{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar within the last 60 years transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant hydrocarbon revenues. Former Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, who overthrew his father in a bloodless coup in 1995, ushered in wide-sweeping political and media reforms, unprecedented economic investment, and a growing Qatari regional leadership role, in part through the creation of the pan-Arab satellite news network Al-Jazeera and Qatar's mediation of some regional conflicts. In the 2000s, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and by 2007, Doha had attained the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar did not experience domestic unrest or violence like that seen in other Near Eastern and North African countries in 2011, due in part to its immense wealth and patronage network. In mid-2013, HAMAD peacefully abdicated, transferring power to his son, the current Amir TAMIM bin Hamad. TAMIM is popular with the Qatari public, for his role in shepherding the country through an economic embargo by some other regional countries, for his efforts to improve the country's healthcare and education systems, and for his expansion of the country's infrastructure in anticipation of Doha's hosting international sporting events. Qatar became the first country in the Arab world to host the FIFA Men’s World Cup in 2022.

Following the outbreak of regional unrest in 2011, Doha prided itself on its support for many popular revolutions, particularly in Libya and Syria. This stance was to the detriment of Qatar’s relations with Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which temporarily recalled their respective ambassadors from Doha in March 2014. TAMIM later oversaw a warming of Qatar’s relations with Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE in November 2014 following Kuwaiti mediation and signing of the Riyadh Agreement. This reconciliation, however, was short-lived. In June 2017, Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE (the \"Quartet\") cut diplomatic and economic ties with Qatar in response to alleged violations of the agreement, among other complaints. They restored ties in January 2021 after signing a declaration at the Gulf Cooperation Council Summit in Al Ula, Saudi Arabia. In 2022, the United States designated Qatar as a major non-NATO ally.

 

