factbook.json/middle-east/iz.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by the United Kingdom during World War I and was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration in 1920. Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. It was proclaimed a republic in 1958 after a coup overthrew the monarchy, but in actuality, a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Hussein, from 1979 to 2003. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly war from 1980 to 1988. In 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led UN coalition forces during the two-month-long Gulf War of 1991. After Iraq's expulsion, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions led to the Second Gulf War in 2003, when US-led forces ousted the SADDAM regime.</p> <p>In 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR). The COR approved most of the cabinet ministers, marking the transition to Iraq's first constitutional government in nearly a half-century. Iraq's constitution also established the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), a semi-autonomous region that administers the governorates of Erbil, Dahuk, and As Sulaymaniyah. Iraq has held four national legislative elections since 2006, most recently in 2021. The COR approved Mohammad Shia' al-SUDANI as prime minister in 2022. Iraq has repeatedly postponed elections for provincial councils -- last held in 2013 -- and since 2019, the prime minister has had the authority to appoint governors rather than provincial councils.</p> <p>Between 2014 and 2017, Iraq fought a military campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) to recapture territory the group seized in 2014. In 2017, then-Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI publicly declared victory against ISIS, although military operations against the group continue in rural areas. Also in 2017, Baghdad forcefully seized disputed territories across central and northern Iraq from the KRG, after a non-binding Kurdish independence referendum.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "33 00 N, 44 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Middle East"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "438,317 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "437,367 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "950 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than three times the size of New York State"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,809 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Iran 1,599 km; Jordan 179 km; Kuwait 254 km; Saudi Arabia 811 km; Syria 599 km; Turkey 367 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "58 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "not specified"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Cheekha Dar (Kurdish for \"Black Tent\") 3,611 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "312 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "21.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 9.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "76.5% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "35,250 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Hammar - 1,940 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Euphrates river mouth (shared with Turkey[s], Syria, and Iran) - 3,596 km; Tigris river mouth (shared with Turkey[s], Syria, and Iran) - 1,950 km; the Tigris and Euphrates join to form the Shatt al Arab<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "Indian Ocean drainage": {
        "text": "<em>(Persian Gulf)</em> Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)"
      }
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Arabian Aquifer System"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "dust storms; sandstorms; floods"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "42,917,742 (2025 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21,614,894"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21,302,848"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Iraqi(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Iraqi"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, other 5% (includes Turkmen, Yezidi, Shabak, Kaka'i, Bedouin, Romani, Assyrian, Circassian, Sabaean-Mandaean, Persian)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data is a 1987 government estimate; no more recent reliable numbers are available"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Arabic (official), Kurdish (official); Turkmen (a Turkish dialect) and Syriac (Neo-Aramaic) are recognized as official languages where native speakers of these languages are present"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)<br> <p>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.</p>"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim (official) 95-98% (Shia 61-64%, Sunni 29-34%), Christian 1% (includes Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Assyrian Church of the East), other 1-4% (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the last census in Iraq was in 1997; while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, the overall Christian population has decreased at least 50% and perhaps as much as 90% since 2003, according to US Embassy estimates, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "34.6% (male 7,447,266/female 7,130,883)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "61.7% (male 13,064,516/female 12,907,702)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.6% (2024 est.) (male 681,574/female 851,495)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "60.5 (2025 est.)"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "54.6 (2025 est.)"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.9 (2025 est.)"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "16.9 (2025 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22.7 years (2025 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "22 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22.7 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.94% (2025 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "23.26 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "3.86 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "71.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "7.711 million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.792 million Mosul, 1.448 million Basra, 1.075 million Kirkuk, 958,000 Najaf, 897,000 Erbil (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.8 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "66 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "73.7 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71.9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "75.7 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "3.03 children born/woman (2025 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.48 (2025 est.)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 94.8% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 5.2% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Health expenditure": {
      "Health expenditure (as % of GDP)": {
        "text": "5.2% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Health expenditure (as % of national budget)": {
        "text": "5.8% of national budget (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "1.02 physicians/1,000 population (2022)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.3 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 97.6% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 98.5% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 2.4% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 1.5% of population (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "30.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.6% (2025 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "36.2% (2025 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.3% (2025 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "3.9% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "64.3% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "7.2% (2018)"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "27.9% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditure": {
      "text": "4.7% of GDP (2016)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "84.1% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "90.3% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "77.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environmental issues": {
      "text": "habitat loss from wetland draining; inadequate potable water; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification; air, soil, and groundwater pollution from military and industries; water pollution from oil refineries and factory and sewage discharges; soil pollution from fertilizer and chemicals; air pollution in urban areas"
    },
    "International environmental agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "21.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 9.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "76.5% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "71.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "190.815 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "7,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "152.931 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "37.878 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Particulate matter emissions": {
      "text": "45.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Methane emissions": {
      "energy": {
        "text": "2,243 kt (2022-2024 est.)"
