factbook.json/europe/lo.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Slovakia traces its roots to the 9th century state of Great Moravia. The Slovaks then became part of the Hungarian Kingdom, where they remained for the next 1,000 years. After the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867, language and education policies favoring the use of Hungarian (known as \"Magyarization\") led to a public backlash that boosted Slovak nationalism and strengthened Slovak cultural ties with the closely related Czechs, who fell administratively under the Austrian half of the empire. When the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved at the end of World War I, the Slovaks joined the Czechs to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar period, Slovak nationalist leaders pushed for autonomy within Czechoslovakia, and in 1939, in the wake of Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland, the newly established Slovak Republic became a German client state for the remainder of World War II. <br><br>After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted and came under communist rule within Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. In 1968, Warsaw Pact troops invaded and ended the efforts of Czechoslovakia's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create \"socialism with a human face,\" ushering in a period of repression known as \"normalization.\" The peaceful Velvet Revolution swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia underwent a nonviolent \"velvet divorce\" into its two national components, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Europe, south of Poland"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "48 40 N, 19 30 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "49,035 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "48,105 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "930 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about 1.5 times the size of Maryland; about twice the size of New Hampshire"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,587 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Austria 105 km; Czechia 241 km; Hungary 627 km; Poland 517 km; Ukraine 97 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Bodrok River 94 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "458 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "lignite, small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "38% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 27.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 10.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "40.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "21.4% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "259 sq km (2022)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Dunaj (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km<br><br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "Atlantic Ocean drainage": {
        "text": "<em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "flooding"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous; the Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes and valleys"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,563,649 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2,684,747"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2,878,902"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Slovak(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Slovak"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Slovak 83.8%, Hungarian 7.8%, Romani 1.2%, other 1.8% (includes Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Russian, German, Polish), unspecified 5.4% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent population by nationality; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 7–11% of Slovakia's population"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Slovak (official) 81.8%, Hungarian 8.5%, Roma 1.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified 5.7% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Svetova Kniha Faktov, nenahraditelny zdroj zakladnej informacie. (Slovak)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 55.8%, Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession 5.3%, Greek Catholic 4%, Reformed Christian 1.6%, other 3%, none 23.8%, unspecified 6.5% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.3% (male 444,033/female 408,902)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "66.5% (male 1,834,359/female 1,867,158)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "18.1% (2024 est.) (male 406,355/female 602,842)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "50.3 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "23 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "27.3 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.7 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "42.8 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "41.3 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44.4 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.08% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "10 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "11.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "54% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "441,000 BRATISLAVA (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.09 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.67 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "27.2 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "77.2 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "73.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "81 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.6 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.77 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Health expenditure": {
      "Health expenditure (as % of GDP)": {
        "text": "7.8% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Health expenditure (as % of national budget)": {
        "text": "14.6% of national budget (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "3.7 physicians/1,000 population (2022)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "5.7 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "20.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "2.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "30.3% (2025 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "34.5% (2025 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "26.3% (2025 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "47.9% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditure": {
      "Education expenditure (% GDP)": {
        "text": "4.7% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Education expenditure (% national budget)": {
        "text": "11% national budget (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environmental issues": {
      "text": "air pollution and acid rain; land erosion from agricultural and mining practices; water pollution"
    },
    "International environmental agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "38% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 27.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 10.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "40.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "21.4% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "54% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "30.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "9.607 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "12.112 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "8.368 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Particulate matter emissions": {
      "text": "16.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2.296 million tons (2024 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "13.2% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "306.21 million cubic meters (2022)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "224.562 million cubic meters (2022)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "32.851 million cubic meters (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "50.1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Geoparks": {
      "total global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "Novohrad-N&oacute;gr&aacute;d (includes Hungary) (2023)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Slovak Republic"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Slovakia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Slovenska republika"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Slovensko"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the country takes its name from the local Slav ethnic group; the origin of the group's name is unclear, although early forms were used in Medieval Latin (Sclavus) and Byzantine Greek (Sklabos)"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Bratislava"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "48 09 N, 17 07 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the meaning is unclear but has medieval Slavic origins; the name was adopted in 1919 after Czechoslovakia gained its independence, replacing the name Pre&scaron;porok"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "8 regions (<em>kraje</em>, singular - <em>kraj</em>); Banska Bystrica, Bratislava, Kosice, Nitra, Presov, Trencin, Trnava, Zilina"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous (pre-independence); latest passed by the National Council 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovakia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Peter PELLEGRINI (since 15 June 2024)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Robert FICO (since 25 October 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
      },
      "election/appointment process": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following National Council elections, the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "23 March 2024, with a runoff on 6 April 2024"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2024: </em>Peter PELLEGRINI elected president in the second round; percent of vote in second round Peter PELLEGRINI 53.1%; Ivan KORCOK 46.9%; percent of vote in first round - Ivan KORCOK (independent) 42.5%; Peter PELLEGRINI (Hlas-SD) 37%; Stefan HARABIN (independent) 11.7%, other 8.8%; <em><br><br>2019:</em> Zuzana CAPUTOVA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zuzana CAPUTOVA (PS) 58.4%, Maros SEFCOVIC (independent) 41.6%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "2029"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Council (Narodna rada Slovenskej republiky)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "National Council (Národná rada)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "150 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "9/30/2023"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Smer - Social Democracy (Smer-SD) (42); Progressive Slovakia (PS) (32); Hlas (“Voice”) - SD (27); Coalition OĽaNO and Friends, 'For the People' and 'Christian Union' (16); Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) (12); Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) (11); Slovak National Party (SNS) (10)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "23.3%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "September 2027"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 80 judges organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels); Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of 13 judges organized into 3-judge panels)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life, subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Direction - Social Democracy or SMER-SD<br>Freedom and Solidarity or SaS<br>Progressive Slovakia or PS<br>Republic<br>Slovakia<br>The Slovak National Party or SNS<br>The Christian Democratic Movement or KDH<br>Voice - Social Democracy or HLAS-SD"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Radovan JAVORČ&Iacute;K (since 18 January 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 237-1054"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 237-6438"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>emb.washington@mzv.sk<br><br>https://www.mzv.sk/web/washington-en"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Gautam A. RANA (since 28 September 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5840 Bratislava Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5840"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[421] (2) 5443-3338"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[421] (2) 5441-8861"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>consulbratislava@state.gov<br><br>https://sk.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)"
