{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in December 2018.<br><br>Mexico is currently the second-largest (after Canada) goods trading partner of the US with nearly $780 billion in two-way goods trade in 2022. Mexico's GDP contracted by 8.2% in 2020 due to pandemic-induced closures, its lowest level since the Great Depression. Mexico’s economy is rebounding; it grew by 4.8% in 2021, driven largely by increased remittances, despite supply chain and pandemic-related challenges, and grew by 3% in 2022.</p> <p>The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force on 1 July 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution on 1 May 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.</p> <p>Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "23 00 N, 102 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "North America"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,964,375 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "1,943,945 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "20,430 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than three times the size of Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,389 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "9,330 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "varies from tropical to desert"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Laguna Salada -10 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,111 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "54.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "33.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "11.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "60,620 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km"
      },
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Gulf of Mexico)</em> Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: <em>(Gulf of California)</em> Colorado (703,148 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> some of the world's most important food crops were first domesticated in Mexico; the \"Three Sisters\" companion plants - winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans - served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; avocado, amaranth, and chili peppers also emanate from Mexico, as does vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice; although cherry tomatoes originated in Ecuador, their domestication in Mexico transformed them into the larger modern tomato<br><br><strong>note 3: </strong>the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see \"Geography - note\" under United States)<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> the prominent Yucatán Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species - including the non-avian dinosaurs</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "129,875,529 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Mexican(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Mexican"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2%; note - indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages (2020 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 78%, Protestant/evangelical Christian 11.2%, other 0.002%, unaffiliated (includes atheism) 10.6% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "23.76% (male 15,844,300/female 15,009,047)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "68.22% (male 43,086,673/female 45,518,891)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "8.02% (2023 est.) (male 4,560,225/female 5,856,393)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "49.4"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "37.3"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "12.2"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "8.2 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.3 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "30.4 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.61% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "13.95 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.07 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "81.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "21.3 years (2008 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "59 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13.23 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "73.46 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "70.29 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "76.79 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.73 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.85 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "73.1% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 98.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 1.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6.2% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.43 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 96.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 3.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "dengue fever"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "28.9% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "19.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "4.7% (2018/19)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "56.6% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "3.6%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "20.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.3% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "95.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "96.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "94.5% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8.6% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "varies from tropical to desert"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "54.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "33.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "11.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "81.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "20.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "486.41 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "135.77 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "53.1 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "2.655 million tons (2013 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "5% (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km"
      },
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Gulf of Mexico)</em> Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: <em>(Gulf of California)</em> Colorado (703,148 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "13.17 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "8.56 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "67.83 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "461.89 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "United Mexican States"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Mexico"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Estados Unidos Mexicanos"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Mexico"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after the capital city, whose name stems from the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "19 26 N, 99 08 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "Mexico has four time zones"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 16 September (1810)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures; amended many times, last in 2020"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "not specified"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Andr&eacute;s Manuel L&Oacute;PEZ OBRADOR (since 1 December 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Andr&eacute;s Manuel L&Oacute;PEZ OBRADOR (since 1 December 2018)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general, the head of the Bank of Mexico, and senior treasury officials require consent of the Senate"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 6-year term; election last held on 1 July 2018 (next to be held in July 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br><em>2018:</em> Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cortés (PAN) 22.3%, José Antonio MEADE Kuribreña (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRÍGUEZ Calderón 5.2% (independent), other 2.9%<br><br><em>2012:</em> Enrique PEÑA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PEÑA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VÁZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "<p>bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Unión consists of:<br>Senate or Cámara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 32 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms)<br><br>Chamber of Deputies or Cámara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 200 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)</p>"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - last held on 1 July 2018 (next to be held in July 2024)<br><br>Chamber of Deputies - last held on 6 June 2021 (next to be held in July 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<p><br>Senate - percent of vote by party - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MORENA 58, PAN 22, PRI 14, PRD 9, MC 7, PT 7, PES 5, PVEM 5, PNA/PANAL 1; composition (as of July 2018) - men 65, women 63, percent of women 49.2%<br><br>Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MORENA 197, PAN 111, PRI 69, PVEM 44, PT 38, MC 25, PRD 16; composition - men 250, women 250, percent of women 50%; note - overall percent of women in National Congress 49.8%</p>"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms"
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Naci&oacute;n (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation"
