factbook.json/caribbean/jm-jamaica.json

{
  "intro": {
    "background": {
      "text": "The island - discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1494 - was settled by the Spanish early in the 16th century. The native Taino, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually exterminated and replaced by African slaves. England seized the island in 1655 and established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. The abolition of slavery in 1834 freed a quarter million slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually increased its independence from Britain. In 1958 it joined other British Caribbean colonies in forming the Federation of the West Indies. Jamaica gained full independence when it withdrew from the Federation in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, and poverty pose significant challenges to the government today. Nonetheless, many rural and resort areas remain relatively safe and contribute substantially to the economy."
    }
  },
  "geo": {
    "location": {
      "text": "Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba"
    },
    "geographic_coordinates": {
      "text": "18 15 N, 77 30 W"
    },
    "map_references": {
      "text": "Central America and the Caribbean"
    },
    "area": {
      "total": "10,991 sq km",
      "land": "10,831 sq km",
      "water": "160 sq km"
    },
    "area_comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Connecticut"
    },
    "land_boundaries": {
      "text": "0 km"
    },
    "coastline": {
      "text": "1,022 km"
    },
    "maritime_claims": {
      "text": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines",
      "territorial_sea": "12 nm",
      "contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
      "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
      "continental_shelf": "200 nm or to edge of the continental margin"
    },
    "climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior"
    },
    "terrain": {
      "text": "mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain"
    },
    "elevation_extremes": {
      "lowest_point": "Caribbean Sea 0 m",
      "highest_point": "Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m"
    },
    "natural_resources": {
      "text": "bauxite, gypsum, limestone"
    },
    "land_use": {
      "arable_land": "10.92%",
      "permanent_crops": "9.1%",
      "other": "79.98% (2011)"
    },
    "irrigated_land": {
      "text": "252.2 sq km (2003)"
    },
    "total_renewable_water_resources": {
      "text": "9.4 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
      "total": "0.93  cu km/yr (32%/16%/52%)",
      "per_capita": "369.9  cu m/yr (2009)"
    },
    "natural_hazards": {
      "text": "hurricanes (especially July to November)"
    },
    "environment_current_issues": {
      "text": "heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston from vehicle emissions"
    },
    "environment_international_agreements": {
      "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
      "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
    },
    "geography_note": {
      "text": "strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal"
    }
  },
  "people": {
    "nationality": {
      "noun": "Jamaican(s)",
      "adjective": "Jamaican"
    },
    "ethnic_groups": {
      "text": "black 91.2%, mixed 6.2%, other or unknown 2.6% (2001 census)"
    },
    "languages": {
      "text": "English, English patois"
    },
    "religions": {
      "text": "Protestant 62.5% (Seventh-Day Adventist 10.8%, Pentecostal 9.5%, Other Church of God 8.3%, Baptist 7.2%, New Testament Church of God 6.3%, Church of God in Jamaica 4.8%, Church of God of Prophecy 4.3%, Anglican 3.6%, other Christian 7.7%), Roman Catholic 2.6%, other or unspecified 14.2%, none 20.9% (2001 census)"
    },
    "population": {
      "text": "2,909,714 (July 2013 est.)"
    },
    "age_structure": {
      "0_14_years": "29% (male 428,643/female 414,348)",
      "15_24_years": "21.8% (male 318,132/female 315,945)",
      "25_54_years": "36% (male 514,172/female 532,094)",
      "55_64_years": "5.5% (male 78,510/female 82,565)",
      "65_years_and_over": "7.7% (male 100,820/female 124,485) (2013 est.)"
    },
    "dependency_ratios": {
      "total_dependency_ratio": "54 %",
      "youth_dependency_ratio": "41.8 %",
      "elderly_dependency_ratio": "12.2 %",
      "potential_support_ratio": "8.2 (2013)"
    },
    "median_age": {
      "total": "24.6 years",
      "male": "24.1 years",
      "female": "25.2 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "population_growth_rate": {
      "text": "0.7% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "birth_rate": {
      "text": "18.65 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "death_rate": {
      "text": "6.63 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "net_migration_rate": {
      "text": "-4.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "urbanization": {
      "urban_population": "52% of total population (2010)",
      "rate_of_urbanization": "0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
    },
    "major_urban_areas_population": {
      "text": "KINGSTON (capital) 580,000 (2009)"
    },
    "sex_ratio": {
      "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
      "0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
      "15_24_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
      "25_54_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
      "55_64_years": "0.95 male(s)/female",
      "65_years_and_over": "0.81 male(s)/female",
      "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
    },
    "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
      "text": "21.2",
      "note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008 est.)"
