{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Indigenous groups inhabited central and southern Chile for several thousands of years, living in mixed pastoralist and settled communities, ending with the Inca ruling the north of the country for nearly a century prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. The Captaincy General of Chile was founded by the Spanish in 1541, lasting until Chile declared its independence in 1810. The subsequent struggle became tied to other South American independence conflicts, with a decisive victory over the Spanish not being achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia to win its current northernmost regions. By the 1880s, the Chilean central government cemented its control over the central and southern regions inhabited by Mapuche Indigenous peoples. Between 1891 and 1973, a series of elected governments succeeded each other until the three-year-old Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 by a military coup led by General Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a democratically elected president was inaugurated in 1990. Economic reforms, maintained consistently since the 1980s, contributed to steady growth, reduced poverty rates by over half, and helped secure the country's commitment to democratic and representative government. Chile has increasingly assumed regional and international leadership roles befitting its status as a stable, democratic nation."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "30 00 S, 71 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "South America"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "756,102 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "743,812 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "12,290 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,801 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Argentina 6,691 km; Bolivia 942 km; Peru 168 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "6,435 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200/350 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "low coastal mountains, fertile central valley, rugged Andes in east"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,893 m (highest volcano in the world)"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,871 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "21.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "21.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "57% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "11,100 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lago General Carrera (shared with Argentina) - 2,240 sq km; Lago O'Higgins (shared with Argentina) - 1,010 sq km; Lago Llanquihue - 800 sq km; Lago Fagnano (shared with Argentina) - 590 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "90% of the population is located in the middle third of the country around the capital of Santiago; the far north (anchored by the Atacama Desert) and the extreme south are relatively underpopulated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity due to more than three-dozen active volcanoes along the Andes Mountains; Lascar (5,592 m), which last erupted in 2007, is the most active volcano in the northern Chilean Andes; Llaima (3,125 m) in central Chile, which last erupted in 2009, is another of the country's most active; Chaiten's 2008 eruption forced major evacuations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Cerro Hudson, Calbuco, Copahue, Guallatiri, Llullaillaco, Nevados de Chillan, Puyehue, San Pedro, and Villarrica; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> the longest north-south trending country in the world, extending across 39 degrees of latitude; strategic location relative to sea lanes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Chile is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p> <p><strong>note 3:</strong> the Atacama Desert - the driest desert in the world - spreads across the northern part of the country; Ojos del Salado (6,893 m) in the Atacama Desert is the highest active volcano in the world, Chile's tallest mountain, and the second highest in the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere - its small crater lake (at 6,390 m) is the world's highest lake </p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "18,549,457 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Chilean(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Chilean"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "White and non-Indigenous 88.9%, Mapuche 9.1%, Aymara 0.7%, other Indigenous groups 1% (includes Rapa Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana), unspecified 0.3% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Spanish 99.5% (official), English 10.2%, Indigenous 1% (includes Mapudungun, Aymara, Quechua, Rapa Nui), other 2.3%, unspecified 0.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census (2012 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 60%, Evangelical 18%, atheist or agnostic 4%, none 17% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Chile is in the advanced stages of demographic transition and is becoming an aging society - with fertility below replacement level, low mortality rates, and life expectancy on par with developed countries. Nevertheless, with its dependency ratio nearing its low point, Chile could benefit from its favorable age structure. It will need to keep its large working-age population productively employed, while preparing to provide for the needs of its growing proportion of elderly people, especially as women - the traditional caregivers - increasingly enter the workforce. Over the last two decades, Chile has made great strides in reducing its poverty rate, which is now lower than most Latin American countries. However, its severe income inequality ranks as the worst among members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Unequal access to quality education perpetuates this uneven income distribution.</p><p>Chile has historically been a country of emigration but has slowly become more attractive to immigrants since transitioning to democracy in 1990 and improving its economic stability (other regional destinations have concurrently experienced deteriorating economic and political conditions). Most of Chile's small but growing foreign-born population consists of transplants from other Latin American countries, especially Peru.