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<p>Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC [Clemente CASTAÑEDA Hoeflich]<br>Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI [Claudia RUIZ Massieu]<br>Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutiérrez]<br>Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) or PVEM [Karen CASTREJÓN Trujillo]<br>Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional) or MORENA [Mario DELGADO Carillo]<br>National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) or PAN [Antonio CORTÉS Mendoza]<br>Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) or PRD [Jesús ZAMBRANO Grijalva]<br>This Is For Mexico (Va Por México) (alliance that includes PAN, PRI, and PRD)<br>Together We Make History (Juntos Hacemos Historia) (alliance that included MORENA, PT, PVEM) (dissolved 23 December 2020)<br><br></p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barrag&aacute;n (since 20 April 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 728-1600"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 728-1698"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>mexembusa@sre.gob.mx<br><br>https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico)"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)"
      },
      "note": "<strong> </strong>"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Ken SALAZAR (since 14 September 2021)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauht&eacute;moc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-8700"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "(011) [52]-55-5080-2000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "(011) 52-55-5080-2005"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSMexicoCity@state.gov<br><br>https://mx.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, M&eacute;rida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden eagle, dahlia; national colors: green, white, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Himno Nacional Mexicano\" (National Anthem of Mexico)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as \"Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra\" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "35 (27 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Albán (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "one of the world&rsquo;s largest economies; USMCA buttresses its manufacturing sector; has underperformed growth targets for three decades; COVID-19 disrupted export-based economy; corruption and cartel-based violence undermine economic stability"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$2.418 trillion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$2.309 trillion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$2.51 trillion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.72% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-7.99% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "-0.2% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$19,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$18,300 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$20,100 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$1,269,956,000,000 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "5.69% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "3.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "3.64% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa1 (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "31.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "64.5% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "67% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "11.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "22.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "37.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-39.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, poultry, wheat, green chillies/peppers, eggs"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.44% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "56.132 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "13.4%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "24.1%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "61.9% (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.38% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "4.45% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.48% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> underemployment may be as high as 25%"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8.6% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "41.9% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020": {
        "text": "45.4 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "23.4% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "2.8% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "40% (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$264.261 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$313.358 billion (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "54.3% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "56.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "14.29% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$4.817 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "$27.103 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$3.406 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$522.235 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$434.366 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$492.657 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "United States 75% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, computers, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, video displays, insulated wiring (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$544.752 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$411.458 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$495.391 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "United States 54%, China 14% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, office machinery/parts, telephones (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$207.799 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$199.069 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$183.056 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Mexico also maintains access to an $88 million Flexible Credit Line with the IMF"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$456.713 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$448.268 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "20.272 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "21.486 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "19.264 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "19.244 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "18.927 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "93.43 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "267.34 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "5.954 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "9.965 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "42.121 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "75.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "3.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "4.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "6.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "7.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "1.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "2 (2023)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors under construction": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "1.55GW (2023)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "5.3% (2021)"
      },
      "Percent of total energy produced": {
        "text": "1.9% (2021)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down": {
        "text": "0"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "9.886 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "10.241 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "3,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "5.182 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.211 billion metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "1,905,500 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "1,928,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "1,283,300 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "3,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "5,786,100,000 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "844,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "155,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "867,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "27,037,730,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "86,101,223,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "53.037 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "59,119,362,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "180.321 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "463.739 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "43.24 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "260.311 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "160.188 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "61.597 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "24,366,595 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "19 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "123,920,752 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "98 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "with a large population and relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, (86 lines for mobile broadband for every 100 habitants in June 2021) Mexico&rsquo;s telecom sector has potential for growth; adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers (24.6 million fixed line subscribers and 125 million mobile line subscribers in June 2021); relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, potential for growth and international investment; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable; 5G development slow in part