{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "As a result of its location at the crossroads of three continents, the area that is modern-day Lebanon is rich in cultural and religious diversity. This region was subject to various foreign conquests for much of its history, including by the Romans, Arabs, and Ottomans. Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. From it the French demarcated the region of Lebanon in 1920, and it gained independence in 1943. Since then, Lebanon has experienced periods of political turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on its historical position as a regional center for finance and trade, although that status has significantly diminished since the beginning of Lebanon’s economic crisis in 2019, which includes simultaneous currency, debt, and banking crises. The country's 1975-90 civil war, which resulted in an estimated 120,000 fatalities, was followed by years of social and political instability. Sectarianism is a key element of Lebanese political life. Neighboring Syria has historically influenced Lebanon's foreign and domestic policies, and its military occupied Lebanon from 1976 until 2005. Hizballah - a major Lebanese political party, militia, and US-designated foreign terrorist organization - and Israel continued attacks and counterattacks against each other after Syria's withdrawal and fought a brief war in 2006. Lebanon's borders with Syria and Israel remain unresolved.<br><br>Since 2019, Lebanon has experienced a severe economic crisis that has crippled its economy, shut down its previously lucrative banking sector, reduced the value of its currency, and caused many Lebanese to emigrate in search of better prospects."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and Syria"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "33 50 N, 35 50 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Middle East"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10,400 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "10,230 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "170 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about one-third the size of Maryland"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "484 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Israel 81 km; Syria 403 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "225 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; the Lebanon Mountains experience heavy winter snows"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Qornet es Saouda 3,088 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,250 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "63.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 12.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 39.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "13.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,040 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the majority of the people live on or near the Mediterranean coast, and of these most live in and around the capital, Beirut; favorable growing conditions in the Bekaa Valley, on the southeastern side of the Lebanon Mountains, have attracted farmers and thus the area exhibits a smaller population density"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "earthquakes; dust storms, sandstorms"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "smallest country in continental Asia; Nahr el Litani is the only major river in Near East not crossing an international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, clan, and ethnicity"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "5,331,203 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Lebanese (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Lebanese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 67.8% (31.9% Sunni, 31.2% Shia, smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 32.4% (Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group), Druze 4.5%, very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent the religious affiliation of the citizen population (data do not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations); 18 religious sects recognized"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "19.21% (male 524,172/female 500,185)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "71.69% (male 1,929,150/female 1,892,806)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "9.1% (2023 est.) (male 208,436/female 276,454)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "59.3"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "44"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "15.3"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "6.5 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "33.7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "33.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "34.4 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.64% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "12.86 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.57 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the majority of the people live on or near the Mediterranean coast, and of these most live in and around the capital, Beirut; favorable growing conditions in the Bekaa Valley, on the southeastern side of the Lebanon Mountains, have attracted farmers and thus the area exhibits a smaller population density"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "89.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-1.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "2.421 million BEIRUT (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "21 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.88 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.42 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "79 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "77.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "80.46 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.71 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.83 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.21 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.7 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "32% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "38.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "47.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28.9% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "51.4% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "1.4%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "6% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "1.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "95.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "96.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "93.3% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11 years (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "26.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation; soil deterioration, erosion; desertification; species loss; air pollution in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills; waste-water management"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; the Lebanon Mountains experience heavy winter snows"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "63.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 12.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 39.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "13.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "89.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-1.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "widespread lack of access": {