      },
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "157 kt (2019-2021 est.)"
      },
      "waste": {
        "text": "325 kt (2019-2021 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "2.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "13.14 million tons (2024 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "15.4% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "6.735 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "4.52 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "31.169 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "89.86 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Iraq"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Iraq"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Jumhuriyat al-Iraq/Komar-i Eraq"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Al Iraq/Eraq"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Mesopotamia, Mandatory Iraq, Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name probably derives from Uruk (\"Erech\" in Aramaic), the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian city on the Euphrates River"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Baghdad"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "33 20 N, 44 24 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the origin of the name is unclear; it may mean \"gift of God,\" from the pre-Islamic words <em>bagh</em> (god) and <em>dad</em> (given)"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "19 governorates (<em>muhafazat</em>, singular - <em>muhafazah </em>(Arabic); parezgakan, singular - parezga (Kurdish)); 'Al Anbar; Al Basrah; Al Muthanna; Al Qadisiyah (Ad Diwaniyah); An Najaf; Arbil (Erbil) (Arabic), Halabjah; Hewler (Kurdish); As Sulaymaniyah (Arabic), Slemani (Kurdish); Babil; Baghdad; Dahuk (Arabic), Dihok (Kurdish); Dhi Qar; Diyala; Karbala'; Kirkuk; Maysan; Ninawa; Salah ad Din; Wasit",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>Iraq's Kurdistan Regional Government administers Arbil, Dahuk, and As Sulaymaniyah (as Hewler, Dihok, and Slemani, respectively)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed system of civil and Islamic law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 15 October 2005"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic and the Council of Minsters collectively, or by one fifth of the Council of Representatives members; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Council of Representatives, approval by referendum, and ratification by the president; passage of amendments to articles on citizen rights and liberties requires two-thirds majority vote of Council of Representatives members after two successive electoral terms, approval in a referendum, and ratification by the president"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Latif RASHID (since 13 October 2022)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-SUDANI (since 27 October 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, approved by Council of Representatives (COR)"
      },
      "election/appointment process": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by COR to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term)"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "13 October 2022"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2022: </em>Latif RASHID elected president in second round; COR vote in first round - Latif RASHID (PUK) 157, Barham SALIH (PUK) 99; COR vote in second round - Latif RASHID 167, Barham SALIH 99; Mohammed Shia' al-SUDANI approved as prime minister<em><br><br>2018:</em> Barham SALIH elected president in second round; COR vote in first round - Barham SALIH (PUK) 165, Fuad HUSAYN (KDP) 90; COR vote in second round - Barham SALIH 219, Fuad HUSAYN 22; Adil ABD AL-MAHDI approved as prime minister"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Council of Representatives of Iraq"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "329 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "other systems"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "11/11/2025"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Reconstruction &amp; Development Coalition, The Progress (Taqaddum) Party, State of Law Coalition, Sadiqoun Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), Badr Organization, National State Forces Alliance, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), Azm Alliance, National Sovereignty, Ishraqat Kanun, Asas (Iraqi Foundation) Coalition, Tasmeem Alliance, Huquq Movement, National Resolve (Hasm)&nbsp;"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "28.9%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "November 2029"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Federal Supreme Court or FSC (consists of 9 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of a court president, 5 vice presidents, and at least 24 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Federal Supreme Court (FSC) judges nominated by the High Judicial Council (HJC) president, the FSC chief justice, the public prosecutor's office chief, and the head of the Judicial Oversight Commission; FSC members required to retire at age 72; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the HJC and confirmed by the Council of Representatives to serve until retirement, nominally at age 63, but can be extended to age 66"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal (governorate level); civil courts, including first instance, personal status, labor, and customs; criminal courts including felony, misdemeanor, investigative, major crimes, juvenile, and traffic courts"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Federal Supreme Court jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues, application of federal laws, ratification of election results for the COR, judicial competency disputes, and disputes between regions or governorates and the central government"