    },
    "maternal_mortality_rate": {
      "text": "110 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
    },
    "infant_mortality_rate": {
      "total": "13.98 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "male": "14.55 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "female": "13.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
    },
    "life_expectancy_at_birth": {
      "total_population": "73.44 years",
      "male": "71.81 years",
      "female": "75.15 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "total_fertility_rate": {
      "text": "2.09 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
    },
    "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "69% (2002/03)"
    },
    "health_expenditures": {
      "text": "4.8% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "physicians_density": {
      "text": "0.85 physicians/1,000 population (2003)"
    },
    "hospital_bed_density": {
      "text": "1.9 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
    },
    "drinking_water_source": {
      "improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 88% of population; total: 93% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 12% of population; total: 7% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "sanitation_facility_access": {
      "improved": "urban: 78% of population; rural: 82% of population; total: 80% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 22% of population; rural: 18% of population; total: 20% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "1.7% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
      "text": "32,000 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_deaths": {
      "text": "1,200 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "24.1% (2008)"
    },
    "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
      "text": "1.9% (2007)"
    },
    "education_expenditures": {
      "text": "6.4% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "literacy": {
      "definition": "age 15 and over has ever attended school",
      "total_population": "87%",
      "male": "82.1%",
      "female": "91.8% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
      "total": "12.9 years (2010)"
    },
    "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
      "total_number": "38,516",
      "percentage": "6 % (2005 est.)"
    },
    "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
      "total": "30.1%",
      "male": "23.9%",
      "female": "37.9% (2011)"
    }
  },
  "govt": {
    "country_name": {
      "conventional_long_form": "none",
      "conventional_short_form": "Jamaica"
    },
    "government_type": {
      "text": "constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm"
    },
    "capital": {
      "name": "Kingston",
      "geographic_coordinates": "18 00 N, 76 48 W",
      "time_difference": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
    },
    "administrative_divisions": {
      "text": "14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland",
      "note": "for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation"
    },
    "independence": {
      "text": "6 August 1962 (from the UK)"
    },
    "national_holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 6 August (1962)"
    },
    "constitution": {
      "text": "6 August 1962"
    },
    "legal_system": {
      "text": "common law system based on the English model"
    },
    "international_law_organization_participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "executive_branch": {
      "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Dr. Patrick L. ALLEN (since 26 February 2009)",
      "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Portia SIMPSON-MILLER (since 5 January 2012)",
      "cabinet": "Cabinet is appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister",
      "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general"
    },
    "legislative_branch": {
      "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated 8 seats) and the House of Representatives (63 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
      "elections": "last held on 29 December 2011 (next to be held no later than December 2016)",
      "election_results": "percent of vote by party - PNP 53.3%, JLP 46.6%; seats by party - PNP 41, JLP 22"
    },
    "judicial_branch": {
      "highest_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of president of the court and a minimum of 4 judges; Supreme Court (40 judges organized in specialized divisions) note - appeals beyond Jamicia's highest courts are submitted to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) rather than to the Caribbean Court of Justice (the appellate court implemented for member states of the Caribbean Community)",
      "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the Court of Appeal appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister; other judges of both courts appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; judges of both courts serve till age 70",
      "subordinate_courts": "resident magistrate courts, district courts, and petty sessions courts"
    },
    "political_parties_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Andrew HOLNESS]; People's National Party or PNP [Portia SIMPSON-MILLER]; National Democratic Movement or NDM [Michael WILLIAMS]"
    },
    "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
      "text": "New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)"
    },
    "international_organization_participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Stephen VASCIANNIE",