        "text": "<em>due to the ongoing financial and economic crisis -</em> in September 2021, the United Nations estimated that, taking into account multiple factors other than income, such as access to health, education and public utilities, 82% of the population lives in multidimensional poverty in 2021, up from 42% in 2019 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "30.67 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "24.8 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "3.37 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2.04 million tons (2014 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "163,200 tons (2014 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "8% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "240 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "900 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "700 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "4.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Lebanese Republic"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Lebanon"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Lubnan"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Greater Lebanon"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derives from the Semitic root \"lbn\" meaning \"white\" and refers to snow-capped Mount Lebanon"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Beirut"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "33 52 N, 35 30 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derived from the Canaanite or Phoenician word \"ber'ot,\" meaning \"the wells\" or \"fountain,\" which referred to the site's accessible water table"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "8 governorates (mohafazat, singular - mohafazah); Aakkar, Baalbek-Hermel, Beqaa (Bekaa), Beyrouth (Beirut), Liban-Nord (North Lebanon), Liban-Sud (South Lebanon), Mont-Liban (Mount Lebanon), Nabatiye"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 22 November (1943)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "drafted 15 May 1926, adopted 23 May 1926"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic and introduced as a government bill to the National Assembly or proposed by at least 10 members of the Assembly and agreed upon by two thirds of its members; if proposed by the National Assembly, review and approval by two-thirds majority of the Cabinet is required; if approved, the proposal is next submitted to the Cabinet for drafting as an amendment; Cabinet approval requires at least two-thirds majority, followed by submission to the National Assembly for discussion and vote; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of a required two-thirds quorum of the Assembly membership and promulgation by the president; amended several times, last in 2004"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of civil law based on the French civil code, Ottoman legal tradition, and religious laws covering personal status, marriage, divorce, and other family relations of the Jewish, Islamic, and Christian communities"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Lebanon"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "unknown"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "21 years of age; authorized for all men and women regardless of religion; excludes persons convicted of felonies and other crimes or those imprisoned; excludes all military and security service personnel regardless of rank"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "vacant"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Caretaker Prime Minister Najib MIQATI (since 20 September 2021)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president and Parliament"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament with two-thirds majority vote in the first round and if needed absolute majority vote in a second round for a 6-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); last held on 31 October 2016 (presidential election ongoing as of mid-May 2023); prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with Parliament; deputy prime minister determined during cabinet formation"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br><em>2023:</em> on 14 June 2023, Parliament failed in its twelfth session attempt to elect a president<br><em><br>2016:</em> Michel AWN elected president in second round; Parliament vote - Michel AWN (FPM) 83 votes; note - in the initial election held on 23 April 2014, no candidate received the required two-thirds vote, and subsequent attempts failed because Parliament lacked the necessary quorum of 86 members to hold a vote; the president was finally elected in its 46th attempt on 31 October 2016"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Lebanese Parliament or Majlis al-Nuwab in Arabic, Chambre des d&eacute;put&eacute;s in French (128 seats; members directly elected in multi-member constituencies by open list proportional representation vote, apportioned evenly between Christian and Muslims; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 15 May 2022 (next to be held in May 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by coalition/party &ndash; NA; seats by party/coalition &ndash; FPM 16, LF 14, Amal Movement 13, Hezbollah 13, PSP 9, FM (candidates did not run in 2022; members ran as independents) 8, Kata&rsquo;ib Party 4, other 30, independent 21; composition - men 120, women 8, percent of women 6.3%; note -a dozen of the elected deputies are from groups pushing for reform with origins in the recent protest movements against the established elite and have formed a group called the \"Forces of Change\""
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Lebanon’s constitution states the Lebanese Parliament cannot conduct regular business until it elects a president when the position is vacant"
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Court of Cassation or Supreme Court (organized into 8 chambers, each with a presiding judge and 2 associate judges); Constitutional Council (consists of 10 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by Supreme Judicial Council, a 10-member body headed by the chief justice, and includes other judicial officials; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Council members appointed - 5 by the Council of Ministers and 5 by parliament; members serve 5-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; specialized tribunals, religious courts; military courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<p>Al-Ahbash or Association of Islamic Charitable Projects or AICP [Shaykh Hussam QARAQIRA]<br>Amal Movement (\"Hope Movement\") [Nabih BERRI]<br>Azm Movement [Najib MIQATI]<br>Ba’th Arab Socialist Party of Lebanon [leader disputed]<br>Free Patriotic Movement or FPM [Gibran BASSIL]<br>Future Movement Bloc or FM [Sa'ad al-HARIRI] (resigned from politics in January 2022)<br>Hizballah [Hassan NASRALLAH]<br>Islamic Action Front or IAF [Sheikh Zuhayr al-JU’AYD]<br>Kata'ib Party [Sami GEMAYEL]<br>Lebanese Democratic Party [Talal ARSLAN]<br>Lebanese Forces or LF [Samir JA'JA]<br>Marada Movement [Sulayman FRANJIEH]<br>Progressive Socialist Party or PSP [Walid JUNBLATT]<br>Social Democrat Hunshaqian Party [Sabuh KALPAKIAN]<br>Syrian Social Nationalist Party or SSNP [Rabi BANAT]<br>Tashnaq or Armenian Revolutionary Federation [Hagop PAKRADOUNIAN]</p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Wael HACHEM, Counselor (since 15 March 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 939-6300"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 939-6324"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@lebanonembassyus.org<br><br>http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Detroit, New York, Los Angeles"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Dorothy C. SHEA (since 11 March 2020)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Awkar-Facing the Municipality, Main Street, Beirut"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "6070 Beirut Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-6070"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[961] (04) 543-600"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[961] (4) 544-019"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>BeirutACS@state.gov<br><br>https://lb.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band; the red bands symbolize blood shed for liberation, the white band denotes peace, the snow of the mountains, and purity; the green cedar tree is the symbol of Lebanon and represents eternity, steadiness, happiness, and prosperity"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "cedar tree; national colors: red, white, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Kulluna lil-watan\" (All Of Us, For Our Country!)