{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged after the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). A decades-long conflict between government forces, paramilitaries, and antigovernment insurgent groups heavily funded by the drug trade, principally the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), escalated during the 1990s. More than 31,000 former United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) paramilitaries demobilized by the end of 2006, and the AUC as a formal organization ceased to operate. In the wake of the paramilitary demobilization, new criminal groups arose, whose members include some former paramilitaries. After four years of formal peace negotiations, the Colombian Government signed a final peace accord with the FARC in November 2016, which was subsequently ratified by the Colombian Congress. The accord calls for members of the FARC to demobilize, disarm, and reincorporate into society and politics. The accord also committed the Colombian Government to create three new institutions to form a 'comprehensive system for truth, justice, reparation, and non-repetition,' to include a truth commission, a special unit to coordinate the search for those who disappeared during the conflict, and a 'Special Jurisdiction for Peace' to administer justice for conflict-related crimes. Despite decades of internal conflict and drug-related security challenges, Colombia maintains relatively strong and independent democratic institutions characterized by peaceful, transparent elections and the protection of civil liberties.

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "4 00 N, 72 00 W" }, "Map references": { "text": "South America" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "1,138,910 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "1,038,700 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "100,210 sq km" }, "note": "note: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "6,672 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Brazil 1,790 km; Ecuador 708 km; Panama 339 km; Peru 1,494 km; Venezuela 2,341 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands" }, "Terrain": { "text": "flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains (Llanos)" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Pico Cristobal Colon 5,730 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "593 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 1.4% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 1.6% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 34.5% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "54.4% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "8.1% (2018 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "10,900 sq km (2012)" }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Rio Negro river source (shared with Venezuela and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco (shared with Venezuela [s]) - 2,101 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Amazon Basin" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "

highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts

volcanism: Galeras (4,276 m) is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes, having erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Nevado del Ruiz (5,321 m), 129 km (80 mi) west of Bogota, erupted in 1985 producing lahars (mudflows) that killed 23,000 people; the volcano last erupted in 1991; additionally, after 500 years of dormancy, Nevado del Huila reawakened in 2007 and has experienced frequent eruptions since then; other historically active volcanoes include Cumbal, Dona Juana, Nevado del Tolima, and Purace

" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "49,336,454 (2023 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Colombian(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Colombian" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Mestizo and White 87.6%, Afro-Colombian (includes Mulatto, Raizal, and Palenquero) 6.8%, Amerindian 4.3%, unspecified 1.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Spanish (official) and 65 Amerindian languages" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian 92.3% (predominantly Roman Catholic), other 1%, unspecified 6.7% (2020 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Colombia is in the midst of a demographic transition resulting from steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. The birth rate has fallen from more than 6 children per woman in the 1960s to just below replacement level today as a result of increased literacy, family planning services, and urbanization. However, income inequality is among the worst in the world, and almost one-third of the population lives below the poverty line.

Colombia experiences significant legal and illegal economic emigration and refugee outflows. Large-scale labor emigration dates to the 1960s; the United States and, until recently, Venezuela have been the main host countries.  Emigration to Spain picked up in the 1990s because of its economic growth, but this flow has since diminished because of Spain’s ailing economy and high unemployment. Venezuela’s political and economic crisis since 2015 has prompted many Colombians to return home. 

Forced displacement continues to be prevalent because of violence among guerrillas, paramilitary groups, and Colombian security forces. Afro-Colombian and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected.  Even with the Colombian Government’s December 2016 peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the risk of displacement remains as other rebel groups fill the void left by the FARC.  As of April 2023, almost 6.9 million people were internally displaced in Colombia. This estimate may undercount actual numbers because many internally displaced persons are not registered. Historically, Colombia also has one of the world’s highest levels of forced disappearances. The Colombian Truth Commission estimated than nearly 122,000 people were the victims of forced disappearances during the countries five-decade-long armed conflict—including human rights activists, trade unionists, Afro-Colombians, indigenous people, and farmers in rural conflict zones.

Because of political violence and economic problems, Colombia received limited numbers of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries, mostly from the Middle East, Europe, and Japan.  More recently, growth in the oil, mining, and manufacturing sectors has attracted increased labor migration; the primary source countries are Venezuela, the US, Mexico, and Argentina.  Colombia has also become a transit area for illegal migrants from Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean – especially Haiti and Cuba – who are en route to the US or Canada.  Between 2016 and October 2022, Colombia was host to the largest number of Venezuelan refugees and migrants, totaling almost 2.9 million. Ecuadorian migrants also go to Colombia, many of them attempting to transit the dense and dangerous jungles of the Darien Gap to enter Panama and head onward to the US.