      "chancery": "1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036",
      "telephone": "[1] (202) 452-0660",
      "fax": "[1] (202) 452-0081",
      "consulates_general": "Miami, New York"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Pamela E. BRIDGEWATER",
      "embassy": "142 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6",
      "mailing_address": "P.O. Box 541, Kingston 5",
      "telephone": "[1] (876) 702-6000",
      "fax": "[1] (876) 702-6001"
    },
    "flag_description": {
      "text": "diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources"
    },
    "national_symbols": {
      "text": "green-and-black streamertail (bird)"
    },
    "national_anthem": {
      "name": "\"Jamaica, Land We Love\"",
      "lyrics_music": "Hugh Braham SHERLOCK/Robert Charles LIGHTBOURNE",
      "note": "adopted 1962"
    }
  },
  "econ": {
    "economy_overview": {
      "text": "The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which accounted for more than 60% of GDP at the end of 2011. The country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. Remittances account for nearly 15% of GDP and exports of bauxite and alumina make up roughly 5%. The bauxite/alumina sector was most affected by the global downturn while the tourism industry was resilient. Tourism revenues account for roughly 5% of GDP in 2011. Jamaica's economy faces many challenges to growth: high crime and corruption, large-scale unemployment and underemployment, and a debt-to-GDP ratio of nearly 130%. Jamaica's onerous public debt burden is the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy, most notably to the financial sector. In early 2010, the Jamaican Government created the Jamaica Debt Exchange in order to retire high-priced domestic bonds and significantly reduce annual debt servicing. Despite the improvement, debt servicing costs still hinder the government''s ability to spend on infrastructure and social programs, particularly as job losses rise in a shrinking economy. Jamaica was hard hit by the effects of the global economic crisis, experiencing economic contractions from 2008-10 and growth remains low. The SIMPSON-MILLER administration faces the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt payments, while simultaneously attacking a serious crime problem that is hampering economic growth. High unemployment exacerbates the crime problem, including gang violence that is fueled by the drug trade. As of late 2012, the SIMPSON-MILLER government was working to negotiate a new IMF Stand-by agreement to gain access to additional funds."
    },
    "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
      "text": "$25.62 billion (2012 est.); $25.6 billion (2011 est.); $25.22 billion (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
      "text": "$15.25 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_real_growth_rate": {
      "text": "0.1% (2012 est.); 1.5% (2011 est.); -1.4% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
      "text": "$9,300 (2012 est.); $9,300 (2011 est.); $9,200 (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gross_national_saving": {
      "text": "8.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 7% of GDP (2011 est.); 13.1% of GDP (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
      "household_consumption": "86.2%",
      "government_consumption": "15.9%",
      "investment_in_fixed_capital": "20.7%",
      "investment_in_inventories": "0.5%",
      "exports_of_goods_and_services": "33.3%",
      "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-56.5% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
      "agriculture": "6.4%",
      "industry": "29.1%",
      "services": "64.5% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "agriculture_products": {
      "text": "sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, ackees, vegetables; poultry, goats, milk; shellfish"
    },
    "industries": {
      "text": "tourism, bauxite/alumina, agro-processing, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications"
    },
    "industrial_production_growth_rate": {
      "text": "-2.4% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force": {
      "text": "1.255 million (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force_by_occupation": {
      "agriculture": "17%",
      "industry": "19%",
      "services": "64% (2006)"
    },
    "unemployment_rate": {
      "text": "14.3% (2012 est.); 14.1% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "population_below_poverty_line": {
      "text": "16.5% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
      "lowest_10%": "2.1%",
      "highest_10%": "35.8% (2004)"
    },
    "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
      "text": "45.5 (2004); 37.9 (2000)"
    },
    "budget": {
      "revenues": "$3.884 billion",
      "expenditures": "$4.499 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "taxes_and_other_revenues": {
      "text": "25.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
      "text": "-4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "public_debt": {
      "text": "134.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 131.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
    },
    "fiscal_year": {
      "text": "1 April - 31 March"
    },
    "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
      "text": "6.9% (2012 est.); 7.5% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "central_bank_discount_rate": {
      "text": "2% (31 December 2010 est.); NA% (31 December 2009 est.)"