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Rachid NAKHLE/Wadih SABRA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1927; chosen following a nationwide competition"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "5 (all cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Anjar; Baalbek; Byblos; Tyre; Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "upper middle-income Middle Eastern economy; economic activity hurt by economic depression, COVID-19, and port explosion; hyperinflation and sharp poverty increases; banks have ceased lending; new financing facility helping with recovery"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$72.577 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$78.041 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$99.288 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "-7% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-21.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "-7.16% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$13,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$13,800 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$17,200 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$53.253 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "154.76% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "84.86% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "3.01% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "RD (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "C (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "D (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "13.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "83% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "87.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "13.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "23.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-46.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "potatoes, milk, tomatoes, apples, oranges, olives, wheat, cucumbers, poultry, lemons"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "banking, tourism, real estate and construction, food processing, wine, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral and chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining, metal fabricating"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-6.85% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "1.719 million (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> excludes as many as 1 million foreign workers and refugees"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "39% (2009 est.) NA"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "14.49% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "13.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "11.35% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "26.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "27.4% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": {
        "text": "31.8 (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "20.7% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "1.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$11.061 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$16.574 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-6.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "146.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "145.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover central government debt and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "8.9% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$2.985 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$2.995 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$11.265 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$10.147 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$8.773 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$18.208 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Switzerland 27%, United Arab Emirates 15%, South Korea 11%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Kuwait 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, diamonds, scrap iron, wood furniture, grapes, jewelry, cars (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$17.383 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$15.206 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$31.147 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "United Arab Emirates 11%, China 10%, Italy 8%, Greece 8%, Turkey 7%, United States 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, jewelry, gold (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$35.239 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$42.44 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$52.213 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$33.077 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$33.655 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Lebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "1,507.5 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "1,507.5 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "1,507.5 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "1,507.5 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "1,507.5 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "3.768 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "18,715,620,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "900 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "2.219 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "94.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "268,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "268,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "168,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "151,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "25.838 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "563,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "25.275 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "53.528 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "880,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "16 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "4.3 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "77 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Lebanon&rsquo;s economic crisis has had a dire effect on the country&rsquo;s telecom services; although some progress has been made with developing 5G, the poor economic conditions have contributed to an erratic electricity supply and a lack of fuel to maintain generators; this has meant that internet services to areas of the country are not available on a regular basis, frustrating all those who depend on stable connectivity, and stalling business growth; adding to the difficulties is the political crisis; the cabinet went into caretaker status after the National Assembly election in May 2022 meaning it can only engage in routine decision making; there is little confidence on the ground that sectarian-based political horse-trading will give way to responsible governing to improve the lot of the stressed populace (2023)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 16 per 100 and 77 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 961; landing points for the IMEWE, BERYTAR AND CADMOS submarine cable links to Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "7 TV stations, 1 of which is state owned; more than 30 radio stations, 1 of which is state owned; satellite and cable TV services available; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are accessible through partner stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".lb"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.872 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "87% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "432,070 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "6 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "21"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2,981,937 