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Al Fatah Alliance<br>Azm Alliance<br>Babiliyun Movement<br>Imtidad<br>Ishraqat Konun<br>Kurdistan Democratic Party<br>National Contract Party<br>New Generation Movement<br>Patriotic Union of Kurdistan<br>Sadrist Bloc<br>State Forces Alliance<br>State of Law Coalition<br>Taqadum<br>Tasmim Alliance"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Nazar Issa Abdulhadi AL-KHIRULLAH (since 30 June 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 483-7500"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 462-8815"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@scrdiraq.gov.iq<br><br>https://www.iraqiembassy.us/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Detroit, Los Angeles"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Ambassador Joshua HARRIS (since 2 September 2025)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Al-Kindi Street, International Zone, Baghdad; note - consulate in Al Basrah closed as of 28 September 2018"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "6060 Baghdad Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-6060"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "0760-030-3000"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>BaghdadACS@state.gov<br><br>https://iq.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AIIB, AMF, CAEU, CICA, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 28 June 2004, the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 3 October (1932); Republic Day, 14 July (1958)"
    },
    "Flag": {
      "text": "<strong>description:</strong> three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic phrase meaning \"God is great\") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> the colors come from the Arab Liberation flag and stand for oppression (black) overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)<br><br><strong>history:</strong> the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise replacement for the Ba'thist SADDAM-era flag",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> similar to the flags of Syria (two stars but no script), Yemen (plain white band), and Egypt (a golden Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band)"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden eagle"
    },
    "National color(s)": {
      "text": "red, white, black"
    },
    "National anthem(s)": {
      "title": {
        "text": "\"Mawtini\" (My Homeland)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Ibrahim TOUQAN/Mohammad FLAYFEL"
      },
      "history": {
        "text": "adopted 2004, after the ouster of SADDAM Husayn; popular Arab folk song that also serves as an unofficial anthem for the Palestinian people"
      }
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "6 (5 cultural, 1 mixed)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) (c); Babylon (c); Erbil Citadel (c); Hatra (c); Samarra Archaeological City (c); The Ahwar (Marshland) of Southern Iraq: Refuge of Biodiversity and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities (m)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "highly oil-dependent Middle Eastern economy; fiscal sustainability subject to fluctuation in oil prices; rising public confidence in economic conditions; import-dependent for most sectors; persistent challenges of corruption, informal markets, banking access, and political fragility"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024": {
        "text": "$585.887 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$595.082 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$592.017 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2024": {
        "text": "-1.5% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "0.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "8% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2024": {
        "text": "$12,700 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$13,200 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$13,400 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$279.641 billion (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "4.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "6% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.4% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "51.6% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "45.8% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "41.2% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20.3% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "20.6% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "8.8% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "37.5% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-37.2% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, dates, maize, tomatoes, rye, grapes, milk, chicken, potatoes, fruits (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-2.7% (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "12.008 million (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2024": {
        "text": "15.6% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "15.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "15.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "32.1% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "27.5% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "62.7% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023": {
        "text": "29.8 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "28.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "4.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "24.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$90.204 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$64.512 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "27.4% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "1.3% (of GDP) (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$28.375 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$58.01 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$24.565 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$107.852 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$127.079 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$78.26 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 33%, India 28%, USA 8%, Greece 5%, UAE 5% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, petroleum coke, gold, natural gas (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$81.179 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$69.162 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$50.707 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "UAE 32%, China 20%, Turkey 18%, India 5%, USA 2% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, jewelry, gold (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": {