    },
    "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
      "text": "17.63% (31 December 2012 est.); 19.51% (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_narrow_money": {
      "text": "$1.723 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.962 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_broad_money": {
      "text": "$7.309 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $7.012 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_domestic_credit": {
      "text": "$7.351 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.131 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
      "text": "$7.223 billion (31 December 2011); $6.626 billion (31 December 2010); $6.201 billion (31 December 2009)"
    },
    "current_account_balance": {
      "text": "-$1.523 billion (2012 est.); -$1.723 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports": {
      "text": "$1.747 billion (2012 est.); $1.666 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports_commodities": {
      "text": "alumina, bauxite, sugar, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels"
    },
    "exports_partners": {
      "text": "US 38.7%, Russia 8.1%, Canada 7.8%, Slovenia 5.6% (2012)"
    },
    "imports": {
      "text": "$5.905 billion (2012 est.); $5.881 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "imports_commodities": {
      "text": "food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials"
    },
    "imports_partners": {
      "text": "US 30.1%, Venezuela 14.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.4%, China 11.9% (2012)"
    },
    "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
      "text": "$1.981 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.282 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "debt_external": {
      "text": "$14 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $14.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "exchange_rates": {
      "text": "Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar -; 88.751 (2012 est.); 85.893 (2011 est.); 87.196 (2010 est.); 87.89 (2009); 72.236 (2008)"
    }
  },
  "energy": {
    "electricity_production": {
      "text": "5.208 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_consumption": {
      "text": "4.801 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_imports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
      "text": "1.198 million kW (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
      "text": "93.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
      "text": "1.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
      "text": "4.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_imports": {
      "text": "23,780 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_production": {
      "text": "22,790 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
      "text": "78,520 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
      "text": "9,145 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
      "text": "68,410 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_consumption": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
      "text": "9.217 million Mt (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "comm": {
    "telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
      "text": "272,100 (2011)"
    },
    "telephones_mobile_cellular": {
      "text": "2.975 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephone_system": {
      "general_assessment": "fully automatic domestic telephone network",
      "domestic": "the 1999 agreement to open the market for telecommunications services resulted in rapid growth in mobile-cellular telephone usage while the number of fixed-lines in use has declined; combined mobile-cellular teledensity exceeded 110 per 100 persons in 2011",
      "international": "country code - 1-876; the Fibralink submarine cable network provides enhanced delivery of business and broadband traffic and is linked to the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) submarine cable in the Dominican Republic; the link to ARCOS-1 provides seamless connectivity to US, parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)"
    },
    "broadcast_media": {
      "text": "privately owned Radio Jamaica Limited and its subsidiaries operate multiple TV stations, subscription cable services, and radio stations; 2 other privately owned television stations; roughly 70 radio stations (2007)"
    },
    "internet_country_code": {
      "text": ".jm"
    },
    "internet_hosts": {
      "text": "3,906 (2012)"
    },
    "internet_users": {
      "text": "1.581 million (2009)"
    }
  },
  "trans": {
    "airports": {
      "text": "28 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_paved_runways": {
      "total": "11",
      "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "4",
      "under_914_m": "5 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
      "total": "17",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "1",
      "under_914_m": "16 (2013)"
    },
    "roadways": {
      "total": "22,121 km (includes 44 km of expressways) (2005)"
    },
    "merchant_marine": {
      "total": "14",
      "by_type": "bulk carrier 4, cargo 5, container 4, roll on/roll off 1",
      "foreign_owned": "14 (Denmark 1, Germany 10, Greece 3) (2010)"
    },
    "ports_and_terminals": {
      "text": "Discovery Bay (Port Rhoades), Kingston, Montego Bay, Port Antonio, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Rocky Point"
    }
  },
  "military": {
    "military_branches": {
      "text": "Jamaica Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Wing (2010)"
    },
    "military_service_age_and_obligation": {
      "text": "17 1/2 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)"
    },
    "manpower_available_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "726,263",
      "females_age_16_49": "742,958 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "590,673",
      "females_age_16_49": "596,414 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
      "male": "33,369",
      "female": "32,702 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "military_expenditures": {
      "text": "0.9% of GDP (2012)"
    }
  },
  "issues": {
    "disputes_international": {
      "text": "none"
    },
    "illicit_drugs": {
      "text": "transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation and consumption of cannabis; government has an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions"
    }
  }
}