo Filipo TUISANO (since 9 March 2020); note - position rotates annually among the three Faipule (village leaders) of the atolls"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau (or Tokelau Council) functions as a cabinet; consists of 3 Faipule (village leaders) and 3 Pulenuku (village mayors)"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; administrator appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; head of government chosen from the Council of Faipule to serve a 1-year term"
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},
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"note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> the meeting place of the Tokelau Council rotates annually among the three atolls; this tradition has given rise to the somewhat misleading description that the capital rotates yearly between the three atolls; in actuality, it is the seat of the government councilors that rotates since Tokelau has no capital</p>"
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "unicameral General Fono (20 seats apportioned by island - Atafu 7, Fakaofo 7, Nukunonu 6; members directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 3-year terms); note - the Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers limited legislative power to the General Fono"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "last held on 23 January 2020 depending on island (next to be held in January 2023)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 20; composition - men 17, women 3, percent of women 15%"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest courts": {
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"text": "Court of Appeal (in New Zealand) (consists of the court president and 8 judges sitting in 3- or 5-judge panels, depending on the case)"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "judges nominated by the Judicial Selection Committee and approved by three-quarters majority of the Parliament; judges serve for life"
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},
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"subordinate courts": {
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"text": "High Court (in New Zealand); Council of Elders or Taupulega"
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "none"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "PIF (associate member), SPC, UNESCO (associate), UPU"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"text": "none (territory of New Zealand)"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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"text": "none (territory of New Zealand)"
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},
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"Flag description": {
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"text": "a yellow stylized Tokelauan canoe on a dark blue field sails toward the manu - the Southern Cross constellation of four, white, five-pointed stars at the hoist side; the Southern Cross represents the role of Christianity in Tokelauan culture and, in conjunction with the canoe, symbolizes the country navigating into the future; the color yellow indicates happiness and peace, and the blue field represents the ocean on which the community relies"
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},
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"National symbol(s)": {
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"text": "tuluma (fishing tackle box); national colors: blue, yellow, white"
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},
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"National anthem": {
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"name": {
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"text": "\"Te Atua\" (For the Almighty)"
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},
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"lyrics/music": {
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"text": "unknown/Falani KALOLO"
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},
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"note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> adopted 2008; in preparation for eventual self governance, Tokelau held a national contest to choose an anthem; as a territory of New Zealand, \"God Defend New Zealand\" and \"God Save the Queen\" are official (see New Zealand)</p>"
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}
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},
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"Economy": {
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"Economic overview": {
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"text": "<p>Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The principal sources of revenue are from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.</p><p></p><p>The people rely heavily on aid from New Zealand - about $15 million annually in FY12/13 and FY13/14 - to maintain public services. New Zealand's support amounts to 80% of Tokelau's recurrent government budget. An international trust fund, currently worth nearly $32 million, was established in 2004 by New Zealand to provide Tokelau an independent source of revenue.</p>"
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},
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"Real GDP growth rate": {
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"text": "<p>NA</p>"
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},
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"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
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"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
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"text": "4% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
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"text": "2.5% (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
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"text": "11% (2017 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<p><strong>note: </strong>Tokelau notes that its wide inflation swings are due almost entirely due to cigarette prices, a chief import.</p>"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
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"text": "$7,711,583 (2017 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars."
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},
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"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
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"text": "$12.658 million (2017 est.)",
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"note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data uses New Zealand Dollar (NZD) as the currency of exchange."
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},
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"Real GDP per capita": {
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"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
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"text": "$6,004 (2017 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP per capita 2016": {
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"text": "$4,855 (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP per capita 2015": {
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"text": "$4,292 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars."
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},
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"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
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"agriculture": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"industry": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"services": {
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"text": "NA"
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}
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},
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"Agricultural products": {
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"text": "coconuts, roots/tubers nes, tropical fruit, pork, bananas, eggs, poultry, pig offals, pig fat, fruit"
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},
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"Industries": {
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"text": "small-scale enterprises for copra production, woodworking, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing"
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},
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"Labor force": {
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"text": "1,100 (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Unemployment rate": {
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"Unemployment rate 2015": {
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"text": "2% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Underemployment may be as high as 6.6%"
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},
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"Population below poverty line": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"Budget": {
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"revenues": {
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"text": "24,324,473 (2017 est.)"
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},
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"expenditures": {
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"text": "11,666,542 (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Fiscal year": {
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"text": "1 April - 31 March"
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},
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"Exports": {
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"Exports 2015": {
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"text": "$103,000 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Exports 2002": {
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"text": "$102,826 (2002 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Exports - partners": {
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"text": "Samoa, Cook Islands, New Zealand (2020)"
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},
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"Exports - commodities": {
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"text": "fishery supplies, handicrafts, recyclables, stamps"
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},
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"Imports": {
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"Imports 2015": {
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"text": "$15,792,720 (2015 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Imports - partners": {
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"text": "Samoa, New Zealand, Cook Islands (2020)"
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},
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"Imports - commodities": {
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"text": "alcohol, automobiles, building materials, foodstuffs, fuel, tobacco"
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},
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"Exchange rates": {
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"currency": {
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"text": "New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar -"
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},
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"Exchange rates 2017": {
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"text": "1.543 (2017 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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"Energy": {
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"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
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"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Communications": {
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"Telephones - fixed lines": {
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"total subscriptions": {
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"text": "300"
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},
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"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
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"text": "21 (July 2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Telecommunication systems": {
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"general assessment": {
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"text": "modern satellite-based communications system; demand for mobile broadband increasing due to mobile services being the method of access for Internet across the region; 2G widespread with some 4G LTE service; satellite services has improved with the launch of the Kacific-1 satellite launched in 2019 (2020)"
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},
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"domestic": {
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"text": "radiotelephone service between islands; fixed-line 21 per 100 persons (2019)"
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},
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"international": {
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"text": "country code - 690; landing point for the Southern Cross NEXT submarine cable linking Australia, Tokelau, Samoa, Kiribati, Fiji, New Zealand and Los Angeles, CA (USA); radiotelephone service to Samoa; government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok); satellite earth stations - 3 (2020)"
|
|
},
|
|
"note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated"
|
|
},
|
|
"Broadcast media": {
|
|
"text": "Sky TV access for around 30% of the population; each atoll operates a radio service that provides shipping news and weather reports (2019)"
|
|
},
|
|
"Internet country code": {
|
|
"text": ".tk"
|
|
},
|
|
"Internet users": {
|
|
"total": {
|
|
"text": "805"
|
|
},
|
|
"percent of population": {
|
|
"text": "60.2% (July 2016 est.)"
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"Transportation": {
|
|
"Roadways": {
|
|
"total": {
|
|
"text": "10 km (2019)"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"Ports and terminals": {
|
|
"text": "none; offshore anchorage only"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"Military and Security": {
|
|
"Military - note": {
|
|
"text": "defense is the responsibility of New Zealand"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"Transnational Issues": {
|
|
"Disputes - international": {
|
|
"text": "<p>Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island (Olosega) in its 2006 draft independence constitution</p>"
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
} |