    },
    "Flag": {
      "text": "<strong>description:</strong> three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; the national coat of arms (a red shield bordered in white, with a white double-barred cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius on top of three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset to the left<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> white, blue, and red are the pan-Slav colors",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the pan-Slav colors were inspired by Russia's flag"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "double-barred cross (Cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius) over three peaks"
    },
    "National color(s)": {
      "text": "white, blue, red"
    },
    "National anthem(s)": {
      "title": {
        "text": "\"Nad Tatrou sa blyska\" (Storm Over the Tatras)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Janko MATUSKA/traditional"
      },
      "history": {
        "text": "adopted 1993;&nbsp; music based on an 1843 Slovak folk song \"Kopala studienku\" (She Was Digging a Well)"
      }
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "8 (6 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica (c); Levoča, Spišský Hrad, and the Associated Cultural Monuments (c); Vlkolínec (c); Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (n); Bardejov Town (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Wooden Churches of the Slovak Carpathians (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire - The Danube Limes (Western Segment) (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>high-income EU and eurozone economy; manufacturing and exports led by automotive sector;  growth supported by private consumption and public investment from EU funds, tempered by trade risks; increased taxes and withdrawal of energy subsidies contributing to rising but manageable inflation; strong labor demand and influx of foreign labor offsets aging workforce</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024": {
        "text": "$218.762 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$214.343 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$209.794 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2024": {
        "text": "2.1% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "2.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "0.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2024": {
        "text": "$40,300 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$39,500 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$38,600 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$141.776 billion (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024": {
        "text": "2.8% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "10.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "12.8% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "28.5% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "60% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "58.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-1.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "91.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-89.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, sugar beets, maize, milk, barley, rapeseed, sunflower seeds, potatoes, soybeans, pork (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "automobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "0.3% (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "2.779 million (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2024": {
        "text": "5.3% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "5.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "6.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.2% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.1% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "13.7% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022": {
        "text": "24.1 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "19.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "4.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.8% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "18.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2024": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$43.882 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$46.056 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2022": {
        "text": "64.3% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "19.4% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2024": {
        "text": "-$3.895 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$1.169 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$11.126 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2024": {
        "text": "$120.355 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$122.04 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$114.519 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 20%, Czechia 10%, Hungary 7%, USA 6%, Poland 6% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, vehicle parts/accessories, video displays, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2024": {
        "text": "$120.29 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$119.739 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$121.473 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 16%, Czechia 14%, Poland 8%, China 7%, Hungary 6% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, cars, plastic products, insulated wire (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": {
        "text": "$14.452 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$11.288 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$10.28 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2024": {
        "text": "0.924 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "0.925 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "0.95 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "8.138 million kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "24.18 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "14.078 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "10.671 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.233 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "14.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "63.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "13.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "5.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "5 (2025)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors under construction": {
        "text": "1 (2025)"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "2.3GW (2025 est.)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "61.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down": {
        "text": "3 (2025)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "2.315 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "6.066 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "13,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "19 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "7,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "90,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "9 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "46.585 million cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "4.277 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "4.56 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "14.158 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "127.582 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "505,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "9 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "7.63 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "132 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), has 2 national TV stations; roughly 50 privately owned national, regional, and local TV stations; about 40% of households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; multiple RTVS national and regional radio networks; 32 privately owned radio stations"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".sk"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "90% (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.83 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "33 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "OM"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "116 (2025)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2025)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,627 km (2020) 1,585 km electrified"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Ozbrojene Sily Slovenskej Republiky): Ground Forces (Slovenské Pozemné Sily), Air Forces (Slovenské Vzdušné Sily), Special Operations Forces (Sily Pre Speciálne Operácie)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Slovak Police Force (SPF or Policajný Zbor) (2025)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the SPF has sole responsibility for internal and border security"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2025": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2025 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 17,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory consists mostly of Soviet-era platforms; in recent years it has imported limited quantities of more modern, NATO-compatible equipment, particularly from Italy and the US (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription in peacetime suspended in 2004 (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women made up nearly 13% of the military's full-time personnel"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "240 Cyprus (UNFICYP); up to 150 Latvia (NATO) (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Slovak military is responsible for external defense and fulfilling Slovakia’s commitments to European and international security; Slovakia has been a member of both the EU and NATO since 2004; a key focus of the Slovak military is fulfilling the country’s security responsibilities to NATO, including modernizing and acquiring NATO-compatible equipment, participating in training exercises, and providing forces for security missions such as NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence in the Baltic States; since 2022, Slovakia has hosted a multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the NATO effort to boost the defenses of Eastern Europe since the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Slovakia also contributes to EU and UN peacekeeping missions<br><br>the Slovak Air Force has only a handful of fighter aircraft and is assisted by NATO’s air policing mission over Slovakia, which includes fighter aircraft from Czechia and Poland; in 2022, Slovakia signed a defense agreement with the US that allows the US to use two Slovak military air bases (2025)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees": {
        "text": "144,349 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "65 (2024 est.)"
      }
    }
  }
}