{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "59 00 N, 26 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "45,228 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "42,388 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "2,840 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about twice the size of New Jersey"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "657 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Latvia 333 km; Russia 324 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "3,794 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Suur Munamagi 318 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Baltic Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "61 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "22.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 14.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 7.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "52.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "25.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "20 sq km (2016)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Russia); Lake V&otilde;rtsj&auml;rv - 270 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "sometimes flooding occurs in the spring"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "1,202,762 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Estonian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Estonian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Estonian 68.7%, Russian 24.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, Belarusian 1%, Finn 0.6%, other 1.6%, unspecified 1.6% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Estonian (official) 68.5%, Russian 29.6%, Ukrainian 0.6%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Orthodox 16.2%, Lutheran 9.9%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.56% (male 95,732/female 91,384)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "62.27% (male 376,599/female 372,380)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "22.17% (2023 est.) (male 94,291/female 172,376)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "58.3"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "26.1"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "32.3"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.1 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "43.7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "47 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.74% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.48 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "13.13 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-2.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "69.8% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "454,000 TALLINN (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.55 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.89 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "28.2 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.38 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.26 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "78.12 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "73.52 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "82.94 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.62 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.79 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "7.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "3.47 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "4.6 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate (2020)"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "tickborne encephalitis"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "21.2% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11.65 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "1.92 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "4.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "1.13 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.7% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "36.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "0.4% (2013/15)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "52.3% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "6.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.9% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amounts of pollutants emitted into the air have fallen dramatically and the pollution load of wastewater at purification plants has decreased substantially due to improved technology and environmental monitoring; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "22.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 14.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 7.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "52.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "25.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "69.8% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.85% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "6.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "16.59 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.99 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "473,000 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "117,020 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "24.7% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Russia); Lake V&otilde;rtsj&auml;rv - 270 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "790 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "4.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "12.81 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Estonia"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Estonia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Eesti Vabariik"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Eesti"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (while occupied by the USSR)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the country name may derive from the Aesti, an ancient people who lived along the eastern Baltic Sea in the first centuries A.D."
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Tallinn"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "59 26 N, 24 43 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the Estonian name is generally believed to be derived from \"Taani-linn\" (originally meaning \"Danish castle\", now \"Danish town\") after a stronghold built in the area by the Danes; it could also have come from \"tali-linn\" (\"winter castle\" or \"winter town\") or \"talu-linn\" (\"home castle\" or \"home town\")"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "15 urban municipalities (linnad, singular - linn), 64 rural municipalities (vallad, singular vald)<br><br> <strong>urban municipalities:</strong> Haapsalu, Keila, Kohtla-Jarve, Loksa, Maardu, Narva, Narva-Joesuu, Paide, Parnu, Rakvere, Sillamae, Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi, Voru<br><br><strong>rural municipalities:</strong> Alutaguse, Anija, Antsla, Elva, Haademeeste, Haljala, Harku, Hiiumaa, Jarva, Joelahtme, Jogeva, Johvi, Kadrina, Kambja, Kanepi, Kastre, Kehtna, Kihnu, Kiili, Kohila, Kose, Kuusalu, Laane-Harju, Laane-Nigula, Laaneranna, Luganuse, Luunja, Marjamaa, Muhu, Mulgi, Mustvee, Noo, Otepaa, Peipsiaare, Pohja-Parnumaa, Pohja-Sakala, Poltsamaa, Polva, Raasiku, Rae, Rakvere, Räpina, Rapla, Rouge, Ruhnu, Saarde, Saaremaa, Saku, Saue, Setomaa, Tapa, Tartu, Toila, Tori, Torva, Turi, Vaike-Maarja, Valga, Viimsi, Viljandi, Vinni, Viru-Nigula, Vormsi, Voru"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "24 February 1918 (from Soviet Russia); 20 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union restoring its statehood"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992, entered into force 3 July 1992"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Parliament members or by the president of the republic; passage requires three readings of the proposed amendment and a simple majority vote in two successive memberships of Parliament; passage of amendments to the \"General Provisions\" and \"Amendment of the Constitution\" chapters requires at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament to conduct a referendum and majority vote in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2015"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Estonia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal; age 16 for local elections"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Alar KARIS (since 11 October 2021)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Kaja KALLAS (since 26 January 2021)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "<p>president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two thirds of the votes after 3 rounds of balloting, then an electoral college consisting of Parliament members and local council members elects the president, choosing between the 2 candidates with the highest number of votes; if a president is still not elected, the process begins again; election last held on 30-31 August 2021 (next to be held in 2026); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament</p>"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<p><em>2021</em>: Alar KARIS (independent) elected president; second round of voting in parliament with 72 of 101 votes<br><br><em>2016</em>: Kersti KALJULAID is elected president with 81 of 98 votes in parliament (17 ballots blank) in the sixth round of voiting. She is sworn in on October 10 as the first female head of state of Estonia.</p>"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open- list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 5 March 2023"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2023:</em> percent of vote by party - Reform 31.2%, EKRE 16.1%, Center 15.3%, E200 13.3%, SDE 9.3%, Pro Patria 8.2%, Left 2.4%, Right 2.3%, Greens 1.0%; seats by party - Reform 37, EKRE 17, Center 16, E200 14, SDE 9, Pro Patria 8; composition - men 71, women 30, percent of women 29.7%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of 19 justices, including the chief justice, and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional review chambers)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "the chief justice is proposed by the president of the republic and appointed by the Riigikogu; other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu; justices appointed for life"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and specialized courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) or K [Juri RATAS]<br>Estonia 200 [Kristina KALLAS]<br>Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Martin HELME]<br>Estonian Greens (Greens/EFA) [Marko KAASIK &amp; Johanna Maria TOUGU]<br>Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) or RE [Kaja KALLAS]<br>Pro Patria (Isamaa) [Helir-Valdor SEEDER]<br>Social Democratic Party or SDE [Lauri LAANEMETS]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Kristjan PRIKK (since 7 July 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2131 Massachusetts Ave, NW<br>Washington, DC, 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 588-0101"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 588-0108"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>Embassy.Washington@mfa.ee<br><br>https://washington.mfa.ee/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York, San Francisco"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador George P. KENT (since 21 February 2023)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "4530 Tallinn Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-4530"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[372] 668-8100"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[372] 668-8265"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>acstallinn@state.gov<br><br>https://ee.