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "19.34% (male 1,829,801/female 1,758,137)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "67.56% (male 6,259,566/female 6,273,074)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "13.09% (2023 est.) (male 1,024,692/female 1,404,187)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "45.2"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "26.8"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "18.4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "5.4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "34.3 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "36.7 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.63% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "12.57 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.58 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "90% of the population is located in the middle third of the country around the capital of Santiago; the far north (anchored by the Atacama Desert) and the extreme south are relatively underpopulated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "6.903 million SANTIAGO (capital), 1.009 million Valparaiso, 912,000 Concepcion (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.73 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "15 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.41 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "6.98 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "80.02 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "77.04 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "83.13 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.75 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.86 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "76.3% (2015/16)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "9.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.84 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "28% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "2.61 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.43 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.6% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "26.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "0.5% (2014)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "46.3% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.6% of GDP (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "97%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "97.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "97% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; noise pollution; improper garbage disposal; soil degradation; widespread deforestation and mining threaten the environment; wildlife conservation"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "21.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "21.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "57% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "21.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "85.82 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "15.97 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "6.517 million tons (2009 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "24,113 tons (2009 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lago General Carrera (shared with Argentina) - 2,240 sq km; Lago O'Higgins (shared with Argentina) - 1,010 sq km; Lago Llanquihue - 800 sq km; Lago Fagnano (shared with Argentina) - 590 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "1.29 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "1.66 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "29.42 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "923.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Chile"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Chile"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Rep&uacute;blica de Chile"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Chile"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derivation of the name is unclear, but it may come from the Mapuche word \"chilli\" meaning \"limit of the earth\" or from the Quechua \"chiri\" meaning \"cold\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Santiago; note - Valparaiso is the seat of the national legislature"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "33 27 S, 70 40 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in August; ends second Sunday in May; note - Punta Arenas observes DST throughout the year"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "Chile has three time zones: the continental portion at UTC-3; the southern Magallanes region, which does not use daylight savings time and remains at UTC-3 for the summer months; and Easter Island at UTC-5<strong><br></strong>"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Santiago is named after the biblical figure Saint James (ca. A.D. 3-44), patron saint of Spain, but especially revered in Galicia; \"Santiago\" derives from the local Galician evolution of the Vulgar Latin \"Sanctu Iacobu\"; Valparaiso derives from the Spanish \"Valle Paraiso\" meaning \"Paradise Valley\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "16 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aysen, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena (Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica), Maule, Nuble, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "18 September 1810 (from Spain)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 18 September (1810)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "many previous; latest adopted 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; a referendum held on 4 September 2022 to implement a new constitution was defeated by nearly 62% of voters; a second 50-member constitutional council&nbsp; elected in early May 2023 is charged with producing another draft constitution for submission to a national referendum by 17 December 2023"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by members of either house of the National Congress or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of the membership in both houses and approval by the president; passage of amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, basic rights and freedoms, the Constitutional Tribunal, electoral justice, the Council of National Security, or the constitutional amendment process, requires at least two-third majority vote by both houses of Congress and approval by the president; the president can opt to hold a referendum when Congress and the president disagree on an amendment; amended many times, last in 2020"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by several West European civil legal systems; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Tribunal"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Gabriel BORIC (since 11 March 2022); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Gabriel BORIC (since 11 March 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 21 November 2021 with a runoff held on 19 December 2021 (next to be held on 23 November 2025 with runoff if needed on 20 December)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br><em>2021: </em>Gabriel BORIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Antonio KAST (FSC) 27.9%; Gabriel BORIC (AD) 25.8%; Franco PARISI (PDG) 12.8%; Sebastian SICHEL (ChP+) 12.8%; Yasna PROVOSTE (New Social Pact) 11.6%; other 9.1%; percent of vote in second round - Gabriel BORIC 55.9%; Jose Antonio KAST 44.1%<br><em><br>2017:</em> Sebastian PINERA Echenique elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Sebastian PINERA Echenique (independent) 36.6%; Alejandro GUILLIER (independent) 22.7%; Beatriz SANCHEZ (independent) 20.3%; Jose Antonio KAST (independent) 7.9%; Carolina GOIC (PDC) 5.9%; Marco ENRIQUEZ-OMINAMI (PRO) 5.7%; other 0.9%; percent of vote in second round - Sebastian PINERA Echenique 54.6%, Alejandro GUILLIER 