factbook.json/africa/sg.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "A Jolof Empire ruled parts of Senegal from 1350 to 1549. Various European powers, including Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain, competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward. A slave station on the island of Goree, next to modern Dakar, was used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland. Having abolished slavery in 1815, the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland in the second half of the 19th century and made it a French colony. The French colonies of Senegal and French Sudan were merged in 1959 and granted independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. The union broke up after only a few months. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never implemented, and the union was dissolved in 1989. The Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance has led a low-level separatist insurgency in southern Senegal since the 1980s. Several attempts at reaching a comprehensive peace agreement have failed to resolve the conflict but, despite sporadic incidents of violence, an unofficial cease-fire has remained largely in effect since 2012. Senegal remains one of the most stable democracies in Africa and has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping and regional mediation. Senegal was ruled by the Socialist Party of Senegal, first under President Léopold Sédar SENGHOR, and then President Abdou DIOUF, for 40 years until Abdoulaye WADE was elected president in 2000. He was re-elected in 2007 and during his two terms amended Senegal's constitution over a dozen times to increase executive power and weaken the opposition. His decision to run for a third presidential term sparked a large public backlash that led to his defeat in a March 2012 runoff with Macky SALL. A 2016 constitutional referendum reduced the term to five years with a maximum of two consecutive terms for future presidents - the change did not apply to SALL's first term. SALL won his bid for re-election in February 2019; his term will end in 2024. A month after the election, the National Assembly voted to abolish the office of the prime minister. Opposition organizations and civil society have criticized the decision as a further concentration of power in the executive branch at the expense of the legislative and judicial branches."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "14 00 N, 14 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "196,722 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "192,530 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "4,192 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than South Dakota; slightly larger than twice the size of Indiana"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,684 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "The Gambia 749 km, Guinea 363 km, Guinea-Bissau 341 km, Mali 489 km, Mauritania 742 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "531 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "69 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "highest point": {
        "text": "unnamed elevation 2.8 km southeast of Nepen Diaka 648 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish, phosphates, iron ore"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "46.8% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 17.4% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.8% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "9.4% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,200 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this <a href=\"../attachments/images/original/SENEGAL_Population_density.jpg?1554224314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts"
    },
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; periodic droughts; seasonal flooding; overfishing; weak environmental protective laws; wildlife populations threatened by poaching"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "16,082,442 (July 2021 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Senegalese (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Senegalese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Wolof 37.1%, Pular 26.2%, Serer 17%, Mandinka 5.6%, Jola 4.5%, Soninke 1.4%, other 8.3% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "French (official), Wolof, Pular, Jola, Mandinka, Serer, Soninke"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 95.9% (most adhere to one of the four main Sufi brotherhoods), Christian 4.1% (mostly Roman Catholic) (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Senegal has a large and growing youth population but has not been successful in developing its potential human capital. Senegal’s high total fertility rate of almost 4.5 children per woman continues to bolster the country’s large youth cohort – more than 60% of the population is under the age of 25. Fertility remains high because of the continued desire for large families, the low use of family planning, and early childbearing. Because of the country’s high illiteracy rate (more than 40%), high unemployment (even among university graduates), and widespread poverty, Senegalese youths face dim prospects; women are especially disadvantaged.</p><p>Senegal historically was a destination country for economic migrants, but in recent years West African migrants more often use Senegal as a transit point to North Africa – and sometimes illegally onward to Europe. The country also has been host to several thousand black Mauritanian refugees since they were expelled from their homeland during its 1989 border conflict with Senegal. The country’s economic crisis in the 1970s stimulated emigration; departures accelerated in the 1990s. Destinations shifted from neighboring countries, which were experiencing economic decline, civil wars, and increasing xenophobia, to Libya and Mauritania because of their booming oil industries and to developed countries (most notably former colonial ruler France, as well as Italy and Spain). The latter became attractive in the 1990s because of job opportunities and their periodic regularization programs (legalizing the status of illegal migrants).</p><p>Additionally, about 16,000 Senegalese refugees still remain in The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau as a result of more than 30 years of fighting between government forces and rebel separatists in southern Senegal’s Casamance region.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "40.38% (male 3,194,454/female 3,160,111)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "20.35% (male 1,596,896/female 1,606,084)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "31.95% (male 2,327,424/female 2,700,698)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "4.21% (male 283,480/female 378,932)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.1% (male 212,332/female 275,957) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "84.2"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "78.4"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.7"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "17.5 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19.4 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20.3 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.25% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "31.31 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this <a href=\"../attachments/images/original/SENEGAL_Population_density.jpg?1554224314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "48.1% of total population (2020)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.73% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "3.140 million DAKAR (capital) (2020)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "21.9 years (2018 est.)",
