{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called \"Goulash Communism.\" Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Europe, northwest of Romania"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "47 00 N, 20 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "93,028 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "89,608 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "3,420 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,106 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Austria 321 km; Croatia 348 km; Romania 424 km; Serbia 164 km; Slovakia 627 km; Slovenia 94 km; Ukraine 128 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Kekes 1,014 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Tisza River 78 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "143 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "58.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "22.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,010 sq km (2019)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Balaton - 590 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Danube (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "9,670,009 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Hungarian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Hungarian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Hungarian 85.6%, Romani 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–10% of Hungary's population"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>A World Factbook nélkülözhetetlen forrása az alapvető információnak.  (Hungarian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, no response 27.2% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "14.24% (male 709,089/female 668,143)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "63.97% (male 3,091,384/female 3,094,515)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "21.79% (2023 est.) (male 812,063/female 1,294,815)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "53.8"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "22.4"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "31.4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.2 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "43.6 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "41.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "45.5 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.31% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.58 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "12.89 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "72.9% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.778 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.63 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.91 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "28.4 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "15 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.55 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4.88 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "77.44 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "73.82 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "81.28 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.49 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.72 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "7.3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "6.06 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "7 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate (2016)"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "26.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.79 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "3.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "3.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "35.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "27.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "51.4% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.8% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.1% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air and water pollution are some of Hungary's most serious environmental problems; water quality in the Hungarian part of the Danube has improved but is still plagued by pollutants from industry and large-scale agriculture; soil pollution"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "58.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "22.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "72.9% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "15.62 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "45.54 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "7.25 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "3.712 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "962,893 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "25.9% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Balaton - 590 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Danube (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "660 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "3.45 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "550 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "104 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Hungary"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Magyarorszag"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the Byzantine Greeks refered to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the \"Oungroi,\" a name that was later Latinized to \"Ungri\" and which became \"Hungari\"; the name originally meant an \"[alliance of] ten tribes\"; the Hungarian name \"Magyarorszag\" means \"Country of the Magyars\"; the term may derive from the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes, the Megyer"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Budapest"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "47 30 N, 19 05 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called \"Pession\" in ancient times; \"Buda\" may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "<p>19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)</p> <p><strong>counties:</strong> Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad-Csanad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala</p> <p><strong>cities with county rights:</strong> Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg</p> <p><strong>capital city:</strong> Budapest</p>"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August (1083); note - commemorates his canonization and the transfer of his remains to Buda (now Budapest) in 1083"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times, last in 2018"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil legal system influenced by the German model"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICC jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "8 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Katalin NOVAK (since 10 May 2022)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 March 2022 (next to be held spring 2027); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held on 3 April 2022 (next to be held April or May 2027)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2022: </em>Katalin NOVAK (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 137 to 51<em><br><br>2017:</em> Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39<br><br><em>2010:</em> Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party-list proportional representation vote, using the d&rsquo;Hondt method; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 3 April 2022 (next to be held in April 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party list - Fidesz-KDNP 54.1%, United for Hungary 34.5%, Mi Hazank 5.9%, other 5.5%; seats by party - Fidesz-KDNP 135, United for Hungary 57, Mi Hazank 6, independent 1; composition - men 175, women 24, percent of women 12.1%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the president, vice president, department heads, and has a maximum of 113 judges, and is organized into civil, criminal, and administrative-labor departments; Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Curia president elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement at age 62; Constitutional Court judges, including the president of the court, elected by the National Assembly; court vice president elected by the court itself; members serve 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 62"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative-labor courts; 111 district or local courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]<br>Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY]<br>Dialogue for Hungary (Parbeszed) or PM [Bence TORDAI, Rebeka SZABO]<br>Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN]<br>Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Bertalan TOTH, Agnes KUNHALMI]<br>LMP-Hungary's Green Party [Peter UNGAR, Erzsebet SCHMUCK]<br>Mi Hazank (Our Homeland Movement) or MHM [Laszlo TOROCZKAI]<br>Momentum Movement (Momentum Mozgalom) [Ferenc GELENCSER]<br>Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Marton GYONGYOSI]<br>National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary or LdU [Ibolya HOCK-ENGLENDER]<br>United for Hungary (a coalition of Jobbik, MSZP, Dialogue, DK, LMP, and Momentum)"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Szabolcs Ferenc TAKACS (since 23 December 2020)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1500 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W.<br>Washington, D.C. 20005"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 362-6730"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 966-8135"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info.was@mfa.gov.hu<br><br>https://washington.mfa.gov.hu/eng"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador David PRESSMAN (since 14 September 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[36] (1) 475-4400"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[36] (1) 475-4248"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>acs.budapest@state.gov<br><br>https://hu.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Himnusz\" (Hymn)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1844"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "8 (7 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter, and Andrássy Avenue (c); Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings (c); Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (n); Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment (c); Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta (c); Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae) (c); Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape (c); Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income EU and OECD economy; decreasing government spending; increasing judicial independence concerns; flat income taxation; increasingly dependent on energy imports; strong tourism and automotive manufacturing"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$326.186 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$304.513 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$319.019 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "7.12% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-4.55% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "4.86% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$33,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$31,200 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$32,600 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$163.251 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "5.11% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "3.33% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "3.34% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2019)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa3 (2016)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "31.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "64.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "49.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "90.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-82.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "maize, wheat, milk, sunflower seed, barley, rapeseed, sugar beets, apples, pork, grapes"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "6.64% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "4.91 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "4.9%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "30.3%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "64.5% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.12% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "4.25% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.42% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "12.3% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
        "text": "30 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "18.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "7.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.3%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "22.4% (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$70.83 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$74.127 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "96.11% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "83.29% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "86.55% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds."