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "22.45% (male 5,663,590/female 5,413,209)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "66.66% (male 16,066,724/female 16,820,068)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "10.89% (2023 est.) (male 2,367,369/female 3,005,494)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "43.5" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "31" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "12.5" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "8 (2021 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "31.2 years" }, "male": { "text": "30.2 years" }, "female": { "text": "32.2 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.54% (2023 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "15.06 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-1.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "82.4% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "11.508 million BOGOTA (capital), 4.102 million Medellin, 2.864 million Cali, 2.349 million Barranquilla, 1.381 million Bucaramanga, 1.088 million Cartagena (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "0.96 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.79 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "21.7 years (2015 est.)", "note": "note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "75 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "11.65 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "13.07 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "10.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "74.89 years" }, "male": { "text": "71.27 years" }, "female": { "text": "78.69 years (2023 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.94 children born/woman (2023 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "0.95 (2023 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "81% (2015/16)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 87.5% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 97.7% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 12.5% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 2.3% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Current health expenditure": { "text": "9% of GDP (2020)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "2.33 physicians/1,000 population (2020)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "1.7 beds/1,000 population (2018)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 99.1% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 87.7% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 97% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0.9% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 12.3% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 3% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2023)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial diarrhea" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "dengue fever and malaria" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "22.3% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "4.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "3.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "0.92 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "8.5% (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "12.4% (2020 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "4.6% (2020 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "3.7% (2015/16)" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "55.3% (2023 est.)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.9% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "95.6%" }, "male": { "text": "95.4%" }, "female": { "text": "95.9% (2020)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "14 years" }, "male": { "text": "14 years" }, "female": { "text": "15 years (2020)" } }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "26.4%" }, "male": { "text": "21.9%" }, "female": { "text": "32.8% (2021 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "deforestation resulting from timber exploitation in the jungles of the Amazon and the region of Chocó; illicit drug crops grown by peasants in the national parks; soil erosion; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Law of the Sea" } }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 1.4% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 1.6% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 34.5% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "54.4% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "8.1% (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "82.4% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Revenue from coal": { "text": "0.75% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "15.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "97.81 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "81.52 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "12,150,120 tons (2011 est.)" }, "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { "text": "2,089,821 tons (2013 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "17.2% (2013 est.)" } }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Rio Negro river source (shared with Venezuela and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco (shared with Venezuela [s]) - 2,101 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Amazon Basin" }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "3.72 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "360 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "25.04 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "2.36 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Colombia" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Colombia" }, "local long form": { "text": "República de Colombia" }, "local short form": { "text": "Colombia" }, "etymology": { "text": "the country is named after explorer Christopher COLUMBUS" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Bogota" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "4 36 N, 74 05 W" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "etymology": { "text": "originally referred to as \"Bacata,\" meaning \"enclosure outside of the farm fields,\" by the indigenous Muisca" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, Archipielago de San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina (colloquially San Andres y Providencia), Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada" }, "Independence": { "text": "20 July 1810 (from Spain)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day, 20 July (1810)" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest promulgated 4 July 1991" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the government, by Congress, by a constituent assembly, or by public petition; passage requires a majority vote by Congress in each of two consecutive sessions; passage of amendments to constitutional articles on citizen rights, guarantees, and duties also require approval in a referendum by over one half of voters and participation of over one fourth of citizens registered to vote; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system influenced by the Spanish and French civil codes" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Colombia" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "5 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (since 7 August 2022); Vice President Francia Elena MÁRQUEZ Mina (since 7 August 2022); the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "head of government": { "text": "President Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (since 7 August 2022); Vice President Francia Elena MÁRQUEZ Mina (since 7 August 2022)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 29 May 2022 with a runoff held on 19 June 2022 (next to be held on 31 May 2026); note - political reform in 2015 eliminated presidential reelection" }, "election results": { "text": "
2022: Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (PHxC) 40.3%, Rodolfo HERNÁNDEZ Suárez (LIGA) 28.2%, Federico GUTIÉRREZ Zuluaga (Team for Colombia / CREEMOS) 23.9%, other 7.6%; percent of vote in second round - Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego 50.4%, Rodolfo HERNÁNDEZ Suarez 47.3%, blank 2.3%