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "56.57 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "OD"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "8 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "5",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "3",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "88 km gas (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "401 km (2017)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "319 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "82 km (2017) 1.050-m gauge"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> rail system is still unusable due to damage sustained from fighting in the 1980s and in 2006"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21,705 km (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "49"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 2, general cargo 32, oil tanker 1, other 14 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Beirut, Tripoli"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Beirut (1,229,100) (2019)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): Army Command (includes Presidential Guard Brigade, Land Border Regiments), Naval Forces, Air Forces<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Internal Security Forces Directorate (law enforcement; includes Mobile Gendarmerie), Directorate for General Security (DGS; border control, some domestic security duties); Parliamentary Police Force (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the commander of the LAF is also the commander of the Army; the LAF patrols external borders, while official border checkpoints are under the authority of Directorate for General Security<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Parliamentary Police Force reports to the speaker of parliament and has responsibility for protecting parliament premises and the speaker’s residence; both the Internal Security Forces and the Lebanese Armed Forces provide units to the Parliamentary Police Force"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "3.2% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "4.7% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "5.1% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "4.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 80,000 active troops (77,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air Force) (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the LAF inventory includes a wide mix of mostly older equipment from a diverse array of countries; in recent years, the US has been the leading supplier of armaments (mostly second-hand) to Lebanon (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "17-25 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service; no conscription (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> women were allowed to volunteer for military service in the 1980s; as of 2020, they comprised about 5% of the active duty military"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the LAF’s primary responsibilities are defense against external attack, border security, protecting the country’s territorial waters, and assisting with internal security and development projects; on Lebanon’s eastern and northern borders with Syria, the LAF has conducted operations to prevent or eliminate infiltrations of militants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) and al-Qa’ida terrorist groups since the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011; in the south, its focus is on maintaining stability along its volatile border with Israel where the LAF and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) are separated by the Blue Line, a demarcation line established by the UN in 2000 following the withdrawal of the IDF, which had occupied southern Lebanon since invading in 1982; since the line’s establishment, the LAF and IDF have had periodic clashes, and IDF aircraft have routinely entered Lebanese air space; the Iranian-backed terrorist group Hizballah is based in south Lebanon and acts as a militia alongside the LAF; it has launched periodic cross-border attacks on Israel and threatened additional attacks, while the IDF has conducted air strikes on Hizballah positions and in 2006 launched a ground invasion into southern Lebanon to suppress the group; in 2022, Israeli and Lebanese officials agreed on a common demarcation of their maritime border after US mediation<br><br>the LAF’s domestic security responsibilities include countering narcotics trafficking and smuggling, managing protests, conducting search and rescue, and intervening to prevent violence between rival political factions; in recent years, the military has faced a financial crisis as government debt and national economic difficulties have undercut its ability to train and fully pay and supply personnel, which has sparked domestic and international fears that the armed forces may disintegrate; the UN, as well as countries such as France and the US have provided financial assistance <br><br>the Army has about 12 infantry brigades (including a presidential guard brigade) that are supplemented by independent armored, artillery, border security, and “intervention” infantry regiments, as well as a special operations force comprised of airborne, marine commando, and ranger regiments that are regarded as the LAF’s elite units; the Air Force has a small inventory of aging combat aircraft and helicopters, while the Navy operates a mix of patrol craft and patrol boats<br><br>the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL) has operated in the country since 1978, originally under UNSCRs 425 and 426 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and assist the Lebanese Government in restoring its effective authority in the area; following the July-August 2006 war, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1701 enhancing UNIFIL and deciding that in addition to the original mandate, it would, among other things, monitor the cessation of hostilities, support the Lebanese Armed Forces as they deployed throughout the south of Lebanon, and provide assistance for humanitarian access for civilians and the return of displaced persons; UNIFIL had approximately 9,500 military personnel deployed in the country as of early 2023; UNIFIL includes a maritime task force (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Abdallah Azzam Brigades; al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; Asbat al-Ansar; HAMAS; Hizballah; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Nusrah Front (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham); Palestine Liberation Front; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP); PFLP-General Command",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Lebanon-Syria</em>: lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; in March 2021, Syria signed a contract with a Russian company for oil and gas exploration in a maritime area Lebanon claims as its own based on a 2011 map sent to the UN</p> <p><em>Lebanon-Israel</em>: Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms area in the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights; Lebanon and Israel resumed negotiations over their maritime border in 2020, but their efforts were derailed when Lebanon argued that the map the UN was using needed modifications</p> <p> </p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "479,537 (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 805,326 (Syria) (2023)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "7,000 (2020)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "undetermined (2016); note - tens of thousands of persons are stateless in Lebanon, including many Palestinian refugees and their descendants, Syrian Kurds denaturalized in Syria in 1962, children born to Lebanese women married to foreign or stateless men; most babies born to Syrian refugees, and Lebanese children whose births are unregistered"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>source country for amphetamine tablets destined for Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Libya and Sudan; source for captagon    </p>"
    }
  }
}