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> median age at first birth among women 25-29</p>"
    },
    "Maternal mortality rate": {
      "text": "315 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "47.72 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "54.66 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "40.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "63.83 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "61.59 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "66.14 years (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "3.97 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "27.8% (2017)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 92.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 74.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 83.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 6.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 25.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 16.7% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "4.1% (2017)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.07 physicians/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.3 beds/1,000 population (2008)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 91.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 48.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 68.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 8.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 51.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 31.6% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.4% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "41,000 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "1,200 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria and dengue fever"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "respiratory diseases": {
        "text": "meningococcal meningitis"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.8% (2016)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "13.3% (2019)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.8% of GDP (2018)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "51.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "64.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "39.8% (2017)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "9 years (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8.9% (2015 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Senegal"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Senegal"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republique du Senegal"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Senegal"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Senegambia (along with The Gambia), Mali Federation"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named for the Senegal River that forms the northern border of the country; many theories exist for the origin of the river name; perhaps the most widely cited derives the name from \"Azenegue,\" the Portuguese appellation for the Berber Zenaga people who lived north of the river"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Dakar"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "14 44 N, 17 38 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "note": "<br><br><strong>etymology:</strong> the Atlantic coast trading settlement of Ndakaaru came to be called \"Dakar\" by French colonialists"
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "14 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 4 April (1960)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1959 (preindependence), 1963; latest adopted by referendum 7 January 2001, promulgated 22 January 2001"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic&nbsp;or by the National Assembly; passage requires Assembly approval and approval in a referendum; the president can bypass a referendum and submit an amendment directly to the Assembly, which requires at least three-fifths majority vote; the republican form of government is not amendable; amended several times, last in 2019"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system based on French law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Senegal"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no, but Senegalese citizens do not automatically lose their citizenship if they acquire citizenship in another state"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Macky SALL (since 2 April 2012)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Macky SALL (since 2 April 2012)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single renewable 5-year term; election last held on 24 February 2019 (next to be held in February 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Macky SALL elected president in first round; percent of vote - Macky SALL (APR) 58.3%, Idrissa SECK (Rewmi) 20.5%, Ousmane SONKO (PASTEF) 15.7%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "<em></em>unicameral National Assembly or <em>Assembl&eacute;e</em> Nationale (165 seats; 105 members including 15 representing Senegalese diaspora directly elected by plurality vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies and 60 members directly elected by proportional representation vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "National Assembly - last held on 2 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "National Assembly results - percent of vote by party/coalition - BBK 49.5%, CGWS 16.7%, MTS 11.7%, PUR 4.7%, CP-Kaddu Askan Wi 2%, other 15.4%; seats by party/coalition - BBY 125, CGWS 19, MTS 7, PUR 3, CP-Kaddu Askan Wi 2, other 9; composition - men 96, women 69, percent of women 41.8%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of the court president and 12 judges and organized into civil and commercial, criminal, administrative, and social chambers); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionel (consists of 7 members, including the court president, vice president, and 5 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon recommendation of the Superior Council of the Magistrates, a body chaired by the president and minister of justice; judge tenure varies, with mandatory retirement either at 65 or 68 years; Constitutional Council members appointed - 5 by the president and 2 by the National Assembly speaker; judges serve 6-year terms, with renewal of 2 members every 2 years"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "High Court of Justice (for crimes of high treason by the president); Courts of Appeal; Court of Auditors; assize courts; regional and district courts; Labor Court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar or APR-Yakaar [Macky SALL]<br />Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]<br />Alliance for Citizenship and Labor or ACT [Abdoul MBAYE]<br />And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Mamadou DIOP Decriox]<br />Benno Bokk Yakaar or BBY (United in Hope) [Macky SALL] (coalition includes AFP, APR, BGC, LD-MPT, PIT, PS, and UNP)<br />Bokk Gis Gis coalition [Pape DIOP]<br />Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk [Mansour Sy DJAMIL]<br />Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Abdoulaye BATHILY]<br />Dare the Future movement [Aissata Tall SALL]<br />Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE]<br />Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]<br />General Alliance for the Interests of the Republic or AGIR [Thierno BOCOUM]<br />Grand Party or GP [Malick GAKOU]<br />Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Magatte THIAM]<br />Madicke 2019 coalition [Madicke NIANG]<br />National Union for the People or UNP [Souleymane Ndene NDIAYE]<br />Only Senegal movement [Pierre Goudiaby ATEPA]<br />Party for Truth and Development or PVD [Cheikh Ahmadou Kara MBAKE]<br />Party of Unity and Rally or PUR [El Hadji SALL]<br />Patriotic Convergence Kaddu Askan Wi or CP-Kaddu Askan Wi [Abdoulaye BALDE]<br />Patriots of Senegal for Ethics, Work and Fraternity or (PASTEF) [Ousmane SONKO]<br />Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK]<br />Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]<br />Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]<br />Tekki Movement [Mamadou Lamine DIALLO]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, CPLP (associate), ECOWAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Mansour KANE&nbsp;(since 6 January 2020)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2215 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 234-0540"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 629-2961"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Houston, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Tulinabo S. MUSHINGI (since August 2017); note - also accredited to Guinea-Bissau"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[221] 33-879-4000"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Route des Almadies, Dakar"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "B.P. 49, Dakar"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[221] 33-822-2991"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope",
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea</p>"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: green, yellow, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons\" (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Leopold Sedar SENGHOR/Herbert PEPPER"
      },
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960; lyrics written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem sometimes played incorporating the Koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and Balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title</p>"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Senegal’s economy is driven by mining, construction, tourism, fisheries and agriculture, which are the primary sources of employment in rural areas. The country's key export industries include phosphate mining, fertilizer production, agricultural products and commercial fishing and Senegal is also working on oil exploration projects. It relies heavily on donor assistance, remittances and foreign direct investment. Senegal reached a growth rate of 7% in 2017, due in part to strong performance in agriculture despite erratic rainfall.</p><p></p><p>President Macky SALL, who was elected in March 2012 under a reformist policy agenda, inherited an economy with high energy costs, a challenging business environment, and a culture of overspending. President SALL unveiled an ambitious economic plan, the Emerging Senegal Plan (ESP), which aims to implement priority economic reforms and investment projects to increase economic growth while preserving macroeconomic stability and debt sustainability. Bureaucratic bottlenecks and a challenging business climate are among the perennial challenges that may slow the implementation of this plan.</p><p></p><p>Senegal receives technical support from the IMF under a Policy Support Instrument (PSI) to assist with implementation of the ESP. The PSI implementation continues to be satisfactory as concluded by the IMF’s fifth review in December 2017. Financial markets have signaled confidence in Senegal through successful Eurobond issuances in 2014, 2017, and 2018.</p><p></p><p>The government is focusing on 19 projects under the ESP to continue The government’s goal under the ESP is structural transformation of the economy. Key projects include the Thiès-Touba Highway, the new international airport opened in December 2017, and upgrades to energy infrastructure. The cost of electricity is a chief constraint for Senegal’s development. Electricity prices in Senegal are among the highest in the world. Power Africa, a US presidential initiative led by USAID, supports Senegal’s plans to improve reliability and increase generating capacity.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "7.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "6.2% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "6.4% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "-0.8% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "0.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "1.3% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Ba3 (2017)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B+ (2000)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$55.324 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$52.553 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
        "text": "$49.402 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars</p>"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$23.576 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$3,395 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$3,315 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2017": {
        "text": "$3,204 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars</p>"
    },
    "Gross national saving": {
      "Gross national saving 2017": {
        "text": "21.2% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Gross national saving 2016": {
        "text": "21.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Gross national saving 2015": {
        "text": "20.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "16.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "24.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "58.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "71.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "15.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "25.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "3.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "27% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-42.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": {
      "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": {
        "text": "60.9 (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "groundnuts, watermelons, rice, sugar cane, cassava, millet, maize, onions, sorghum, vegetables"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, zircon, and gold mining, construction materials, ship construction and repair"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "7.7% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "6.966 million (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "77.5%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "22.5%"
      },
      "industry and services": {
        "text": "22.5% (2007 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2007": {
        "text": "48% (2007 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "46.7% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": {
        "text": "40.3 (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.5%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "31.1% (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "4.139 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "4.9 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "19.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-3.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "48.3% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "47.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$1.547 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$769 million (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2017": {
        "text": "$2.362 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2016": {