45.4%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of:<br>Senate or Senado (50 seats); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open party-list proportional representation vote to serve 8-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 4 years)<br>Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (155 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open party-list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - last held on 21 November 2021 (next to be held on 23 November 2025)<br>Chamber of Deputies - last held on 21 November 2021 (next to be held on 23 November 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ChP+ 12 (RN 5, UDI 5, EVOPOLI 2), NPS 8 (PS 4, PPD 2, PDC 2), PLR 1, AD 4 (PCCh 2, FREVS 2) independent 2; note - total composition of the Senate as of 1 May 2022: seats by party - ChP+ 24 (RN 12, UDI 9, EVOPOLI 3), NPS 18 (PS 7, PPD 6, PDC 5), AD 6 (PCCh 2, FREVS 2, RD 2), PLR 1, independent 1; composition - men 38, women 12, percent of women 24%<br><br>Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ChP+ 53 (RN 25, UDI 23, EVOPOLI 4, PRI 1), AD 37 (PCCh 12, CS 9, RD 8, Commons 6, FREVS 2), NPS 37 (PS 13, PDC 8, PPD 7, PL 4, PRSD 4, CIU 1), FSC 15 (PLR 14, PCC 1), PDG 6, PH 3, PEV 2, IU 1, independent 1; composition - men 100, women 55, percent of women 35.5%; note - overall National Congress percent of women 32.7%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (consists of a court president and 20 members or ministros); Constitutional Court (consists of 10 members and is independent of the rest of the judiciary); Elections Qualifying Court (consists of 5 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court president and judges (ministers) appointed by the president of the republic and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Constitutional Court members appointed - 3 by the Supreme Court, 3 by the president of the republic, 2 by the Chamber of Deputies, and 2 by the Senate; members serve 9-year terms with partial membership replacement every 3 years (the court reviews constitutionality of legislation); Elections Qualifying Court members appointed by lottery - 1 by the former president or vice president of the Senate and 1 by the former president or vice president of the Chamber of Deputies, 2 by the Supreme Court, and 1 by the Appellate Court of Valparaiso; members appointed for 4-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; oral criminal tribunals; military tribunals; local police courts; specialized tribunals and courts in matters such as family, labor, customs, taxes, and electoral affairs"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Approve Dignity (Apruebo Dignidad) coalition or AD (includes PC, FA, and FREVS) [Gabriel BORIC]<br>Broad Front Coalition (Frente Amplio) or FA (includes RD, CS, and Comunes) [Gonzalo WINTER]<br>Broad Social Movement of Leftist Citizens (includes former MAS and Izquierda Ciudadana) [Fernando ZAMORANO]<br>Chile We Can Do More or ChP+ [Sebastian SICHEL] (coalition includes EVOPOLI, PRI, RN, UDI)<br>Christian Conservative Party or PCC [Antaris VARELA]<br>Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Carmen FREI Ruiz-Tagle]<br>Christian Social Front or FSC [Jose Antonio KAST] (includes PCC, PLR)<br>Citizens or CIU [María Ignacia GOMEZ Martinez]<br>Commons (Comunes) [Jorge RAMIREZ] <br>Communist Party of Chile or PCCh [Guillermo TEILLIER del Valle]<br>Democratic Revolution or RD [Margarita PORTUGUEZ]<br>Green Ecological Party or PEV [Felix GONZALEZ] (dissolved 7 February 2022)<br>Humanist Party or PH [Octavio GONZALEZ]<br>Independent Democratic Union or UDI [Javier MACAYA]<br>Independent Regionalist Democratic Party or PRI [Hugo ORTIZ de Filippi]<br>Liberal Party (Partido Liberal de Chile) or PL [Patricio MORALES]<br>National Renewal or RN [Francisco CHAHUAN]<br>New Social Pact or NPS [Yasna PROVOSTE] (includes PDC, PL, PPD, PRSD, PS)<br>Party for Democracy or PPD [Natalia PERGIENTILI Domenech]<br>Party of the People or PDG [Franco Aldo PARISI Fernandez]<br>Political Evolution or EVOPOLI [Luz POBLETE Coddou]<br>Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Carlos MALDONADO Curti]<br>Republican Party or PLR [Rojo EDWARDS]<br>Social Convergence or CS [Alondra ARELLANO Hernandez]<br>Social Green Regionalist Federation or FREVS [Flavia TORREALBA Diaz]<br>Socialist Party or PS [Alvaro Antonio ELIZALDE Soto]<br>United Independents or IU [Cristian Alejandro CONTRERAS Radovic]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "APEC, BIS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OECD (enhanced engagement), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Juan Gabriel VALDES Soublette (since 7 June 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 785-1746"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 887-5579"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>echile.eeuu@minrel.gob.cl<br><br>https://chile.gob.cl/estados-unidos/en/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Richard H. GLENN (since August 2020)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Las Condes, Santiago"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "3460 Santiago Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-3460"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[56] (2) 2330-3000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[56] (2) 2330-3710"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>SantiagoUSA@state.gov<br><br>https://cl.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> design influenced by the US flag"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "huemul (mountain deer), Andean condor; national colors: red, white, blue"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Himno Nacional de Chile\" (National Anthem of Chile)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Eusebio LILLO Robles and Bernardo DE VERA y Pintado/Ramon CARNICER y Battle"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> music adopted 1828, original lyrics adopted 1818, adapted lyrics adopted 1847; under Augusto PINOCHET's military rule, a verse glorifying the army was added; however, as a protest, some citizens refused to sing this verse; it was removed when democracy was restored in 1990"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "7 (all cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Rapa Nui National Park; Churches of Chiloe; Historic Valparaiso; Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works; Sewell Mining Town; Qhapaq &Ntilde;an/Andean Road System; Chinchorro archeological sites"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "export-driven economy; leading copper producer; though hit by COVID-19, fairly quick rebound from increased liquidity and rapid vaccine rollouts; decreasing poverty but still lingering inequality; public debt rising but still manageable; recent political violence has had negative economic consequences"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$496.085 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$444.249 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$472.495 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "11.67% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-5.98% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "0.77% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$25,400 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$23,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$24,800 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$282.655 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "4.52% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "3.05% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "2.56% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "A- (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "A1 (2018)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "A+ (2017)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "4.