2018: Iván DUQUE Márquez elected president in second round; percent of vote - Iván DUQUE Márquez (CD) 54%, Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (Humane Colombia) 41.8%, other/blank/invalid 4.2%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of:
Senate or Senado (108 seats; 100 members elected in a single nationwide constituency by party-list proportional representation vote, 2 members elected in a special nationwide constituency for indigenous communities, 5 members of the Commons political party, formerly the People's Alternative Revolutionary Force (FARC), for 2 legislative terms only: 2018-2022 and 2022-2026 as per the 2016 peace accord, and 1 seat reserved for the runner-up presidential candidate in the recent election; all members serve 4-year terms)

Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (188 seats; 162 members elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote, 2 members elected in a special nationwide constituency for Afro-Colombians, 1 member elected by Colombians residing abroad, 1 member elected in a special nationwide constituency for the indigenous communities, 5 members of the Commons political party for two legislative terms only: 2018-2022 and 2022-2026 as per the 2016 peace accord, 16 seats for rural conflict victims for two legislative terms only: 2022-2026 and 2026-2030, and 1 seat reserved for the runner-up vice presidential candidate in the recent election; all members serve 4-year terms)

" }, "elections": { "text": " 
Senate - last held on 13 March 2022 (next to be held in March 2026)
Chamber of Representatives - last held on 13 March 2022 (next to be held in March 2026)" }, "election results": { "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PHxC 16, PC 16, PL 15, Green Alliance and Center Hope Coalition 14, CD 14, CR 11, U Party 10, MIRA–Colombia Free and Just Coalition 4; composition - men 75, women 33, percent of women 31%
Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PL 33, PHxC 28, PC 27, CR 18, CD 16, U Party 16, Green Alliance 14, League of Anticorruption Governors 2, others 34; composition - men 136, women 52, percent of women 28%; total Congress percent of women 29%" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of the Civil-Agrarian and Labor Chambers each with 7 judges, and the Penal Chamber with 9 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 magistrates); Council of State (consists of 27 judges); Superior Judiciary Council (consists of 13 magistrates)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the Supreme Court members from candidates submitted by the Superior Judiciary Council; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Constitutional Court magistrates - nominated by the president, by the Supreme Court, and elected by the Senate; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Council of State members appointed by the State Council plenary from lists nominated by the Superior Judiciary Council" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Superior Tribunals (appellate courts for each of the judicial districts); regional courts; civil municipal courts; Superior Military Tribunal; first instance administrative courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Alexander LOPEZ Maya]
Citizens Option (Opcion Ciudadana) or OC [Angel ALIRIO Moreno] (formerly known as the National Integration Party or PIN)
The Commons (formerly People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC) [Rodrigo LONDONO Echeverry]
Conservative Party or PC [Carlos Andres TRUJILLO]
Democratic Center Party or CD [Alvaro URIBE Velez]
Fair and Free Colombia (Colombia Justa Libres) [Eduardo Canas Estrada and Ricardo Arias Mora]
Green Alliance [Claudia LOPEZ Hernandez]
Historic Pact for Colombia or PHxC (coalition composed of several left-leaning political parties and social movements)
Humane Colombia [Gustavo PETRO]
Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation or MIRA [Carlos Eduardo GUEVARA]
League of Anti-Corruption Rulers or LIGA [Rodolfo HERNANDEZ Suarez]
Liberal Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA]
People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC [Rodrigo LONDONO Echeverry]
Radical Change or CR [German VARGAS Lleras]
Team for Colombia - also known as the Experience Coalition or Coalition of the Regions (coalition composed of center-right and right-wing parties)
Union Party for the People or U Party [Dilian Francisca TORO]
We Believe Colombia or CREEMOS [Federico GUTIERREZ]", "note": "note: Colombia has numerous smaller political parties and movements" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "BCIE, BIS, CAN, Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-3, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Luis Gilberto MURILLO URRUTIA (since 16 September 2022)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1724 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 387-8338" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 232-8643" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
eestadosunidos@cancilleria.gov.co

https://www.colombiaemb.org/" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Atlanta, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Newark (NJ), Orlando, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Washington, DC" }, "consulate(s)": { "text": "Boston, Chicago, San Francisco" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Francisco L. PALMIERI (since 1 June 2022)" }, "embassy": { "text": "Carrera 45, No. 24B-27, Bogota" }, "mailing address": { "text": "3030 Bogota Place, Washington DC  20521-3030" }, "telephone": { "text": "[57] (1) 275-2000" }, "FAX": { "text": "[57] (1) 275-4600" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
ACSBogota@state.gov