        "text": "$2.498 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Mali 14.8%, Switzerland 11.4%, India 6%, Cote dIvoire 5.3%, UAE 5.1%, Gambia, The 4.2%, Spain 4.1% (2017)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2017": {
        "text": "$5.217 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2016": {
        "text": "$4.966 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "France 16.3%, China 10.4%, Nigeria 8%, India 7.2%, Netherlands 4.8%, Spain 4.2% (2017)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "food and beverages, capital goods, fuels"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$1.827 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$116.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$8.571 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$6.327 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "617.4 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "593.01 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "593.01 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "591.45 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "494.42 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "71% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "94% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "50% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "4.167 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "3.497 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "977,000 kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "82% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "7% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "11% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "17,880 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "17,590 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "48,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "4,063 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "32,050 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "59.46 million cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "59.46 million cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
      "text": "8.644 million Mt (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "195,288"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1.27 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "16,871,654"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "109.72 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "mobile penetration reached 108% in March 2019; mobile broadband accounts for close to 100% (97.2%)&nbsp;Internet accesses; 3G and LTE services for 50% of population; growth in the intel market along with economic growth for the country; regulator awards more MVNO licenses, deactivated some 5 million unregistered SIM cards (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "generally reliable urban system with a fiber-optic network; about two-thirds of all fixed-line connections are in Dakar; mobile-cellular service is steadily displacing fixed-line service, even in urban areas; fixed-line 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular 110 per 100 persons (2019)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 221; landing points for the ACE, Atlantis-2, MainOne and SAT-3/WASC submarine cables providing connectivity from South Africa, numerous western African countries, Europe and South America;&nbsp;satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-run Radiodiffusion Television Senegalaise (RTS) broadcasts TV programs from five cities in Senegal; in most regions of the country, viewers can receive TV programming from at least 7 private broadcasters; a wide range of independent TV programming is available via satellite; RTS operates a national radio network and a number of regional FM stations; at least 7 community radio stations and 18 private-broadcast radio stations are available; transmissions of at least 5 international broadcasters are accessible on FM in Dakar (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".sn"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6,909,635"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "46% (July 2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "129,820"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1 (2018 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "11"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "21,038 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "40,000 mt-km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "6V (2016)"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9 (2017)"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "2 (2017)"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "6 (2017)"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "1 (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11 (2013)"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "7 (2013)"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "3 (2013)"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "1 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "43 km gas, 8 km refined products (2017)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "906 km (713 km operational in 2017) (2017)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "906 km 1.000-m gauge (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16,665 km (2017)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "6,126 km (includes 241 km of expressways) (2017)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "10,539 km (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,000 km (primarily on the Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance Rivers) (2012)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "34"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 4, oil tanker 1, other 29 (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Dakar"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Senegalese Armed Forces: Army, Senegalese National Navy (Marine Senegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Senegal), National Gendarmerie (includes Territorial and Mobile components) (2020)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2018)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2017)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2016": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2016)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2015": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "the Senegalese Armed Forces (SAF) consist of approximately 19,000 active personnel (12,000 Army; 1,000 Navy/Coast Guard; 800 Air Force; 5,000 National Gendarmerie) (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the SAF inventory includes mostly older or second-hand equipment from a variety of countries, including France, South Africa, and Russia/former Soviet Union; in recent years, the SAF has attempted to modernize, particularly its air force; China and France are the leading suppliers of newer military hardware to the SAF since 2010 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "1,000 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 20 years of age for selective conscript service; 2-year service obligation; women have been accepted into military service since 2008 (2016)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>cross-border trafficking in persons, timber, wildlife, and cannabis; rebels from the Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance find refuge in Guinea-Bissau</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "14,114 (Mauritania) (2020)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "8,400 (clashes between government troops and separatists in Casamance region in the 1990s and early 2000s) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis"
    }
  }
}