due to high costs (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity 19 lines per every 100; mobile-cellular teledensity is 98 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the ARCOS-1 and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the U.S.; Pan-American Crossing (PAC) submarine cable system provides access to Panama, California, U.S., and Costa Rica; Lazaro Cardenas-Manzanillo Santiago submarines cable system (LCMSSCS) provides access to Michoacan, Guerrero, and Colima, Mexico; AMX-1 submarine cable system with access to Colombia, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Gulf of California Cable submarine cable systems that connects La Paz, Baja California Sur and Topolobambo, Sinaloa; and Aurora submarine cable system provides access to Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, and the U.S. satellite earth stations - 124 (36 Intelsat, 1 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 9 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "telecom reform in 2013 enabled the creation of new broadcast television channels after decades of a quasi-monopoly; Mexico has 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations and most are privately owned; the Televisa group once had a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting, but new broadcasting groups and foreign satellite and cable operators are now available; in 2016, Mexico became the first country in Latin America to complete the transition from analog to digital transmissions, allowing for better image and audio quality and a wider selection of programming from networks (2022)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mx"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "98.8 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "76% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21,936,131 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "17 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "16 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "370"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "64,569,640 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,090,380,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "XA"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "1,714 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "243",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "1,471",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "17,210 km natural gas (2022), 9,757 km oil (2017), 10,237 km refined products (2020)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "23,389 km (2017)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "704,884 km (2017)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "175,526 km (2017) (includes 10,845 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "529,358 km (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "2,900 km (2012) (navigable rivers and coastal canals mostly connected with ports on the country's east coast)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "669"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "container ship 1, bulk carrier 5, general cargo 10, oil tanker 32, other 621 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Lazaro Cardenas, Manzanillo, Veracruz"
      },
      "oil terminal(s)": {
        "text": "Cayo Arcas terminal, Dos Bocas terminal"
      },
      "cruise port(s)": {
        "text": "Cancun, Cozumel, Ensenada"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Lazaro Cardenas (1,686,076), Manzanillo (3,371,400), Veracruz (1,165,043) (2021)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Altamira, Ensenada"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de México) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy:<br><br>Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM), National Guard; Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy; up until September 2022, the Guard was under the civilian-led Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection, while the SEDENA had day-to-day operational control and provided the commanders and the training; in September 2022, complete control of the Guard was handed over to the SEDENA/Mexican Army; the Guard, along with state and municipal police, is responsible for enforcing the law and maintaining order; the regular military also actively supports police operations"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.6% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2019)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 218,000 armed forces personnel (160,000 Army; 8,000 Air Force; 50,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines); approximately 110,000 National Guard personnel (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported equipment from a variety of mostly Western suppliers; the US has been the leading supplier of military hardware to Mexico in recent years; Mexico's defense industry produces naval vessels and light armored vehicles, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary enlistment for men and women; 18 years of age for compulsory military service for men (selection for service determined by lottery); conscript service obligation is 12 months; those selected serve on Saturdays in a Batallón del Servicio Militar Nacional (National Military Service Battalion) composed entirely of 12-month Servicio Militar Nacional (SMN) conscripts; conscripts remain in reserve status until the age of 40; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces; National Guard: single men and women 18-30 years of age may volunteer (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>as of 2022, women comprised about 15% of the active duty military"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; in recent years, internal security duties have been a key focus, particularly in countering narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces’ role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus the approximately 2,700 branches of a state-owned development bank; in addition, President LOPEZ OBRADOR has placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country’s southeast<br><br>the Mexican Army is a lightly armed force comprised largely of infantry supplemented by mechanized or motorized forces; it is primarily focused on internal security operations vice conventional warfare, and its posture and composition reflects an internal focus over external threats; much of the force is deployed throughout the country in 12 military regional commands and 48 subordinate military zones, giving the Army a country-wide presence and the ability to respond immediately to a crisis; force strengths in each zone vary according to the security situation, from a single infantry battalion to over 10 infantry battalions and small motorized cavalry regiments, plus other units on rotation; the Army’s principal mobile combat forces are approximately 10 light or mechanized/motorized infantry brigades, 3 special forces brigades, and a paratrooper brigade, which are separate from the units under the military zones; the National Guard has up to 12 military police brigades; the Air Force’s inventory reflects its chief roles of supporting the Army, conducting counter-narcotics operations, and providing assistance during natural disasters; its fixed-wing combat aircraft include a handful of US-made fighters acquired in the 1980s and about 30 light attack planes; the Air Force also has more than 30 transport aircraft, as well as about 100 multipurpose helicopters<br><br>the Mexican Navy is largely a coastal patrol force but has a growing blue water capability; it has a range of missions including maritime law enforcement, security of maritime facilities, resources, and the environment, humanitarian assistance, and search and rescue; it has fleet commands for both the Pacific and Caribbean Sea/Gulf of Mexico, plus naval aviation, and naval infantry forces; the Navy’s warships include 5 frigates and more than 100 patrol vessels of varying sizes and capabilities; the Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infantería de Marina) has both external and internal security responsibilities, including providing port security, protecting the coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways; it also has had a significant role in combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime; the Corps has more than 30 combat battalions, which include amphibious, commando, infantry, paratrooper, security, and special operations forces (2023)"
    },
    "Maritime threats": {
      "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reported one incident in the territorial waters of Mexico in 2022, the same number of attacks as in 2021; ports in Mexico continue to be affected by the crime of armed robbery; this incident occurred in the port of Puerto Dos Bocas while ships were berthed or at anchor; pirates and robbers in this area are armed with guns"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Mexico-Belize</em>: Mexico and Belize are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty</p> <p><em>Mexico-Guatemala</em>: Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the US</p> <p><em>Mexico-US</em>: the US has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal persons, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico</p> <p> </p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "35,755 (Honduras), 13,531 (El Salvador) (mid-year 2022); 82,976 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "379,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2021)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "13 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>significant source and transit country for fentanyl, fentanyl-laced counterfeit pills, other synthetic opioids, cocaine from South America, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine destined for the United States; a destination for synthetic drug precursor chemicals from China, India, and other countries</p>"
    }
  }
}