https://co.usembassy.gov/" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valor and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity", "note": "note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Andean condor; national colors: yellow, blue, red" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Himno Nacional de la Republica de Colombia\" (National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Rafael NUNEZ/Oreste SINDICI" }, "note": "note: adopted 1920; the anthem was created from an inspirational poem written by President Rafael NUNEZ" }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "9 (6 cultural, 2 natural, 1 mixed)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Chiribiquete National Park (m); Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (c); Historic Center of Santa Cruz de Mompox (c); Los Katíos National Park (n); Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary (n); Tierradentro National Archeological Park (c); San Agustín Archaeological Park (c); Colonial Cartagena (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "prior to COVID-19, one of the most consistent growth economies; declining poverty; large stimulus package has mitigated economic fallout, but delayed key infrastructure investments; successful inflation management; sound flexible exchange rate regime; domestic economy suffers from lack of trade integration and infrastructure" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": { "text": "$754.645 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { "text": "$681.844 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$733.546 billion (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2021": { "text": "10.68% (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2020": { "text": "-7.05% (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "3.19% (2019 est.)" } }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2021": { "text": "$14,600 (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2020": { "text": "$13,400 (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$14,600 (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$323.255 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": { "text": "3.5% (2021 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": { "text": "2.53% (2020 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "3.52% (2019 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "BBB- (2020)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Baa2 (2014)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "BBB- (2017)" }, "note": "note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained." }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "7.2% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "30.8% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "62.1% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "68.2% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "14.8% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "22.2% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "0.2% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "14.6% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-19.7% (2017 est.)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "sugar cane, milk, oil palm fruit, potatoes, rice, bananas, cassava leaves, plantains, poultry, maize" }, "Industries": { "text": "textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement; gold, coal, emeralds" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "9.65% (2021 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "26.137 million (2021 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "17%" }, "industry": { "text": "21%" }, "services": { "text": "62% (2011 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2021": { "text": "14.34% (2021 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2020": { "text": "15.04% (2020 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "9.96% (2019 est.)" } }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "26.4%" }, "male": { "text": "21.9%" }, "female": { "text": "32.8% (2021 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "35.7% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020": { "text": "54.2 (2020 est.)" } }, "Average household expenditures": { "on food": { "text": "19.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)" }, "on alcohol and tobacco": { "text": "3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "1.2%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "39.6% (2015 est.)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$94.985 billion (2019 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$103.098 billion (2019 est.)" } }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2020": { "text": "90.4% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Public debt 2019": { "text": "72.7% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Public debt 2018": { "text": "71.65% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "14.23% (of GDP) (2020 est.)" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2021": { "text": "-$17.621 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2020": { "text": "-$9.347 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "-$14.808 billion (2019 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2021": { "text": "$50.793 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Exports 2020": { "text": "$38.224 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Exports 2019": { "text": "$51.324 billion (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports." }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "United States 31%, China 11%, Panama 6%, Ecuador 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "crude petroleum, coal, coffee, gold, refined petroleum (2021)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2021": { "text": "$70.84 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2020": { "text": "$51.312 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2019": { "text": "$65.47 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "United States 27%, China 20%, Mexico 7%, Brazil 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "refined petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines, corn (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": { "text": "$58.019 billion (31 December 2021 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": { "text": "$58.499 billion (31 December 2020 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": { "text": "$52.653 billion (31 December 2019 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2019": { "text": "$135.644 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Debt - external 2018": { "text": "$128.238 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "Colombian pesos (COP) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "3,743.59 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "3,694.854 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "3,280.832 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "2,955.704 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "2,951.327 (2017 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "population without electricity": { "text": "(2020) 2 million" }, "electrification - total population": { "text": "99.9% (2021)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "100% (2021)" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "99.9% (2021)" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "19.769 million kW (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "69,856,680,000 kWh (2019 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "251 million kWh (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "1.302 billion kWh (2020 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "5.724 billion kWh (2019 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "32.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "nuclear": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "65.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "tide and wave": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "geothermal": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "51.395 million metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "8.547 million metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "69.861 million metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "79,000 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "4.554 billion metric tons (2019 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "756,400 bbl/day (2021 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "352,400 bbl/day (2019 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate exports": { "text": "481,300 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "2.036 billion barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "303,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "56,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "57,170 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "11,305,086,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "11,708,232,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "403.146 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "87.782 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "81.007 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "12.666 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "47.679 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "20.662 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": { "text": "34.703 million Btu/person (2019 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "7.6 million (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "15 (2021 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "75 million (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "150 (2021 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "the telecom sector had a solid year thanks to positive performances in the fixed-line broadband, mobile broadband, and mobile voice and data markets; the fixed-line penetration remained stable by the end of 2020, though began to increase into 2021 as a result of the particular demands on households resulting from government measures associated with addressing the pandemic; the mobile market reached a penetration rate of 136% (an increase of over three percentage points on 2019) and managed to keep the same upward growth trajectory that it has sustained over the last ten years; the fixed-line broadband market also expanded, with the number of subscribers increasing 11.4%, and with revenue increasing 9.9% thanks to increased data usage as many customers were forced to work or study from home during the year; the mobile broadband market was the standout performer in 2020, with a 13% increase in the number of subscribers year-on-year, the penetration rate is relatively low compared to other Latin American countries; most significant of all was the surge in mobile broadband traffic a 51% increase over the previous year (2022)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line connections stand at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile cellular telephone subscribership is 150 per 100 persons (2021)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 57; landing points for the SAC, Maya-1, SAIT, ACROS, AMX-1, CFX-1, PCCS, Deep Blue Cable, Globe Net, PAN-AM, SAm-1 submarine cable systems providing links to the US, parts of the Caribbean, and Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 10 (6 Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 3 fully digitalized international switching centers) (2019)" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "combination of state-owned and privately owned broadcast media provide service; more than 500 radio stations and many national, regional, and local TV stations (2019)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".co" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "37.96 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { "text": "73% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "7,764,772 (2020 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "15 (2020 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "12 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "157" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "33,704,037 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "1,349,450,000 (2018) mt-km" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "HJ, HK" }, "Airports": { "text": "836 (2021)" }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "text": "121", "note": "note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)" }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "text": "715", "note": "note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control" }, "Heliports": { "text": "3 (2021)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "4,991 km gas, 6,796 km oil, 3,429 km refined products (2013)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "2,141 km (2019)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "150 km (2019) 1.435-m gauge" }, "narrow gauge": { "text": "1,991 km (2019) 0.914-m gauge" } }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "205,379 km (2019)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "24,725 km (2019) (18,225 km navigable; the most important waterway, the River Magdalena, of which 1,092 km is navigable, is dredged regularly to ensure safe passage of cargo vessels and container barges)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "148" }, "by type": { "text": "general cargo 28, oil tanker 12, other 108 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Cartagena, Santa Marta, Turbo
Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura" }, "oil terminal(s)": { "text": "Covenas offshore terminal" }, "container port(s) (TEUs)": { "text": "Buenaventura (1,082,746), Cartagena (3,343,810) (2021)" }, "river port(s)": { "text": "Barranquilla (Rio Magdalena)" }, "dry bulk cargo port(s)": { "text": "Puerto Bolivar (coal)" }, "note": "Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Military Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Militares de Colombia): National Army (Ejercito Nacional), Republic of Colombia Navy (Armada Republica de Colombia, ARC; includes Coast Guard), Colombian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia, FAC); Colombian National Police (PNC; civilian force that is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense) (2023)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "3% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "3% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "3% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "approximately 260,000 total active troops (200,000 Army; 45,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 180,000 National Police (2022)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the military's inventory includes a wide mix of equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Canada, Europe, Israel, South Korea, and the US; the US has been the top provider in recent years; Colombia's defense industry is active in producing air, land, and naval platforms (2023)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-24 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months; conscripted soldiers reportedly include regular soldiers (conscripts without a high school degree), drafted high school graduates (bachilleres), and rural (campesino) soldiers who serve in their home regions (2023)", "note": "note 1: conscripts reportedly comprise about 50% of the Colombian military's active force with more than 50,000 conscripts brought into the military annually