        "text": "$100.691 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$112.233 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$97.009 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$15.58 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2024": {
        "text": "1,300 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "1,312.5 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "1,450 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "1,450 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "1,192 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "31.339 million kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "73.521 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3.134 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "79.904 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "98.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "imports": {
        "text": "3,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "4.448 million bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "1.043 million bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "145.019 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "10.537 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "19.308 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "8.771 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "3.729 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "64.311 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1.977 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "4 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "46.1 million (2024 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "100 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "the number of private radio and TV stations has increased rapidly since 2003; state-owned TV and radio stations are operated by the publicly funded Iraqi Media Network; private broadcast media are mostly linked to political, ethnic, or religious groups; satellite TV is available to about 70% of viewers; many broadcasters are based abroad; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are accessible (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".iq"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "82% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.77 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "17 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "YI"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "73 (2025)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "10 (2025)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,272 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "2,272 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "74 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 6, other 67"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "6 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Al Basrah, Al-Basra Oil Terminal, Khawr Al Amaya, Khawr Al Zubair, Umm Qasr"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force<br><br>Office of the Prime Minister: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS); Popular Mobilization Committee (PMC)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Provincial Police; Ministry of Oil: Energy Police Directorate (2025)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Iraqi military and associated security forces are collectively known as the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF); the Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS) includes the Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF)<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Iraqi Government funds the PMF, and it is mandated by law to act under government control but many of the militia units take orders from individual government officials and/or associated political parties; some militias have ties to Iran and some have been designated as terrorist organizations by the US (see Terrorism Reference)<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the federal constitution provides the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) the right to maintain its own military and security forces, known as the Kurdish Security Forces (KSF); some forces, such as the Regional Guard Brigades, are unified under the KRG's Ministry of Peshmerga Affairs, but the two main Kurdish political parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), also maintain their own military forces, police, emergency response, and internal security/intelligence services"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "3.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "estimated 200,000 active armed forces personnel under the Ministry of Defense (Army, Aviation Command, Air/Air Defense, Navy, Special Forces); approximately 20-25,000 National-Level Security Forces<br><br>Ministry of Peshmerga: estimated 150,000 active personnel<br><br>Popular Mobilization Forces: estimated 200,000 militia (2025)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Iraqi military's inventory includes a mix of European, Russian, Soviet-era, and US armaments (2025)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2025)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) are primarily focused on internal and border security; they are actively conducting counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group, particularly in northern and western Iraq; the operations include securing the border with Syria; the Kurdish Security Forces, as well as are also active in conducting operations against ISIS <br><br>two international military task forces operate in Iraq to assist the country's security forces at the request of the Iraqi Government; in 2018, NATO established an advisory, training and capacity-building mission for the Iraqi military known as the NATO Mission Iraq (NMI); in December 2021, the US-led Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR) transitioned from a combat role to an advise, assist, and enable role (2025)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Ansar al-Islam; Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Harakat al-Nujaba (HAN); Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya (HAAA); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshabandi; Kata'ib Hizballah; Kata’ib al-Imam Ali (KIA); Kata’ib Sayyid al-Shuhada (KSS); Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees": {
        "text": "335,343 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "1,201,813 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "233 (2024 est.)"
      }
    }
  }
}