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Middle East, peninsula bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "25 30 N, 51 15 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Middle East" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "11,586 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "11,586 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "0 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost twice the size of Delaware; slightly smaller than Connecticut" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "87 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Saudi Arabia 87 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "563 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "contiguous zone": { "text": "24 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "as determined by bilateral agreements or the median line" } }, "Climate": { "text": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers" }, "Terrain": { "text": "mostly flat and barren desert" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Tuwayyir al Hamir 103 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "28 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, fish, natural gas" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "5.6% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 1.1% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "0% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "94.4% (2018 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "130 sq km (2020)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is clustered in or around the capital of Doha on the eastern side of the peninsula" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "haze, dust storms, sandstorms common" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the peninsula occupies a strategic location in the central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "2,532,104 (2023 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Qatari(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Qatari" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "non-Qatari 88.4%, Qatari 11.6% (2015 est.)" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 65.2%, Christian 13.7%, Hindu 15.9%, Buddhist 3.8%, folk religion <0.1%, Jewish <0.1%, other <1%, unaffiliated <1% (2020 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "13.08% (male 167,065/female 164,110)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "85.51% (male 1,757,982/female 407,120)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "1.41% (2023 est.) (male 23,544/female 12,283)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "20.7" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "16.1" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "2" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "50.1 (2021 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "33.7 years" }, "male": { "text": "35 years" }, "female": { "text": "28.2 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.86% (2023 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "9.27 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "1.42 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is clustered in or around the capital of Doha on the eastern side of the peninsula" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "99.4% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.66% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "798,000 Ar-Rayyan, 658,000 DOHA (capital) (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.02 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.02 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "4.32 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "1.92 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "3.34 male(s)/female (2023 est.)" } }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "6.46 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "7.06 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "5.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "80.03 years" }, "male": { "text": "77.92 years" }, "female": { "text": "82.19 years (2023 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.9 children born/woman (2023 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "0.94 (2023 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "37.5% (2012)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: NA" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: NA" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99.6% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: NA" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: NA" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Current health expenditure": { "text": "4.2% of GDP (2020)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "2.49 physicians/1,000 population (2018)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "1.3 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: NA" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: NA" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: NA" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: NA" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "35.1% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "0.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "0.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "11.8% (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "21.7% (2020 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "1.9% (2020 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "NA" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "65.8% (2023 est.)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.2% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "93.5%" }, "male": { "text": "92.4%" }, "female": { "text": "94.7% (2017)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "13 years" }, "male": { "text": "12 years" }, "female": { "text": "15 years (2021)" } }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "1.1%" }, "male": { "text": "0.9%" }, "female": { "text": "2.1% (2021 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "air, land, and water pollution are significant environmental issues; limited natural freshwater resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities; other issues include conservation of oil supplies and preservation of the natural wildlife heritage" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Climate": { "text": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "5.6% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 1.1% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "0% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "94.4% (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "99.4% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.66% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Revenue from coal": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "90.35 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "103.26 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "8.34 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,000,990 tons (2012 est.)" }, "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { "text": "30,030 tons (2014 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "3% (2014 est.)" } }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "530 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "400 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "320 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "State of Qatar" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Qatar" }, "local long form": { "text": "Dawlat Qatar" }, "local short form": { "text": "Qatar" }, "etymology": { "text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but it dates back at least 2,000 years since a term \"Catharrei\" was used to describe the inhabitants of the peninsula by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.), and a \"Catara\" peninsula is depicted on a map by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)" }, "note": "note: closest approximation of the native pronunciation is gat-tar or cot-tar" }, "Government type": { "text": "absolute monarchy" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Doha" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "25 17 N, 51 32 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "etymology": { "text": "derives from the Arabic term \"dohat,\" meaning \"roundness,\" and refers to the small rounded bays along the area's coastline" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "8 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Khawr wa adh Dhakhirah, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Ash Shamal, Ash Shihaniyah, Az Za'ayin, Umm Salal" }, "Independence": { "text": "3 September 1971 (from the UK)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "National Day, 18 December (1878), anniversary of Al Thani family accession to the throne; Independence Day, 3 September (1971)" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "previous 1972 (provisional); latest drafted 2 July 2002, approved by referendum 29 April 2003, endorsed 8 June 2004, effective 9 June 2005" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the Amir or by one third of Advisory Council members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Advisory Council members and approval and promulgation by the emir; articles pertaining to the rule of state and its inheritance, functions of the emir, and citizen rights and liberties cannot be amended" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "mixed legal system of civil law and Islamic (sharia) law (in family and personal matters)" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "the father must be a citizen of Qatar" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "no" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "20 years; 15 years if an Arab national" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "Amir TAMIM bin Hamad Al Thani (since 25 June 2013)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister and Foreign Minister MUHAMMAD bin Abd al-Rahman Al Thani (since 7 March 2023); Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of State for Defense Affairs KHALID bin Mohamed AL Attiyah (since 14 November 2017)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the amir" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the amir" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (45 seats; 30 members directly elected by popular vote for 4-year re-electable terms; 15 members appointed by the monarch to serve until resignation or until relieved; note - legislative drafting authority rests with the Council of Ministers and is reviewed by the Advisory Council" }, "elections": { "text": "first election held for 30 elected members on 2 October 2021 (next to be held in 2025); date of appointed members - 14 October 2021 (next appointments - NA)" }, "election results": { "text": "30 nonpartisan members elected; composition - men 30, women 0
15 appointed members; composition men 13, women 2, percent of women 13.3%" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Court or Court of Cassation (consists of the court president and several judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of the chief justice and 6 members)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judiciary Council, a 9-member independent body consisting of judiciary heads appointed by the Amir; judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms; Supreme Constitutional Court members nominated by the Supreme Judiciary Council and appointed by the monarch; term of appointment NA" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Courts of Appeal; Administrative Court; Courts of First Instance; sharia courts; Courts of Justice; Qatar International Court and Dispute Resolution Center, established in 2009, provides dispute resolution services for institutions and bodies in Qatar, as well as internationally" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "political parties are banned" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, CICA (observer), EITI (implementing country), FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Meshal Bin Hamad Al Thani (since 24 April 2017)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2555 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 274-1600" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 237-0682" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
info.dc@mofa.gov.qa

https://washington.embassy.qa/en" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Houston, Los Angeles" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Timmy DAVIS (since 5 September 2022)" }, "embassy": { "text": "22 February Street, Al Luqta District, P.O. Box 2399, Doha" }, "mailing address": { "text": "6130 Doha Place, Washington DC  20521-6130" }, "telephone": { "text": "[974] 4496-6000" }, "FAX": { "text": "[974] 4488-4298" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
PasDoha@state.gov