note 2: the Colombian military first incorporated women in 1976 in administrative positions; women were incorporated as non-commissioned officers in 1983 and officers in 2009; women comprise about 1% of the military" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "275 Egypt (MFO) (2023)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the Colombian military is responsible for defending and maintaining the country’s independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity but also has an internal security role, which includes protecting the civilian population, as well as private and state-owned assets, and ensuring a secure environment; the military’s primary focus is the conduct of counternarcotics, counterterrorism, and counterinsurgency operations against drug traffickers, several factions of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and the insurgent/terrorist group National Liberation Army (ELN); the Colombian Government signed a peace agreement with the FARC in 2016, but some former members (known as dissidents) have returned to fighting (note - these dissident groups include the US-designated foreign terrorist groups Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army or FARC-EP and Segunda Marquetalia; see Appendix T);  in 2017, the Colombian Government initiated formal peace talks with the ELN, but it officially ended the talks shortly after the ELN exploded a car bomb at the National Police Academy in Bogota in January 2019; operations against the FARC dissident groups and the ELN continued into 2023, although the Colombian Government resumed talks with the ELN in November 2022 and began exploratory talks with the FARC-EP and Segunda Marquetalia; a 6-month cease-fire agreement was reached with the ELN in June 2023, which was scheduled to go into effect in August 2023; the military is also focused on the security challenges posed by its neighbor, Venezuela, where instability has attracted narcotics traffickers, and both the ELN and FARC dissidents operate openly; Colombia shares a 1,370-mile (2,200 km) border with Venezuela; ELN and FARC insurgents have also used neighboring Ecuador to rest, resupply, and shelter