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "32.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "63% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "62.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "14% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "28.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-27% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "grapes, apples, wheat, sugar beet, milk, potatoes, tomatoes, maize, poultry, pork"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "copper, lithium, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.06% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "8.684 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "9.2%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "23.7%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "67.1% (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "9.13% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "11.18% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "7.29% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "8.6% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020": {
        "text": "44.9 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "16% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "2.9% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.7%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "41.5% (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$55.16 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$73.176 billion (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "23.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "21% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "16.24% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$20.307 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$4.283 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$14.505 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$100.634 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$79.733 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$77.255 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 32%, United States 14%, Japan 9%, South Korea 7% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "copper, fish fillets, wood pulp, pitted fruits, wine (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$102.086 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$68.118 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$82.324 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 24%, United States 20%, Brazil 8%, Germany 5%, Argentina 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, delivery trucks (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$51.252 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$39.166 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$40.656 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$193.298 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$181.089 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Chilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "758.955 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "792.727 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "702.897 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "641.277 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "648.834 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "29.808 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "75.302 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "4.62 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "51.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "9.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "6.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "26% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "5.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "542,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "10.573 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "134,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "10.607 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.181 billion metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "11,900 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "361,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "172,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "150 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "216,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "7,359 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "166,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "1,109,962,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "6,558,312,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "4,602,471,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "97.976 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "88.333 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "24.217 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "51.228 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "12.888 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "81.953 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2,510,972 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "13 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "26,571,823 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "136 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the market for fixed and mobile telephony is highly competitive and rapidly evolving; the mobile rate is among the highest in South America; LTE infrastructure is extensive and 5G spectrum auctions which took place in February 2021 are expected to prompt the deployment of 5G networks by the end of the year, following extensive trials held by the MNOs; fixed broadband is relatively high for the region, with services among the fastest and least expensive in Latin America; government initiatives such as the National Fiber Optic project and Fibra &Oacute;ptica Austral are providing high-capacity connectivity across the country and will further increase fixed-line broadband; there is a strong focus on fiber broadband, with the number of fiber subscribers having increased 61.7% in 2020, year-on-year; technological improvements have allowed operators to provide a variety of services via their networks, giving rise to a number of bundled packages at competitive prices, including access to video on demand services which in turn is increasing fixed-line broadband; traditional fixed-line teledensity continues to fall as consumers switch to mobile networks and to fixed broadband for voice