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "22.87% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$7.173 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$1.603 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$1.231 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$148.229 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$124.111 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$133.736 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, electric batteries, video displays, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, broadcasting equipment (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$147.577 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$121.016 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$129.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$43.483 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$41.349 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$31.831 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$123.256 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$125.29 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "forints (HUF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "303.141 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "307.997 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "290.66 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "270.212 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "274.433 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "10.873 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "41.533 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "7.498 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "19.176 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "3.139 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "36.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "46% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "7.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "7.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "4 (2023)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors under construction": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "1.92GW (2023)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "46.8% (2021)"
      },
      "Percent of total energy produced": {
        "text": "44% (2021)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down": {
        "text": "0"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "6.956 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "8.079 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "230,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.395 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "2.909 billion metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "35,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "180,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "8,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "134,800 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "12.1 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "152,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "58,720 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "82,110 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "1.685 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "10.545 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "3.758 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "11.678 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "3.738 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "48.589 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "7.501 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "21.568 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "19.52 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "108.212 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2,955,979 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "30 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "10,248,653 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "106 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Hungary benefits from having a developed telecom infrastructure, with a focus among operators to develop the 5G sector and upgrade fixed networks to provide a 1Gb/s service; services based on 5G have been supported by the January 2021 multi-spectrum auction for spectrum in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands; the number of fixed-lines continues to fall as subscribers migrate to the mobile platform for voice and data services; operators have looked to bundled packages to boost revenue and retain subscribers; the broadband market has effective infrastructure-based competition, with an extensive cable network competing against DSL services and a vibrant and rapidly expanding fiber sector; the regulator has also introduced a number of measures aimed at promoting market competition, which is pushing the drive for higher speed platforms and encouraging operators to invest in technology upgrades; as a result, Hungary now has the highest fixed broadband penetration rate in Eastern Europe; the number of super fast broadband connections (above 30Mb/s) accounted for 78% of all fixed broadband connections (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line connections, with 30 fixed per 100 persons and 106 mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 (very small aperture terminal) VSAT system of ground terminals"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013; government-linked businesses have greatly consolidated ownership in broadcast and print media (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".hu"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.633 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "89% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,382,136 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "34.83 (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "5 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "145"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "31,226,848 (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "HA"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "41 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20"
      },
      "civil airports": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "military airports": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "joint use (civil-military) airports": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "other airports": {
        "text": "13"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "21",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "3 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "5,874 km gas (high-pressure transmission system), 83,732 km gas (low-pressure distribution network), 850 km oil, 1,200 km refined products (2018)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,687 km (2020) 3,111 km electrified"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "203,601 km (2014)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "77,087 km (2014) (includes 1,582 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "126,514 km (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,622 km (2011) (most on Danube River)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "other 1 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF or Magyar Honvédség): the HDF is organized as a joint force under a general staff with commands for land, air, cyber, special operations, territorial defense, and support forces (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Police are under the Ministry of Interior and responsible for maintaining order nationwide; the Ministry of Interior also has the Counterterrorism Center, a special police force responsible for protecting the president and the prime minister and for preventing, uncovering, and detecting terrorist acts"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 21,000 active-duty troops (16,000 Army; 5,000 Air Force) (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2017, Hungary announced plans to increase the number of active soldiers to around 37,000 but did not give a timeline"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory consists largely of Soviet-era weapons, with a smaller mix of more modern European and US equipment; in recent years, Germany has been the top supplier of military hardware to Hungary (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005); 6-month service obligation (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2019, women comprised approximately 20% of Hungary's full-time military personnel"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "150 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (NATO); 430 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Hungary joined NATO in 1999; Czechia, Hungary, and Poland were invited to begin accession talks at NATO's Madrid Summit in 1997 and in March 1999 they became the first former members of the Warsaw Pact to join the Alliance (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "52,335 (Ukraine) (as of 9 July 2023)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "130 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy"
    }
  }
}