the Colombian National Army is one of the largest and most experienced ground forces in the Western Hemisphere, having spent decades conducting operations against insurgents and terrorist groups; it has also kept a small battalion (about 250-300 troops) in the Sinai Peninsula with the Multinational Observer Force since 1980; the Army’s primary focus is ongoing operations against the ELN, FARC dissidents, and other illegal armed groups, which are challenged by difficult topography and long and porous land borders; the Air Force and Navy play a role in the counterinsurgency campaign but their participation is minor in comparison to the Army; the Army is largely configured for flexible and mobile counterinsurgency operations with 1 mechanized and 7 light infantry divisions; the light infantry divisions are not uniformly structured and typically include a mix of conventional infantry and specialized air mobile, counterinsurgency, jungle, mountain, and security brigades; some divisions may also have special task forces for anti-kidnapping, counternarcotics, or urban operations; the Army also has a special forces division, a rapid deployment force (Fuerza de Despliegue Rápido or FUDRA) comprised of special forces and counterinsurgency brigades, and an air assault division with aviation and light infantry/air mobile forces; the National Police works with the Army against illegal armed groups and has a variety of specialized forces, including commandos, quick reaction, counterterrorism, counternarcotics, motorized, and anti-riot (Escuadron Móvil Antidisturbios, or ESMAD) units 

the Navy is responsible for security in Colombia’s waters in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Oceans, the country’s extensive network of rivers, and a few small land areas under its direct jurisdiction; it takes part in multinational naval exercises, and over the past decade has undertaken efforts to modernize; its principal warships are 4 frigates, 6 corvettes, ocean-going, or offshore patrol ships, and 4 attack submarines, which are supplemented by dozens of coastal and riverine patrol craft; the Navy also has a 22,000-man marine force comprised of 5 marine/riverine infantry brigades and a special forces brigade, as well as a small aviation force; the Air Force has an air defense role, but also supports the Army’s counterinsurgency operations; it has a mix of about 50 fighters and ground attack combat aircraft, plus reconnaissance, electronic warfare, logistical, and training fixed-wing aircraft, as well as approximately 100 multirole helicopters 

Colombia has close security ties with the US, including joint training, military assistance, and designation in 2022 as a Major Non-NATO Ally, which provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense, trade, and security cooperation; it also has close ties with some regional neighbors, such as Argentina, Chile, and Peru; Colombian military and security forces have training programs with their counterparts from a variety of countries, mostly those from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean; security ties with Ecuador and Venezuela have been challenged by the presence of narcotics traffickers, ELN, and FARC dissidents in the border regions (2023)" }, "Maritime threats": { "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reported no incidents in 2022 in the territorial waters of Colombia; there remains a risk for armed robbery against ships particularly in the main port of Cartagena while ships are berthed or at anchor" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "National Liberation Army (ELN); Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army (FARC-EP); Segunda Marquetalia", "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

in December 2007, ICJ allocated San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but did not rule on 82 degrees W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua; managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries; Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "1,842,390 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2022)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "6,863,334 (conflict between government and illegal armed groups and drug traffickers since 1985) (2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "11 (2022)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "

Colombia is the world’s top cocaine producer and exporter; is a source of heroin and marijuana; coca cultivation estimated at 234,000 hectares (ha) in 2021; pure cocaine production decreased to 972 metric tons in 2021; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics

 

" } } }