and data connectivity; more than 8,300 schools receive free broadband as part of the &lsquo;Connectivity for Education 2030&rsquo; project (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "number of fixed-line connections 13 per 100, mobile-cellular usage continues to increase, reaching 136 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 56; landing points for the Pan-Am, Prat, SAm-1, American Movil-Telxius West Coast Cable, FOS Quellon-Chacabuco, Fibra Optical Austral, SAC&nbsp;and&nbsp;Curie submarine cables providing links to the US, Caribbean&nbsp;and to Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "national and local terrestrial TV channels, coupled with extensive cable TV networks; the state-owned Television Nacional de Chile (TVN) network is self-financed through commercial advertising revenues and is not under direct government control; large number of privately owned TV stations; about 250 radio stations"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".cl"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17.1 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "90% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,763,826 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "20 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "9 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "173"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "19,517,185 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,226,440,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "CC"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "481 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "90",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "391",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "3,160 km gas, 781 km liquid petroleum gas, 985 km oil, 722 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,281.5 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "3,853.5 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "3,428 km (2014) 1.676-m gauge (1,691 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "77,801 km (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "239"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 4, container ship 5, general cargo 64, oil tanker 14, other 152 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Coronel, Huasco, Lirquen, Puerto Ventanas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Valparaiso"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "San Antonio (1,840,458), Valparaiso (793,118) (2021)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Mejillones, Quintero"
      }
    },
    "Transportation - note": {
      "text": "Chile operates one PC 5 or 6 class light icebreaker for operations in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean<br>note - PC indicates a Polar Class vessel: PC 5 - year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 70-120 cm); PC 6 - summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 30-70 cm)"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of Chile (Fuerzas Armadas de Chile): Chilean Army (Ejército de Chile), Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile, includes marine units and coast guard or Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine Directorate (Directemar)), Chilean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Chile, FACh) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Police Force (Carabineros de Chile) are responsible to both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of the Interior and Public Security"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 70,000 active armed forces personnel (40,000 Army; 20,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force); approximately 50,000 Carabineros (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Chilean military inventory is comprised of a wide mix of mostly Western equipment and some domestically produced systems; in recent years, it has received military hardware from a variety of countries, including Australia, the UK, and the US; Chile's defense industry has capabilities in military aircraft, ships, and vehicles (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; selective compulsory service (there are usually enough volunteers to make compulsory service unnecessary); service obligation is a minimum of 12 months for Army and 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women comprised approximately 18% of the armed forces"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Chilean military is a professional volunteer force that is regarded as one of the top militaries in the region; it is responsible for territorial defense and ensuring the country’s sovereignty; the military also assists with disaster and humanitarian relief and some internal security duties such as border security or maintaining public order if required; a key focus in recent years has been securing the border area with Bolivia and Peru; it trains regularly and participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises, as well as international peacekeeping operations <br><br>the Chilean Army was founded in 1810, but traces its origins back to the Army of the Kingdom of Chile, which was established by the Spanish Crown in the early 1600s; the current Army has 6 divisions, an aviation brigade, and a special operations command; the divisions are comprised of a mix of armored, light infantry, mechanized infantry, motorized infantry, and mountain infantry brigades, regiments, and detachments; Chile's military aviation was inaugurated in 1913 with the creation of a military aviation school; the modern Air Force has about 200 fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, including about 50 US-made fighters<br><br>the Navy traces its origins to 1817; it was first led by a British officer and its first ships were largely crewed by American, British, and Irish sailors; by the 1880s, the Chilean Navy was one of the most powerful in the Americas, and included the world’s first protected cruiser (a ship with an armored deck to protect vital machine spaces); today, its principle warships are 8 frigates, 4 offshore patrol ships, a landing platform dock (LPD) amphibious assault ship, 4 attack submarines, and a few missile attack craft, supported by dozens of coastal patrol boats; the Navy also has marine amphibious infantry brigade and an aviation force with maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare aircraft<br><br>Chile and Argentina have a joint peacekeeping force known as the Combined Southern Cross Peacekeeping Force (FPC), designed to be made available to the UN; the FPC is made up of two battalions, one from each country, a command and service company, an air component (a squadron of Argentine and Chilean helicopters), a naval component, and a combined logistics support unit (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian natural gas; Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru; in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "448,138 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the region; some money laundering activity, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant consumer of cocaine"
    }
  }
}