https://qa.usembassy.gov/" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the \"reconciled emirates\" in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916", "note": "note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "a maroon field surmounted by a white serrated band with nine white points; national colors: maroon, white" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Al-Salam Al-Amiri\" (The Amiri Salute)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Sheikh MUBARAK bin Saif al-Thani/Abdul Aziz Nasser OBAIDAN" }, "note": "note: adopted 1996; anthem first performed that year at a meeting of the Gulf Cooperative Council hosted by Qatar" }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "1 (cultural)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Al Zubarah Archaeological Site" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "high-income, oil-and-gas-based Middle Eastern economy; better regional integration after 2021 terrorism resolution; infrastructure investments ahead of 2022 World Cup; Islamic finance leader; citizenship-based labor force growth" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": { "text": "$249.636 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { "text": "$245.727 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$255.01 billion (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2021": { "text": "1.59% (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2020": { "text": "-3.64% (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "0.77% (2019 est.)" } }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2021": { "text": "$92,900 (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2020": { "text": "$89,000 (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$90,800 (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$191.29 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": { "text": "2.3% (2021 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": { "text": "-2.54% (2020 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "-0.67% (2019 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "AA- (2017)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Aa3 (2017)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "AA- (2017)" }, "note": "note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained." }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "0.2% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "50.3% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "49.5% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "24.6% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "17% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "43.1% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "1.5% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "51% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-37.3% (2017 est.)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "tomatoes, dates, camel milk, sheep milk, goat milk, pumpkins/gourds, mutton, poultry, milk, eggplants" }, "Industries": { "text": "liquefied natural gas, crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizer, petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship repair" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "0.66% (2021 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "1.977 million (2021 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2021": { "text": "0.26% (2021 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2020": { "text": "0.21% (2020 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "0.1% (2019 est.)" } }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "1.1%" }, "male": { "text": "0.9%" }, "female": { "text": "2.1% (2021 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "NA" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2007": { "text": "41.1 (2007 est.)" } }, "Average household expenditures": { "on food": { "text": "12.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)" }, "on alcohol and tobacco": { "text": "0.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "1.3%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "35.9% (2007)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$65.922 billion (2019 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$57.258 billion (2019 est.)" } }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "53.8% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "46.7% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "26.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 April - 31 March" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2021": { "text": "$26.319 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2020": { "text": "-$2.986 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "$4.26 billion (2019 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2021": { "text": "$105.549 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Exports 2020": { "text": "$70.933 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Exports 2019": { "text": "$92.046 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Japan 17%, South Korea 16%, India 14%, China 13%, Singapore 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "natural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, ethylene polymers, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2021": { "text": "$61.204 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2020": { "text": "$59.065 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2019": { "text": "$66.77 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "United States 15%, France 13%, United Kingdom 9%, China 9%, Germany 5%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "aircraft, gas turbines, cars, jewelry, iron piping (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": { "text": "$42.213 billion (31 December 2021 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": { "text": "$40.973 billion (31 December 2020 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": { "text": "$39.718 billion (31 December 2019 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2017": { "text": "$167.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$157.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "Qatari rials (QAR) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "3.64 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "3.64 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "3.64 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "3.64 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "3.64 (2017 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2021)" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "10.633 million kW (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "44,116,984,000 kWh (2019 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "2.772 billion kWh (2019 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "nuclear": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "tide and wave": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "geothermal": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "1,815,100 bbl/day (2021 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "293,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate exports": { "text": "1,264,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "25.244 billion barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "273,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "485,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "12,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "167,460,996,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "37,701,809,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "126,749,621,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "23,860,500,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "111.922 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "33.44 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "78.482 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": { "text": "723.582 million Btu/person (2019 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "460,240 (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "17 (2021 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "3,876,499 (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "144 (2021 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "Qatar had developed a mature telecom sector which has been able to absorb the additional data demands made on it during the pandemic; mobile services based on LTE are universally available to migrate to 5G; in combination with a strong fiber rollout, the country is aiming to provide gigabit services nationally; 5G services are largely based on 3.5GHz spectrum made available following an auction in early 2019 (2022)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line is 17 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership is 144 telephones per 100 persons (2021)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 974; landing points for the Qatar-UAE Submarine Cable System, AAE-1, FOG, GBICS/East North Africa MENA and the FALCON submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Southeast Asia; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and the UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; retains full ownership of two commercial satellites, Es'hailSat 1 and 2 (2019)" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "TV and radio broadcast licensing and access to local media markets are state controlled; home of the satellite TV channel Al-Jazeera, which was originally owned and financed by the Qatari government but has evolved to independent corporate status; Al-Jazeera claims editorial independence in broadcasting; local radio transmissions include state, private, and international broadcasters on FM frequencies in Doha; in August 2013, Qatar's satellite company Es'hailSat launched its first communications satellite Es'hail 1 (manufactured in the US), which entered commercial service in December 2013 to provide improved television broadcasting capability and expand availability of voice and Internet; Es'hailSat launched its second commercial satellite in 2018 with aid of SpaceX (2019)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".qa" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "2.7 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { "text": "100% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "296,126 (2020 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "10 (2020 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "3 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "251" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "29,178,923 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "12,666,710,000 (2018) mt-km" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "A7" }, "Airports": { "text": "6 (2021)" }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "text": "4", "note": "note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)" }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "text": "2", "note": "note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control" }, "Heliports": { "text": "1 (2021)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "288 km condensate, 221 km condensate/gas, 2,383 km gas, 90 km liquid petroleum gas, 745 km oil, 103 km refined products (2013)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "7,039 km (2016)" } }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "123" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 6, container ship 4, general cargo 4, oil tanker 3, other 106 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Doha, Musay'id, Ra's Laffan" }, "LNG terminal(s) (export)": { "text": "Ras Laffan" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Qatar Armed Forces (QAF): Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF, includes Emiri Guard), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN, includes Coast Guard), Qatari Amiri Air Force (QAAF)

Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of Public Security, General Directorate of Coasts and Border Security, Internal Security Forces (includes Mobile Gendarmerie) (2023)", "note": "note: the national police and Ministry of Interior forces maintain internal security, including preventing terrorism, cyberattacks, and espionage" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "5% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "4% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "4% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3.4% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "3.3% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "information varies; approximately 15,000 active-duty personnel (10,000 Land Force, including Emiri Guard; 3,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2022)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Qatari military's inventory includes a broad mix of older and modern weapons systems, mostly from the US and Europe; in the 2010s, Qatar embarked on an extensive military expansion and modernization program with large air, ground, and naval equipment purchases; in recent years, France and the US have been the top suppliers; other major suppliers have included Germany, Italy, and the UK (2023)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "conscription for men aged 18-35 introduced in 2013; compulsory service times range from 4-12 months, depending on educational and professional circumstances; since 2018, women have been permitted to serve as volunteers in the armed forces, including as uniformed officers and pilots (2023)", "note": "note 1: the military incorporates about 2,000 conscripts annually

note 2: Qatar recruits foreign contract soldiers to overcome manpower limitations; it is estimated that as much as 85% of the military is comprised of foreigners" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the QAF is a small, but professional and trained force that is responsible for defense against external threats; following the downturn in ties with Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE in the mid-2010s, the Qatari Government embarked on a major arms acquisition and modernization program to increase the QAF’s capabilities and regional standing; the Air Force has benefited the most, growing from an inventory of 12 older combat aircraft and a few fighter trainers in 2017 to a current inventory of about 60 modern multirole fighter aircraft from France, the UK, and the US; it is slated to grow to about 100 such aircraft by the mid-2020s; other aircraft acquisitions have included US attack helicopters; the Land Force has re-equipped its armored brigade and separate mechanized and artillery battalions with modern tanks, armored vehicles, and self-propelled artillery, mostly with purchases from Germany and Turkey; meanwhile, the Navy over the same period has received 4 corvettes and 4 offshore patrol vessels from Italy and Turkey

Qatar hosts the regional headquarters for the US Central Command (CENTCOM; established 1983) and more than 8,000 US military forces at various military facilities, including the large Al Udeid Air Base; it has Major Non-NATO Ally status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; Qatar also hosts thousands of Turkish military forces at two bases established in 2014 and 2019 (2023)" } }, "Terrorism": { }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

none identified

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "stateless persons": { "text": "1,200 (2022)" } } } }