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "barn swallow, cornflower; national colors: blue, black, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Mu isamaa, mu onn ja room\" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; the anthem, used in Estonia since 1869, shares the same melody as Finland's but has different lyrics"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "2 (both cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Historic Center (Old Town) of Tallinn; Struve Geodetic Arc"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "advanced service-based EU and OECD economy; regional trade and telecommunications leader; recently rejected Baltic sea rail tunnel from Tallinn to Helsinki; flat income taxation; substantial welfare system; balanced budget culture; business-friendly climate"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$51.531 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$47.708 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$47.972 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "8.01% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-0.55% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.74% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$38,700 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$35,900 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$36,200 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$31.461 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "4.65% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "-0.44% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "2.28% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AA- (2018)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "A1 (2002)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AA- (2011)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "29.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "68.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "50.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "24% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "2.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "77.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-74% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, milk, barley, rapeseeds, rye, oats, peas, potatoes, pork, triticale"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "7.13% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "704,700 (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2.7%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "20.5%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "76.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "6.33% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "6.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "4.45% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "21.7% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
        "text": "30.8 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "20.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "7.8% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.3%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "25.6% (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$12.282 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$12.269 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-0.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "23.77% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "14.05% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "13.46% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "20.69% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$709.328 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$370.205 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$735.796 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$29.056 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$21.769 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$22.962 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Finland 12%, United States 9%, Latvia 9%, Sweden 8%, Russia 6% (2021)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "broadcasting equipment, coal tar oil, refined petroleum, cars, prefabricated buildings, lumber (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$29.234 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$21.813 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$21.712 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Russia 15%, Finland 10%, Germany 10%, Latvia 7%, Lithuania 6% (2021)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, coal tar oil, electricity, lumber, broadcasting equipment (2021)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$2.371 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$1.997 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$1.426 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$23.944 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$23.607 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "3.03 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "9.172 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "3.722 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "7.367 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "375 million kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "55.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "14.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "27.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "21,800 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "27,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "27,150 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "35,520 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "417.106 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "417.276 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "4.924 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "44,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "3.979 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "901,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "76.329 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "296,620 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "22 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1,980,838 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "149 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the competitive telecom market continues to progress with a range of regulatory measures which have enabled alternative operators to chip away at the fixed-line market share; fixed-line infrastructure upgrades have been focused on fiber, and the legacy DSL network has gradually been replaced; limited commercial 5G deployments have been made though an expansion of service availability awaits the delayed auction of spectrum in the 3.5GHz band, which is expected to be held later in 2021 (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "22 per 100 for fixed-line subscribership and approximately 149 per 100 for mobile-cellular (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 372; landing points for the EE-S-1, EESF-3, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, FEC and EESF-2 fiber-optic submarine cables to other Estonia points, Finland, and Sweden; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 3 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; in 2016, there were 42 on-demand services available in Estonia, including 19 pay TVOD and SVOD services; roughly 85% of households accessed digital television services"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ee"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.183 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "91% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "415,610 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "31 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "14"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "31,981 (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "ES"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "18 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "13",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "5",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "2,360 km gas (2016)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,441 km (2020) 225 km electrified"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "58,412 km (2011) (includes urban roads)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "10,427 km (2011) (includes 115 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "47,985 km (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "335 km (2011) (320 km are navigable year-round)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "70"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 2, oil tanker 3, other 65 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Kuivastu, Kunda, Muuga, Parnu Reid, Sillamae, Tallinn"
      }
    },
    "Transportation - note": {
      "text": "Estonia operates two PC 5 or 6 class icebreakers in the Baltic Sea<br>note - PC indicates a Polar Class vessel: PC 5 - year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 70-120 cm); PC 6 - summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 30-70 cm)"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Estonian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Estonian Defense League (Reserves)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Police, Border Guard Board, Internal Security Service (2023)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "2.7% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 7,000 active-duty personnel; approximately 15,000 Defense League (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Estonian Defense Forces rely largely on reservists who have completed compulsory conscription in the previous 10 years to fill out its active duty and Territorial Defense units during a crisis; there are more than 40,000 trained reservists and approximately 230,000 Estonians are enrolled in the mobilization registry "
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Estonian military has a mix of Soviet-era and some more modern equipment, mostly from western European suppliers, as well as Israel, South Korea, and the US (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service for men; conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; non-commissioned officers, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months; women can volunteer, and as of 2018 could serve in any military branch (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> conscripts comprise approximately 3,000-3,300 of the Estonian military's 7,000 active-duty personnel and serve in all branches, except for the Air Force; after conscript service, reservists are called up for training every 5 years; Estonia has had conscription since 1991<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in 2020, women comprised about 10% of the full-time professional military force"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Estonia became a member of NATO in 2004<br><br>since 2017, Estonia has hosted a UK-led multi-national NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; NATO has provided air protection for Estonia since 2004 through its Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on 4-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft have been hosted at Estonia’s Ämari Air Base since 2014 (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "50,625 (Ukraine) (as of 5 June 2023)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "70,604 (2022); note - following independence in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15 years old"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "producer of synthetic drugs; important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord; potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy"
    }
  }
}